nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Prohibition of Cartels

verfasst von : Walter Frenz

Erschienen in: Handbook of EU Competition Law

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Together with the fundamental freedoms, the rules on competition ensure free trade within the Internal Market and, from a comprehensive perspective, apply to both private and state actions. There is only minimal overlap as a result of their mutually supplementary function. This is especially the case for rules on competition related to undertakings. Their most significant expression is embodied in the prohibition of cartels found in Art. 101 TFEU. It is shown which forms of undertakings and behaviour are regulated. What are the characteristics of competition, of the relevant market and of capacity to impair trade between member states?

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel European, National and International Competition Regime

Nächstes Kapitel Exemptions

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Detailed discussion above at paras 1 et seq.

Above paras 115 et seq.

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 4.

Commission, Report on Competition Policy 2010, COM (2011) 328 final, para 10; Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 4.

Bunte, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Einf. EU-Kartellrecht, para 35: “Safeguarding entrepreneurial autonomy”.

For further discussion, see Frenz (2011), paras 2115 et seq.

See above paras 13 et seq., 25 et seq., 34 et seq.

Rejecting this view, Schröter, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–109 AEUV para 11.

Schröter, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–109 AEUV para 10: “concurrently”.

See paras 1 et seq.; on the legal status prior to Treaty reform, ECJ, Cases 6 and 7/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:18 (para 32)—Commercial Solvents as well as with regard to procedural law, ECJ, Cases 46/87 and C-227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 25)—Hoechst.

Cf. the expansive interpretation of current Art. 101 TFEU viewed comprehensively in conjunction with the prohibition of abusive practices in ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22 (para 25)—Continental Can.

See fundamentally ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22 (paras 25 et seq.)—Continental Can.

ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22 (para 25 end)—Continental Can: “in any case” but with the comprehensive approach described above.

ECJ, Case 6/72, ECLI:EU:C:1973:22 (para 25)—Continental Can.

General Court, Case T-51/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:41 (para 22)—Tetra Pak I.

Explicitly ECJ, Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:132 (para 33)—Compagnie maritime belge transports as well as above, e.g. Case C-393/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:171 (paras 33 et seq.)—Almelo; see also predominate opinion in the literature, e.g. de Bronett, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 22 para 108, 110; Schröter and Bartl, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 102 AEUV para 37 with numerous additional citations in fn. 91 including earlier publications as well.

ECJ, Case 85/76, ECLI:EU:C:1979:36 (para 116)—Hoffmann-La Roche.

Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 40 end.

ECJ, Case 66/86, ECLI:EU:C:1989:140 (paras 37, 46)—Ahmed Saeed Flugreisen.

Cf. above at para 225.

ECJ, Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:132 (para 36)—Compagnie maritime belge transports.

ECJ, Case 247/86, ECLI:EU:C:1988:469 (paras 20 et seq.)—Alsatel.

In line with this position with regard to individual exemption applications, ECJ, Case 43/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:347 (para 13)—Ancides; Commission Decision 89/113/EEC, OJ 1989 L 43, p. 27 (paras 91 et seq.)—Decca Navigator System. Of course the legal exception system applies in the interim, so that no clear decision need be made and thus divergent results cannot be completely ruled out.

Schröter, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 36.

Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.

Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 42.

General Court, Case T-17/93, ECLI:EU:T:1994:89 (para 124, 153 et seq.)—Matra Hachette.

See above para 509.

Contrary opinion de Bronett, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 22 para 111.

For additional discussion, see paras 2085 et seq.

General Court, Case T-51/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:41 (para 25)—Tetra Pak I.

For further discussion, see General Court, Case T-51/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:41 (paras 29 et seq.)—Tetra Pak I.

ECJ, Case C-395 and 396/96 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:132 (para 130)—Compagnie maritime belge transports; above Case C-310/93 P, ECLI:EU:C:1995:101 (para 11)—BPB Industries and British Gypsum.

See General Court, Case T-167/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:323 (paras 118 et seq.)—Microsoft II as well as further paras 2354 et seq.

For additional discussion, see paras 3227 et seq.

Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ L 395, p. 1. Its entire text was re-published in corrected form due to a series of errors contained in the separate language versions of the Regulation, OJ 1990 L 257, p. 13.

Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ L 24, p. 1, applicable to all business combinations from 1 May 2004, Art. 26 (2). See below paras 3215 et seq.

ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490 (para 31)—BAT and Reynolds.

See for additional discussion of individual points of dispute, e.g. Riesenkampff (1988), p. 465 et seq.; Satzky (1988), p. 379 et seq.; Schödermeier (1988), p. 185 et seq.; Steindorff (1988), p. 57 et seq.; Vonnemann (1988), p. 2085 et seq.; von Winterfeld (1988), p. 958 et seq.

For a discussion of each element separately, paras 3250 et seq.

In the context under discussion here, Dittert, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 21 FKVO para 23 in conjunction with footnote 8. See below paras 3334 et seq.

See below paras 3366 et seq.

Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 44.

See below paras 3424 et seq.

OJ 2005 C 56, p. 24 (paras 10 et seq.).

See below paras 3437 et seq.

Affirmed strongly ECJ, Case C-379/98, ECLI:EU:C:2001:160 (para 58)—PreussenElektra.

See ECJ, Case C-262/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:851 (para 21)—Vent de Colère; additional discussion Frenz (2014), p. 28 et seq.

For additional discussion, see paras 4152 et seq.

See generally under paras 4204 et seq.

See below paras 4199 et seq., 4213 et seq.

However, only a cross-referenced legal basis to a limited extent, cf. para 1857.

Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community of 18 April 1951, OJ II 1952, p. 447, effective 23 July 1952, expired on 23 July 2002.

Earlier ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 88)—van Landewyck.

Khan, In: Geiger et al. (2010), Art. 101 AEUV para 18.

Without a definite starting point, ECJ, Case 127/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:25 (para 15/17)—BRT/SABAM; see also, e.g. Case C-344/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:689 (para 47)—Masterfoods.

ECJ, Case C-127/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:25 (para 15/17)—BRT/SABAM; Case 37/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:190 (para 13)—Esté Lauder.

ECJ, Cases 209–213/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:188 (paras 63, 68 et seq.)—Asjes.

ECJ, Case C-13/61, ECLI:EU:C:1962:11 (51 et seq.)—Bosch.

Council Regulation No. 17 (EEC): First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of 6 February 1962, OJ No. 13, p. 204, last amended by Council Regulation (EC) No. 1216/1999 of 10 June 1999, OJ 1999 L 148, p. 5, with the exception of Art. 8 (3) for already-pending cases, expired upon the expiry of 30 April 2004, Art. 43 (1) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

See above para 529; also ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (paras 44 et seq.)—Delimitis; Case C-344/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:689 (para 47)—Masterfoods.

OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.

ECJ, Case 13/61, ECLI:EU:C:1962:11 (51 et seq.)—Bosch.

OJ 1999 L 148, p. 5.

Schröter, In: Schröter et al. (2003), Art. 81 para 46 end citing Commission, 31st Report on Competition Policy 2001, SEC (2002) 462 final, p. 60.

Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 5.

See above para 532.

Detailed discussion at paras 2401 et seq.

See immediately following paras 549 et seq.

Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 85 (1) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, OJ 1997 C 372, p. 13.

See section III of the Notice, OJ 1997 C 372, p. 13.

See Schröter, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 32.

Commission notice—Guidelines on vertical restraints, OJ 2000 C 291, p. 1; Commission notice—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 to horizontal cooperation agreements, OJ 2001 C 3, p. 2.

Regarding continuance in the 2001 De Minimis Notice and para 874 et seq.; regarding the 2011 Guidelines and para 1009 et seq.

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (paras 35 et seq.)—Expedia; Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 2).

In particular Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2790/1999 of 22 December 1999 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 336, p. 21 (expiry date: 31 May 2010); Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2658/2000 and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2659/2000 of 29 November 2000 on the application of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty to categories of specialisation agreements and to categories of research and development agreements respectively, OJ L 304, p. 3 and 7 (expiry date: 31 December 2010).

Council Regulation (EC) of 10 July 1999 amending Regulation No. 19/65/EEC on the application of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty to certain categories of agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 148, p. 1 (expiry date: 31 May 2010); see also Art. 1 (1) lit. a) of the resulting amended version of Regulation No. 19/65/EEC of 2 March 1965, OJ No. 36, p. 533.

OJ 1999 L 336, p. 21 (expiry date: 31 May 2010).

Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002 on the application of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector, OJ L 203, p. 30 (expiry date: 31 May 2010); which was replaced by Regulation (EC) No. 1475/95 of 28 June 1995 on the application of Article 85 (3) of the Treaty to certain categories of motor vehicle distribution and servicing agreements, OJ L 145, p. 25.

Schröter, In: Schröter et al. (2003), Art. 81 para 53.

Regulation (EC) No. 2658/2000, OJ 2000 L 304, p. 3 (expiry date: 31 December 2010); see in particular Art. 1, 3, 4 and 5.

Regulation (EC) No. 2659/2000, OJ 2000 L 304, p. 7 (expiry date: 31 December 2010); see in particular Art. 1, 3, 4 and 5.

For example, the inclusion of unilateral specialisations (Art. 1 (1) lit. a) Regulation (EC) No. 2658/2000) or the expansion of the exemption independent of market share from 5 to 10 years (Art. 4 (1) and (2) Regulation (EC) No. 2659/2000).

Also in the Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 8).

However, these were drawn more narrowly.

Commission Regulation of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ 2010 L 102, p. 1.

Weitbrecht and Mühle (2011), p. 417; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 202.

OJ 2010 L 129, p. 52.

See paras 10 et seq.

Weitbrecht and Mühle (2010), p. 328; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 168 and in more detail: paras 1260 et seq.

OJ 2010 L 335, p. 43.

Weitbrecht and Mühle (2011), p. 416.

OJ 2010 L 335, p. 36.

Weitbrecht and Mühle (2011), p. 416.

Notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission in applying Articles 85 and 86 of the EEC Treaty, OJ 1993 C 39, p. 6.

Additional details may be found in the Notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission in applying Articles 81 and 82 of the EEC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 54 (paras 15 et seq.).

Commission Notice on cooperation between national competition authorities and the Commission in handling cases falling within the scope of Articles 85 or 86 of the EC Treaty, OJ 1997 C 313, p. 3.

Schröter, In: Schröter et al. (2003), Art. 81 para 44.

See also Art. 7 (2) of the resulting amended Regulation No. 19/65/EEC.

100

See above para 143.

101

See fundamentally ECJ, Case 8/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:82 (para 5)—Dassonville. See above paras 177 et seq.

102

ECJ, Case 8/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:82 (para 5)—Dassonville.

103

Further detail with a treatment of additional aspects, above paras 185 et seq.

104

The ECJ basis its analysis on the presence of an economic unit, e.g. Case C-266/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:345 (para 19)—Volkswagen and VAG Leasing for sales representatives; Case C-73/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1996:405 (paras 15 et seq.)—Viho with regard to subsidiaries.

105

Referring to this regulation in the foregoing context, Khan, In: Geiger et al. (2010), Art. 101 AEUV para 9.

106

For further discussion, see Frenz (2012d), paras 241, 244 et seq.

107

In interim, settled case-law, see also e.g. ECJ, Case C-266/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:306 (para 49)—Corsica Ferries II applying Art. 4 (3) TEU; further details under paras 4152 et seq.

108

See ECJ, Case C-262/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:851 (para 21)—Vent de Colère.

109

See ECJ, Cases 6 and 7/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:18 (paras 39 et seq.)—Commercial Solvents.

110

ECJ, Case C-73/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1996:405 (paras 15 et seq.)—Viho regarding subsidiaries; Cases 6 and 7/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:18 (paras 39 et seq.)—Commercial Solvents.

111

ECJ, Case C-73/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1996:405 (para 17)—Viho.

112

See above paras 151 et seq.

113

See above para 486.

114

This must be given preference, see above para 390.

115

See ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1988:447 (paras 16 et seq.)—Ahlström.

116

ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1988:447 (para 18)—Ahlström. For a detailed discussion, see above paras 385 et seq.

117

Frenz (2012d), paras 231, 233 et seq.

118

See above para 139, 142.

119

See above para 144.

120

Clear ECJ, Case 258/78, ECLI:EU:C:1982:211 (paras 57 et seq.)—Nungesser.

121

See General Court, Case T-14/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:36 (para 265)—Montedipe; Case T-148/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:68 (para 109)—Tréfilunion; other aspects under paras 1152 et seq. as well as paras 160 et seq., likewise with regard to the following.

122

General Court, Case T-112/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:215 (para 74)—M6.

123

See General Court, Case T-168/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:265—GlaxoSmithKline Services as well as ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (paras 64 et seq.)—GlaxoSmithKline Services: Infringement of European Union law. Detailed discussion above at paras 60 et seq., 70 et seq.

124

Keck and its progeny refer to this; fundamentally, ECJ, Cases C-267 and 268/91, ECLI:EU:C:1993:905 (para 16)—Keck.

125

ECJ, Case 16/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:101 (para 20)—Prantl.

126

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 38)—Expedia.

127

ECJ, Case 8/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:82 (para 5)—Dassonville.

128

For additional discussion, see above paras 177 et seq.

129

See above para 552 end.

130

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 37)—Expedia; Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (paras 58 et seq.)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.

131

For further discussion, see Frenz (2012d), paras 593 et seq.

132

See Kingreen, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 34–36 AEUV para 98; Frenz (2012d), paras 597 et seq.

133

ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (347 et seq.)—Consten Grundig.

134

Frenz (2012d), para 601.

135

This is applied analogously in relation to Art. 19 (2) GG, German Federal Constitutional Court 80, 367 (373), settled case law; see also e.g. German Federal Constitutional Court 109, 279 and Frenz (2013b), para 478.

136

ECJ, Case 72/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:256 (para 35)—Campus Oil regarding written grounds for justification, Case C-120/95, ECLI:EU:C:1998:167 (para 39)—Decker regarding unwritten grounds.

137

ECJ, Case C-281/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:296 (para 42)—Angonese; Frenz (2012d), paras 2111 et seq. regarding free movement of workers to which third-party effects are likewise attributed.

138

See below paras 1360 et seq.

139

Cf. Commission Decision 83/669/EEC, OJ 1983 L 376, p. 17 (19)—Carbon gas technology as well as Commission Decision 86/405/EEC, OJ 1986 L 236, p. 30 (para 59)—Fibre optic cable; 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14—Ford/Volkswagen with regard to the “promotion of technical or economic progress”.

140

See above paras 1 et seq. as well as in detail paras 1418 et seq., 1561 et seq.

141

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 83.

142

Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 25.

143

Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 10.

144

See above paras 524 et seq. Article 80 ECSC contained a definition of undertaking. However, pursuant to Art. 97, this provision along with the rest of the ECSC expired on 23 July 2002.

145

ECJ, Cases 17 and 20/61, ECLI:EU:C:1962:30 (341 et seq.)—Klöckner; Case 19/61, ECLI:EU:C:1962:31 (371)—Mannesmann.

146

General Court, Case T-352/94, ECLI:EU:T:1998:103 (para 87)—Mo och Domsjö; Case T-11/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:33 (para 311)—Shell.

147

For additional discussion, see para 654.

148

ECJ, Case C-41/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:161 (para 21)—Höfner and Elser; later Case C-218/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:36 (para 22)—Cisal; Case C-264 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:150 (para 46)—AOK; Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (para 34)—Kattner Stahlbau.

149

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 84; Lorenz (2013), p. 67 et seq.

150

ECJ, Case C-97/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:536 (para 55)—Akzo Nobel; Case C-217/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:784 (para 40)—Confederación Española de Empresarios de Estaciones de Servicio.

151

See ECJ, Case C-97/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:536 (para 56)—Akzo Nobel; Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (para 82)—ENI.

152

ECJ, Case C-49/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:376 (para 25)—MOTOE.

153

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 85; Rose and Bailey (2013), para 2.004, 2.014.

154

Additional discussion in relation to the ECJ, Case C-264 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:150 (paras 54 et seq.)—AOK; Koenig and Engelmann (2004), p. 685 et seq. including a discussion of further refinement under paras 621 et seq.

155

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 85; Rose and Bailey (2013), para 2.023.

156

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 16.

157

ECJ, Case 118/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:283 (para 7)—Commission/Italy; Case C-180–184/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:428 (para 75)—Pavlov; most recently ECJ, Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (para 35)—Compass Datenbank citing ECJ, Case C-82/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:617 (para 79)—Aéroports de Paris; Case C-49/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:376 (para 22)—MOTOE and Case C-437/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:112 (para 42)—AG2R Prévoyance.

158

ECJ, Case C-244/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:392 (para 21)—Fédération française des sociétés d’assurance; Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 85.; Rose and Bailey (2013), para 2.006; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 19; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 25.

159

ECJ, Case C-49/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:376 (para 27)—MOTOE; Case C-222/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:8 (paras 122 et seq.)—Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze.

160

ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 88)—van Landewyck; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 57; cf. regarding the characteristic of remuneration in the context of the freedom of establishment, Frenz (2012d), paras 2205 et seq.

161

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 70; Roth/Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 18; unclear Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 58.

162

Cf. ECJ, Case 17 and 20/61, ECLI:EU:C:1962:30 (341 et seq.)—Klöckner; Case 19/61, ECLI:EU:C:1962:31 (371)—Mannesmann.

163

ECJ, Case C-41/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:161 (para 21)—Höfner and Elser; Case C-218/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:36 (para 22)—Cisal; Case C-264 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:150 (para 46)—AOK.

164

Regarding the comprehensive application of the competition rules, cf. ECJ, Cases 209–213/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:188 (para 40)—Asjes; Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (para 12)—Verband der Sachversicherer; Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 22; Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 89; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 1.

165

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 para 71; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 60 end; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 20.

166

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 41.

167

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004) § 8 para 23; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 20.

168

General Court, Case T-319/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:50 (paras 36 et seq.)—FENIN; affirmed by the ECJ, Case C-205/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:453 (para 25)—FENIN citing Case C-35/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:303 (para 36)—CNSD; resumed by Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 90 et seq.

169

General Court, Case T-319/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:50 (para 36)—FENIN; affirmed by the ECJ, Case C-205/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:453 (para 26)—FENIN.

170

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 71.

171

This regulation defines the concept of a commercial enterprise in the income tax context as follows: “An independent activity conducted on a long-term basis with the goal of generating a profit and which is characterised as participation in commerce is a commercial enterprise, if the activity may not be considered agriculture or forestry or the exercise of a liberal profession or any other form of independent work.”

172

German Federal Finance Court, NJW 2001, 3214 (3215 et seq.). Regarding the characteristics of trade in contrast to private asset management, German Federal Finance Court 239, 248 (paras 34 et seq.)

173

ECJ, Case C-180–184/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:428 (paras 78 et seq.)—Pavlov.

174

See ECJ, Case C-113/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:191 (paras 102, 113 et seq.)—SELEX explicitly citing the ruling in FENIN.

175

ECJ, Case C-205/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:453 (para 25)—FENIN; Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (para 35)—Compass-Datenbank; Case C-41/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:161 (para 21)—Höfner and Elser; Cases C-159 and 160/91, ECLI:EU:C:1993:63—Poucet and Pistre.

176

See Weiß (2012), p. 147. For a detailed discussion based on an economic analysis of purchasing strength, see Werner (2012), p. 176 et seq.

177

ECJ, Case C-35/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:303 (para 36)—CNSD; most recently again Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (para 35)—Compass-Datenbank.

178

See ECJ, Case 118/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:283 (para 7)—Commission/Italy; comprehensive analysis in Werner (2012), p. 154 et seq.

179

Weiß (2012), p. 150.

180

Werner (2012), p. 160 et seq. presenting additional arguments.

181

For additional discussion, see below paras 855 et seq.

182

Weiß (2012), p. 158 et seq. with additional citations.

183

Frenz (2007), p. 236.

184

Comprehensive analysis in Werner (2012), p. 213 et seq.

185

Summary analysis in Werner (2012), p. 228.

186

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 68.

187

ECJ, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98 (para 49)—Wouters; Case C-180–184/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:428 (para 77)—Pavlov; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 30.

188

ECJ, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98 (para 112)—Wouters. If the focus of the professional association’s activities is representing the interests of its members the prohibition of cartels likewise applies to such an extent, para 604.

189

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 77; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 60; contrary view Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 24 with the rationale that employees have offered their services on the market in exchange for consideration prior to concluding an employment agreement.

190

See the example contained in ECJ, Case 210/81, ECLI:EU:C:1983:277 (para 3)—Demo-Studio Schmidt.

191

ECJ, Case C-67/96, ECLI:EU:C:1999:430 (paras 60 et seq.)—Albany; Case C-115–117/97, ECLI:EU:C:1999:434 (paras 56 et seq.)—Brentjens; Case C-219/97, ECLI:EU:C:1999:437 (paras 46 et seq.)—Drijvende Bokken; Case C-222/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:475 (paras 22 et seq.)—van der Woude.

192

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV paras 25 et seq.; Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 77 referring to the response of the Commission to written inquiry No. 777/89, OJ 1990 C 328, p. 3.

193

ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (339 et seq.)—Consten Grundig; Case 32/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:42 (405)—Italy/Council and Commission; Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 478/481)—Suiker Unie; Case C-266/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:345 (para 19)—Volkswagen and VAG Leasing.

194

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 482/483)—Suiker Unie; Case C-266/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:345 (para 19)—Volkswagen and VAG Leasing; regarding the consequences for contract drafting, Lubitz (2003) p. 559.

195

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 544/547)—Suiker Unie.

196

ECJ, Case 311/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:418 (para 17, 20)—Vlaamse Reisbureaus.

197

Cf. Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 16).

198

See this concept in ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 544/547)—Suiker Unie.

199

Commission Decision 88/84/EEC, OJ 1988 L 45, p. 34 (para 26)—ARG/Unipart.

200

Freund (1992), p. 408 et seq.; Kapp (1990), p. 819.

201

Accurately asserted, Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 120.

202

Comprehensive discussion of this topic, Ulmer and Habersack (1995), p. 120 et seq.

203

Ulmer and Habersack (1995), p. 125 et seq.; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 123.

204

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 58 et seq.; see Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen paras 35 et seq.

205

ECJ, Case C-279/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:485 (paras 35, 40 et seq., 44)—CEPSA.

206

An artist who, for example, performs publicly engages in a commercial activity (cf. Commission Decision 78/516/EEC, OJ 1978 L 157, p. 39—RAI/Unitel; 81/1030/EEC, OJ 1981 L 370, p. 49—GVL) as does a researcher who exploits her invention commercially (Commission Decision 76/29/EEC, OJ 1976 L 6, p. 8—AOIP/Beyrard; 76/743/EEC, OJ 1976 L 254, p. 40—BASF; 79/86/EEC, OJ 1979 L 19, p. 32—Vaessen/Moris).

207

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004) § 8 para 21.

208

ECJ, Case 78/70, ECLI:EU:C:1971:59 (paras 14 et seq.)—Deutsche Grammophon.

209

Cf. regarding participation of a professional cyclist in commerce, ECJ, Case 36/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:140 (para 4/10)—Walrave.

210

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004) § 8 para 22; Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 69 citing Commission Decision 92/521/EEC, OJ 1992 L 326, p. 31—Football World Cup 1990; 2000/12/EC, OJ 2000 L 5, p. 55—Football World Cup 1998; AG Lenz, ECJ, Case C-415/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:293 (para 255)—Bosman.

211

See AG Lenz, ECJ, Case C-415/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:293 (para 255)—Bosman.

212

General Court, Case T-313/02, ECLI:EU:T:2004:282 (paras 44 et seq.)—Meca-Medina and Majcen for doping controls from the International Swimming Federation required by the International Olympic Committee.

213

Cf. Frenz (2012d), paras 1459 et seq. in general regarding professional sports as an economic sector.

214

ECJ, Case C-519/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:492 (paras 33 et seq.)—Meca-Medina.

215

ECJ, Case C-519/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:492 (paras 31 et seq.)—Meca-Medina.

216

ECJ, Case C-49/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:376 (paras 22 et seq.)—MOTOE.

217

Schaefer (2012), p. 122.

218

Further discussion Scherzinger (2012), p. 195 et seq.

219

For example, approving this position Burghardt (2012), p. 219 et seq.

220

ECJ, Case C-519/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:492 (para 42)—Meca-Medina.

221

Citing Case C-519/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:492 (para 45)—Meca-Medina Scherzinger (2012), p. 212; see Gack (2011), p. 110 et seq.; Heermann (2009), p. 500 et seq.; by contrast, advocating limits in application AG Trstenjak, ECJ, Case C-209/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:467 (para 51, 54 in conjunction with fn. 35)—Beef Industry Development; Klees (2008), p. 393; Fuchs (2007), p. 379.

222

Based on the principle of the autonomy of clubs associations, Schaefer (2012), p. 122; see also Schroeder (2006), p. 2; see contrary position in support Heermann (2006), p. 353 et seq.

223

Forsthoff, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 45 AEUV para 89; Frenz (2012d), paras 1462 et seq.

224

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-176/96, ECLI:EU:C:2000:201 (para 34)—Lehtonen; Case C-51/96 and C-191/97, ECLI:EU:C:2000:199 (para 43, 64)—Deliège; summarised in Frenz (2012d), paras 1460 et seq.

225

See above para 176.

226

See above para 589.

227

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 68, 79–83; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 57.

228

On the following, see Frenz (2013c), 107 et seq.

229

Faull et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 3.46.

230

Cf. regarding old-age and health insurance, ECJ, Case C-159 and C-160/91, ECLI:EU:C:1993:63 (para 15, 18)—Poucet and Pistre; regarding statutory accident insurance, Case C-218/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:36 (paras 34 et seq.)—Cisal. See additional citations, below paras 4224 et seq.

231

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127—Kattner Stahlbau.

232

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (paras 35 et seq.)—Kattner Stahlbau.

233

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (paras 44 et seq.)—Kattner Stahlbau.

234

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (paras 60 et seq.)—Kattner Stahlbau.

235

ECJ, Case C-218/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:36 (paras 34 et seq.)—Cisal.

236

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (para 43)—Kattner Stahlbau.

237

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (paras 44 et seq.)—Kattner Stahlbau.

238

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (paras 60 et seq.)—Kattner Stahlbau.

239

ECJ, Case C-264 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:150 (paras 51 et seq.)—AOK.

240

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (para 65)—Kattner Stahlbau.

241

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (para 53, 67)—Kattner Stahlbau; further discussion in Frenz (2011), paras 3832, 3850 et seq., 4229.

242

Critical view Holzinger (2011), p. 104 et seq.

243

Citing this in context, Werner (2012), p. 102.

244

AG Fennelly, ECJ, Case C-70/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:55 (para 29)—Sodemare.

245

See also ECJ, Case C-264 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:150 (para 46)—AOK as well as basic decision, Case C-159 and 160/91, ECLI:EU:C:1993:63 (para 17)—Poucet and Pistre.

246

ECJ, Case C-41/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:161—Höfner and Elser.

247

See above para 588.

248

Werner (2012), p. 94 et seq.

249

See ECJ, Case C-437/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:112 (paras 58 et seq.)—AG2R Prévoyance.

250

ECJ, Case C-437/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:112 (paras 64 et seq.)—AG2R Prévoyance.

251

From the outset, Krajewski (2011), p. 96 et seq.

252

To this effect, Werner (2012), p. 98.

253

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-147 and 148/97, ECLI:EU:C:2000:74 (para 49)—Deutsche Post.

254

Expressly rejecting this approach, ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (paras 62 et seq.)—GlaxoSmithKline Services. Referring to this structure, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 29), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

255

General Court, Case T-112/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:215 (paras 74 et seq.)—M6.

256

Prevailing opinion, see, e.g. Axer (2002), p. 61 et seq.; Badtke (2007), p. 728 et seq.; Bucher (2009), p. 29 et seq., 72 et seq.; Frenz (2007), p. 236; Gassner (2000), p. 136 et seq.; Giesen (2004), p. 157 et seq.; Kluckert (2009), p. 204 et seq.; Koenig and Sander (2000), p. 980 et seq.; more recent, Holzinger (2011), p. 143 et seq.; Kersting and Faust (2011), p. 8; Krispenz (2011), p. 85 et seq., 115 et seq.; contrary opinion Kingreen (2003), p. 438 et seq., 484 et seq.; Knispel (2000), p. 382; Krajewski and Farley (2004), p. 849 et seq.; Neumann (2002), p. 565; Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 para 79.

257

Other view citing the principle of subsidiarity and lack of harmonisation, Wölfle (2009), p. 301 et seq.

258

Similar view, Werner (2012), p. 112 et seq.; Heinemann (1996), p. 119 et seq.; Becker (1998), p. 360; Kingreen (2003), p. 438 et seq. however with dual positioning at the substantive element level; Roth (2007), p. 651.

259

ECJ, Case C-158/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:171—Kohll; for further discussion, see Frenz (2012d), paras 3428 et seq.

260

In relation to postal services, Werner (2012), p. 106.

261

ECJ, Case C-218/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:36—Cisal; focussing on this AG Jacobs, ECJ, Case C-218/00, ECLI:EU:C:2001:448 (para 60)—Cisal; additionally on further development, Werner (2012), p. 96 et seq.

262

ECJ, Case C-350/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:127 (para 65)—Kattner Stahlbau; interpreting this along the lines of a “materiality threshold” Werner (2012), p. 97.

263

Regarding permissibility, see Frenz (2012a), 217 et seq.

264

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-359 and 379/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:531 (para 34)—Ladbroke; General Court, Case T-168/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:265 (para 69)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.

265

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-198/01, ECLI:EU:C:2003:430 (para 67)—CIF; Case C-359 and 379/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:531 (para 33)—Ladbroke.

266

Werner (2012), p. 109 et seq.

267

See ECJ, Case C-207/01, ECLI:EU:C:2003:451 (paras 30 et seq.)—Altair Chimica; from the literature Lange (2008), p. 15.

268

Previously, Mestmäcker (1988), p. 546 et seq.; Lange (2008), p. 7, 15 et seq.: no causal connection.

269

Werner (2012), p. 108 et seq.

270

Bucher (2009), p. 50.

271

Werner (2012), p. 111 et seq.

272

ECJ, Case C-264 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:150 (paras 58 et seq.)—AOK.

273

See above paras 609 et seq.

274

ECJ, Case C-59/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:634 (para 25, 38)—BKK Mobil Oil.

275

Ebert-Weidenfeller and Gromotke (2013), p. 940.

276

German Act on Reorganization of the Pharmaceutical Market (Arzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetz—AMNOG) of 22 December 2010, Federal Gazette I p. 2262.

277

Applying a more comprehensive investigational approach, Frenz (2013c), 107 et seq. with regard to the following as well.

278

Kingreen (2010), p. 394; Becker and Kingreen (2010), p. 421.

279

Baier (2011), p. 347.

280

In the mean time, the approach is fixed on a uniform basis at the outset; administration is handled by a state fund, Frenz (2007), p. 234.

281

See above paras 624 et seq.

282

Baier (2011), p. 347.

283

See above paras 597 et seq.

284

Baier (2011), p. 347.

285

See above paras 633 et seq.

286

Frenz (2007), p. 234; Kersting and Faust (2011), p. 6 et seq. Detailed discussion above, paras 631 et seq.

287

Kersting and Faust (2011), p. 15.

288

Kersting and Faust (2011), p. 15.

289

ECJ, Case C-244/94, ECLI:EU:C:1995:392 (paras 17 et seq.)—Fédération française des sociétés d’assurance; Case C-67/96, ECLI:EU:C:1999:430 (paras 81 et seq.)—Albany; Case C-219/97, ECLI:EU:C:1999:437 (paras 71 et seq.)—Drijvende Bokken; see also below para 4226 in the context of Art. 106 TFEU, where this question is most likely to be raised as special rights were granted by the state.

290

See ECJ, Case C-268/99, ECLI:EU:C:2001:616 (para 57)—Jany as to the existence of self-employment under Art. 49 (2) TFEU.

291

For a detailed discussion, see Frenz (2012d), paras 2211 et seq., 3015 et seq.

292

See only ECJ, Cases 17 and 20/61, ECLI:EU:C:1962:30 (341 et seq.)—Klöckner.

293

Cf. the definition of an undertaking in this regard, ECJ, Cases 17 and 20/61, ECLI:EU:C:1962:30 (341 et seq.)—Klöckner.

294

Settled case law, since Case C-41/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:161 (para 21)—Höfner and Elser; later Case C-264 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:C:2004:150 (para 46)—AOK.

295

Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 52 et seq.

296

Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 10 et seq. Detailed discussion above paras 1 et seq.

297

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 39; Heinichen (2011), p. 66.

298

ECJ, Case 52/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:73 (para 13)—Geigy; current Heinichen (2011), p. 66.

299

Heinichen (2011), p. 54 contra Pohlmann (1999), p. 49.

300

ECJ, Cases C-189/02 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:408 (para 113)—Dansk Rørindustri; Rose and Bailey (2013), para 2.007; Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 39; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 27 end. Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 52.

301

ECJ, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98 (para 48)—Wouters.

302

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 39; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 27: The entrepreneur must be a legal subject; Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 9.

303

Cf. Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (para 141)—Cartonboard; 94/599/EC, OJ 1994 L 239, p. 14 (para 44)—PVC.

304

Regarding corporate groups, see below paras 670 et seq.

305

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 90.

306

ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 97)—Musique Diffusion française.

307

See below para 758.

308

ECJ, Case C-68/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:71 (para 26)—Protimonopolný úrad.

309

ECJ, Case C-68/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:71 (para 27)—Protimonopolný úrad.

310

ECJ, Case C-290/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:271 (paras 74 et seq. with further citations)—Comap; Case C-68/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:71 (para 27)—Protimonopolný úrad.

311

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 31; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 29 (citing Art. 106 AEUV); Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 47; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 67; Schwarze (2001), p. 71.

312

ECJ, Case C-364/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:7 (paras 30 et seq.)—SAT Fluggesellschaft; Case C-343/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:160 (paras 16 et seq.)—Calì & Figli; Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 33; Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 84; Schwarze (2001), p. 71. Drawing a distinction, Pauer (2013), p. 1080.

313

ECJ, Case C-49/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:376 (para 25)—MOTOE.

314

This according to the accurate analysis of Schwarze (2001), p. 72.

315

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 86.

316

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 33.

317

Faull et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 3.44.

318

For a detailed overview of this topic, see Schwarze (2001), p. 72 et seq.

319

ECJ, Case C-364/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:7 (paras 30 et seq.)—SAT Fluggesellschaft.

320

ECJ, Case C-113/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:191 (paras 70 et seq.)—SELEX.

321

ECJ, Case C-113/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:191 (para 113)—SELEX with para 102 citing Case C-205/03 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:453 (para 26)—FENIN. Contrary view, see above at paras 592 et seq.

322

ECJ, Case C-343/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:160 (paras 16 et seq.)—Calì & Figli.

323

On this topic, see Commission Decision 82/861/EEC, OJ 1982 L 360, p. 36—British Telecommunications; affirming ECJ, Case 41/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:120 (paras 16 et seq.)—Italy/Commission: In this case, the Court of Justice found the operation of public telecommunications installations by a public-law corporation to be an economic activity.

324

In the case of the previous employment agency monopoly held by the German Federal Labour Office (Bundesanstalt für Arbeit) (currently: German Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur für Arbeit), the ECJ, Case C-41/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:161 (para 22)—Höfner and Elser, the court limited itself to finding that job placement was not always conducted by public institutions.

325

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 87.

326

Accord Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 44.

327

Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449.

328

ECJ, Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (para 36, 38)—Compass-Datenbank.

329

ECJ, Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (para 38)—Compass-Datenbank.

330

ECJ, Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (para 39)—Compas-Datenbank citing ECJ, Case C-364/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:7 (paras 28 et seq.)—SAT Fluggesellschaft and Case C-343/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:160 (paras 22 et seq.)—Calì & Figli.

331

ECJ, Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (paras 41 et seq.)—Compass-Datenbank.

332

ECJ, Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (para 48)—Compass-Datenbank.

333

ECJ, Case C-138/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449 (para 51)—Compass-Datenbank.

334

For general discussion, see above para 586.

335

Holzinger (2011), p. 149 et seq.

336

Further discussion, Holzinger (2011), p. 137 et seq.

337

See above paras 636 et seq.

338

Krajewski (2004), p. 262; Holzinger (2011), p. 149.

339

Holzinger (2011), p. 61 following on Mestmäcker and Schweitzer, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2007), Art. 31, 86 AEUV, para 9 (now the same, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker 2012, Art. 106 (1) AEUV para 9).

340

ECJ, Case C-41/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:161 (para 22)—Höfner and Elser.

341

Werner (2012), p. 62 et seq. subject to consideration of the profit motive in cases where performance at least covers costs.

342

Suggested in Commission Decision 94/599/EC, OJ 1994 L 239, p. 14 (para 44)—PVC; see also General Court, Case T-11/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:33 (para 312)—Shell.

343

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV paras 45, 67 et seq.; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 62; Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004) § 8 para 15.

344

See above para 586.

345

ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (paras 49 et seq.)—AEG; Case C-73/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1996:405 (paras 15 et seq.)—Viho; Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 68; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 65.

346

Regarding the concept, see ECJ, Case 30/87, ECLI:EU:C:1988:225 (para 19)—Bodson; Case 66/86, ECLI:EU:C:1989:140 (para 35)—Ahmed Saeed Flugreisen.

347

Regarding the dual relevance of this concept, see Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV paras 46 et seq.; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV paras 38 et seq.

348

Commission 91/50/EEC, OJ 1991 L28 p. 32—IJsselcentrale; Rose and Bailey (2013), para 2.028.

349

Cf. ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (paras 49 et seq.)—AEG; Case C-73/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1996:405 (paras 15 et seq.)—Viho.

350

ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (para 50)—AEG; see also General Court, Case T-102/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:3 (paras 51 et seq.)—Viho Europe.

351

ECJ, Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (paras 48 et seq.)—ENI: 99.97 %.

352

ECJ, Case C-289/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:270 (para 46)—Legris Industries; Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (para 47)—ENI.

353

Contra de Bronett (2012), p. 121 et seq.

354

ECJ, Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (para 50)—ENI.

355

ECJ, Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (para 65)—ENI.

356

ECJ, Cases C-201 and 216/09 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:190 (paras 97 et seq.)—Arcelor.

357

ECJ, Cases C-201 and 216/09 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:190 (paras 100 et seq.)—Arcelor.

358

Frenz and Lülsdorf (2012), p. 504, where the following aspects are included as well.

359

ECJ, Cases 6 and 7/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:18 (paras 39 et seq.)—Commercial Solvents.

360

ECJ, Case C-628/10 P and 14/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:479 (para 49)—Alliance One International.

361

See ECJ, Case C-628/10 P and 14/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:479 (para 15 end)—Alliance One International.

362

ECJ, Case C-628/10 P and 14/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:479 (para 59)—Alliance One International.

363

Frenz and Lülsdorf (2012), p. 506.

364

ECJ, Case C-628/10 P and 14/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:479 (paras 59 et seq.)—Alliance One International.

365

Frenz and Lülsdorf (2012), p. 505.

366

Indicating all principles, ECJ, Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (para 50)—ENI; see also, e.g. Case C-521/09 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:620 (para 59)—Elf Aquitaine.

367

Successful in ECJ, Case C-446/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:798—Edison.

368

ECJ, Case C-508/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:289 (para 68)—ENI.

369

ECJ, Case C-628/10 P and 14/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:479 (paras 120 et seq.)—Alliance One International.

370

ECJ, Case C-201 and 216/09 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:190 (paras 141 et seq.)—Arcelor.

371

More detailed discussion, Frenz and Lülsdorf (2012), p. 507 et seq.

372

ECJ, Case C-286/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2013:297 (para 49)—Tomkins.

373

See e.g. Commission Decision 78/155/EEC, OJ 1978 L 46, p. 33—BMW Belgium; ECJ, Case 32 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:191 (para 24)—BMW Belgium: In this case, the parent company had attempted to take action against anti-competitive conduct on the part of its subsidiary; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 77; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 36.

374

Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 78, who however asserts that the current criteria for attribution are unclear.

375

Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 70.

376

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 68.

377

Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 63.

378

Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (paras 154 et seq.)—Cartonboard.

379

ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:356 (para 145)—Anic Partecipazioni; General Court, Case T-6/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:74 (para 238)—Enichem; Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (para 145)—Cartonboard; 86/398/EC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1 (para 101)—Polypropylene.

380

Cf. Commission Decision 89/190/EEC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 1 (para 42)—PVC; 89/191/EC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 21 (para 49)—LDPE; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 64.

381

AG Vesterdorf, General Court, Case T-1/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:38 (921)—Rhône-Poulenc; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 64.

382

ECJ, Case C-297/98 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:633 (para 27)—SCA Holding.

383

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 84/87)—Suiker Unie; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 65.

384

Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (para 145)—Cartonboard; 89/190/EC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 1 (para 42)—PVC; 89/191/EEC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 21 (para 49)—LDPE; 86/398/EEC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1 (para 100)—Polypropylene.

385

Contra Thomas (2005), p. 155 et seq.

386

ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:356 (para 145)—Anic Partecipazioni; Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 77/80)—Suiker Unie.

387

ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (paras 358 et seq.)—Aalborg Portland.

388

ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 344, 359)—Aalborg Portland; critical view Berg (2005), p. 51 et seq.

389

Explicitly addressing both forms, General Court, Case T-53/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:254 (para 257)—BPB.

390

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 141)—Coats Holdings.

391

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 142)—Coats Holdings.

392

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 142)—Coats Holdings with additional citations; accord Case T-214/06, ECLI:EU:T:2012:275 (paras 84 et seq.)—ICI.

393

See Joshua (2009), p. 456 as well as, with additional citations and a different analysis, Seifert (2013), p. 31 et seq., 308 et seq.

394

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 144)—Coats Holdings.

395

General Court, Case T-53/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:254 (paras 254 et seq.)—BPB; Seifert (2013), p. 68.

396

Seifert (2013), p. 70.

397

General Court, Case T-53/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:254 (paras 244 et seq.)—BPB: Behaviour as an “expression of a common purpose”.

398

General Court, Case T-53/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:254 (paras 249 et seq.)—BPB countering the accusation of circular reasoning.

399

Interpreting these to represent more or less established criteria, Seifert (2013), p. 72, 74 et seq. including a comprehensive description.

400

Limited to the latter two, Joshua (2009), p. 465 et seq.

401

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 145)—Coats Holdings.

402

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 149)—Coats Holdings.

403

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 150)—Coats Holdings; see also Joshua (2009), p. 465 et seq.

404

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 150)—Coats Holdings.

405

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (paras 153 et seq.)—Coats Holdings.

406

More than 30 years in Commission Decision of 20 July 2010, COMP/38866 (para 149)—Animal Feed Phosphates.

407

Commission Decision of 3 September 2004, COMP/38069 (para 491)—Copper Plumbing Tubes; critical in part Seifert (2013), p. 75 with additional citations.

408

ECJ, Case C-113/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:593 (para 169)—Technische Unie.

409

Commission Decision of 28 January 2009, COMP/39406 (para 283)—Marine Hoses.

410

Seifert (2013), p. 77.

411

General Court, Case T-439/07, ECLI:EU:T:2012:320 (para 158)—Coats Holdings.

412

General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 1); affirmed by the ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 2)—Kaimer.

413

General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 47); affirmed by the ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer; Cases 29 and 30/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:130 (para 20)—CRAM.

414

General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 48); affirmed by the ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer; General Court, Case T-67 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:221 (para 180)—JFE Engineering.

415

General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 47); affirmed by the ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer; General Court, Case T-38/02, ECLI:EU:T:2005:367 (para 215)—Groupe Danone.

416

General Court, Case T-379/06, ECLI:EU:T:2011:110 (para 51); affirmed by the ECJ, Case C-264/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:498 (para 6)—Kaimer.

417

Roth/Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 74; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 82.

418

See above paras 584 et seq.

419

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 92.

420

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 38; Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 48.

421

ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (para 17)—BNIC/Clair; Case C-35/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:303 (para 40)—CNSD; Case C-180–184/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:428 (para 85)—Pavlov; Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 38; Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004) § 8 para 26; Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 83; too narrow Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 48: “all combinations organised as an association or in other corporate form”.

422

Commission Decision 71/224/EEC, OJ 1971 L 134, p. 15—GEMA.

423

ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413—DLG.

424

Commission Decision 85/76/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 35—Milk subsidy fund.

425

Commission Decision 95/188/EC, OJ 1995 L 122, p. 37—COAPI (Chamber of Patent Attorneys).

426

ECJ, Case C-35/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:303 (para 40)—CNSD; Commission Decision 93/438/EEC, OJ 1993 L 203, p. 27—CNSD (Professional Association of Customs Agents).

427

ECJ, Case C-123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (para 17)—BNIC/Clair.

428

ECJ, Cases 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (paras 87 et seq.)—van Landewyck; General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 1320)—Cimenteries CBR.

429

ECJ, Cases 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (paras 87 et seq.)—van Landewyck; General Court, Case T-61/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:79 (para 50)—Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening.

430

See above paras 658 et seq.

431

ECJ, Case C-35/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:303 (para 40)—CNSD; Case C-180–184/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:428 (para 85)—Pavlov; Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98 (paras 58 et seq.)—Wouters.

432

Regarding the Dutch bar association, see ECJ, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98 (paras 61 et seq.)—Wouters.

433

Cf. §§ 64 et seq. German Federal Lawyers’ Ordinance (BRAO).

434

Cf. § 62 (2) BRAO.

435

Cf. § 73 BRAO.

436

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101–105 AEUV para 50; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 75.

437

Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 86.

438

For additional discussion, see above paras 385 et seq.

439

Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 33; Rehbinder, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), IntWbR para 12; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 11; Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004) § 6 para 34; Knebel (1991), p. 270 et seq.

440

Commission Decision 85/206/EEC, OJ 1985 L 92, p. 1 (46)—Aluminium imports from Eastern Europe; 85/202/EEC, OJ 1985 L 85, p. 1 (para 79)—Pulp.

441

For additional discussion, see above paras 386 et seq.

442

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004) § 6 para 34; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 11; Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 33.

443

Schröter, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Vorbemerkungen zu Art. 101-105 AEUV para 105 et seq.; citing the regulatory authority of each state, cf. Meng (1994), p. 519; Breitenmoser (1996), p. 448.

444

See above paras 385 et seq.

445

ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1988:447 (paras 16 et seq.)—Ahlström. For background information, above para 389.

446

General Court, Case T-201/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:289—Microsoft.

447

Rose and Bailey (2013), para 1.114.

448

For a detailed discussion of the relationship in general between European competition law and international law, see above paras 385 et seq.

449

An overview gives Lorenz (2013), p. 76 et seq.

450

With additional citations, e.g. Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 106.

451

Point asserted clearly von Bernuth (1996), p. 115; see also ECJ, Cases 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (paras 355, 577 et seq.)—Suiker Unie; Daig 1976), 216 et seq.; not making a distinction/not finding a separation to be significant Commission Decision 86/398/EEC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1 (paras 79 et seq.)—Polypropylene; Burkhardt (1995), p. 103.

452

Zäch (1994), p. 11.

453

General Court, Case T-68 inter alia/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:38 (para 330)—SIV for Art. 101 (1) lit. a) TFEU.

454

Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1—Cartonboard; 86/398/EEC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1—Polypropylene; affirmed by the General Court, Case T-1/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:56 (para 127)—Rhône-Poulenc.

455

Commission Decision 89/515/EEC, OJ 1989 L 260, p. 1 (7)—Welded steel mesh; affirmed by the General Court, Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62 (paras 70 et seq.)—Tréfileurope.

456

ECJ, Case C-238/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:734 (para 32)—Asnef-Equifax; General Court Case T-305/94 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:1999:80 (para 696)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij; Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 103.

457

General Court, Case T-68 inter alia/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:38 (para 330)—SIV; Commission Decision 89/93/EEC, OJ 1989 L 33, p. 44 (para 63)—Flat glass.

458

For example, Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 114.

459

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 64/67)—ICI.

460

See above paras 704 et seq.

461

See above paras 504 et seq.

462

ECJ, Case 41/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:71 (para 110/114)—Chemiefarma; Cases 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 86)—van Landewyck; General Court, Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62 (para 95)—Tréfileurope; Case T-450/05, ECLI:EU:T:2009:262 (para 168)—Peugeot.

463

ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (para 17)—BNIC/Clair.

464

Commission Decision 80/1283/EEC, OJ 1980 L 377, p. 16—Johnson & Johnson; 82/203/EEC, OJ 1982 L 94, p. 7—Möet et Chandon.

465

General Court, Case T-7/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:75 (paras 255 et seq.)—Hercules Chemicals affirming Commission Decision 86/398/EEC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1—Polypropylene.

466

ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413 (para 35)—DLG; General Court, Case T-61/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:79 (paras 73 et seq.)—Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening.

467

ECJ, Case 65/86, ECLI:EU:C:1988:448 (para 15)—Bayer, deviating from the Commission.

468

ECJ, Case 243/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:284 (para 17)—Binon; General Court, Case T-7/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:75 (para 257)—Hercules Chemicals.

469

ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (250)—Maschinenbau Ulm, however first with regard to the legal consequence as well as previously, p. 249 limiting with regard to capacity to impair cross-border trade.

470

Presuming separability with regard to court-approved settlements, ECJ, Case 65/86, ECLI:EU:C:1988:448 (para 15)—Bayer.

471

Eilmansberger (2004), p. 289.

472

Kling and Thomas (2007), § 4 para 39.

473

Rose and Bailey (2013), para 2.035, 2.036 with examples.

474

ECJ, Case 277/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:363 (46, 1st headnote)—Sandoz.

475

By contrast, in favour of binding effect desired by one of the parties, Müller-Graff, In: Hailbronner et al. (1998), Art. 85 EG paras 37, 42 et seq.

476

By contrast, referring to the legal systems of the Member States, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 38.

477

E.g. in the cloud computing segment, Kirchner and Käseberg (2011), p. 363.

478

Jakobs (2012), p. 57.

479

Jakobs (2012), p. 78 with additional citations for the contrary view.

480

ECJ, Case C-2 and 3/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:2 (para 102)—Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Importeure e.V.

481

Especially clear in the decisions referred to above, ECJ, Case 41/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:71 (para 110/114)—Chemiefarma: “faithfully expressed the cartel members’ common desire with regard to their behaviour in the market”.

482

ECJ, Case 41/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:71 (para 110/114)—Chemiefarma; General Court, Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62 (para 96)—Tréfileurope.

483

ECJ, Cases 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 86)—van Landewyck.

484

General Court, Case T-15/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:37 (para 301)—Chemie Linz.

485

In favour Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 74; cautious Schröter an Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 60 et seq.

486

Commission Decision 89/190/EEC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 1 (paras 29 et seq.)—PVC; 89/191/EEC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 21 (32)—LDPE; similar AG Vesterdorf, General Court, Case T-1/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:38 (922)—Rhône-Poulenc; accord Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 74.

487

Von Bernuth (1996), p. 116; detailed discussion Frenz (2001), p. 301 et seq.

488

Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 157)—citing General Court, Case T-347/94, ECLI:EU:T:1998:101 (para 65)—Mayr-Melnhof.

489

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 61 end.

490

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 87.

491

Emphasising its necessity, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 40.

492

See below para 735.

493

Jakobs (2012), p. 53.

494

General Court, Case T-1/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:56 (para 120)—Rhône-Poulenc; Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62 (para 95)—Tréfileurope; not as clear, the reference with a mere “cf.” in the second case citing ECJ, Case 41/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:71 (para 110/114)—Chemiefarma (contractual clause and actual common behaviour); Cases 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 86)—von Landewyck (likewise actual conduct in furtherance); other view Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 40.

495

Likewise Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 99.

496

Accordingly contra, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 53; Goldman et al. (1994), para 490.

497

Detailed discussion at paras 798 et seq.

498

Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (para 126)—Cartonboard.

499

Commission Decision 89/190/EEC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 1 (para 30)—PVC; 86/398/EEC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1 (para 81)—Polypropylene.

500

Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 100.

501

ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (342 et seq.)—Consten Grundig.

502

Commission Decision 86/398/EEC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1—Polypropylene; accord AG Vesterdorf, General Court, Case T-1/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:38 (922)—Rhône-Poulenc.

503

See General Court, Case T-1/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:56 (paras 43 et seq.)—Rhône-Poulenc.

504

AG Vesterdorf, General Court, Case T-1/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:38 (922)—Rhône-Poulenc: “probably also”.

505

General Court, Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62 (paras 54 et seq.)—Tréfileurope.

506

See e.g. General Court, Case T-1/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:56 (paras 52 et seq.)—Rhône-Poulenc.

507

Explicitly, General Court, Case T-141/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:62 (para 58)—Tréfileurope.

508

Earlier ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (339)—Consten Grundig.

509

ECJ, Cases 32 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:191 (paras 52 et seq.)—BMW Belgium.

510

Jakobs (2012), p. 53.

511

Commission Decision 2003/600/EC, OJ L 209, p. 12 (para 97).

512

Commission Decision 2003/600/EC, OJ L 209, p. 12 (paras 121 et seq.).

513

General Court, Case T-217 and 245/03, ECLI:EU:T:2006:391—FNCBV.

514

Using this as a starting point, Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 95. See also above para 570.

515

ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (248 et seq.)—Maschinenbau Ulm and Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (338 et seq.)—Consten Grundig highlighted the irrelevance of the level within the economic system.

516

R&D activity, Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 95.

517

ECJ, Case C-68/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:71 (paras 19 et seq.)——Protimonopolný úrad.

518

Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 47 with additional citations: General Court, Case T-99/04, ECLI:EU:T:2008:256 (paras 112 et seq.)—AC-Treuhand.

519

Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 101 also with regard to the examples listed below.

520

ECJ, Cases 25 and 26/84, ECLI:EU:C:1985:340 (para 21)—Ford.

521

ECJ, Case C-277/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:363 (45, 1st headnote)—Sandoz.

522

See ECJ, Cases 228 and 229/82, ECLI:EU:C:1984:80 (para 21)—Ford.

523

Commission Decision 82/267/EEC, OJ 1982 L 117, p. 15—AEG-Telefunken.

524

ECJ, Case C-74/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:460 (paras 44 et seq., 48, 53)—Volkswagen subject to the objection of the General Court, Case T-208/01, ECLI:EU:T:2003:326—Volkswagen. A successful way show Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 110.

525

ECJ, Case C-74/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:460 (paras 50 et seq., 54)—Volkswagen.

526

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 70 end.

527

ECJ, Case C-74/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:460 (para 46)—Volkswagen.

528

Commission Decision 88/172/EEC, OJ 1988 L 78, p. 34—Konica.

529

Hirsbrunner and Schwarz (2006), p. 179 et seq.

530

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 71.

531

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 72; Hirsbrunner and Schwarz (2006), p. 180.

532

Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen paras 182 et seq.

533

Paschke, In: Bornkamm et al. (2014) Art. 81 EG paras 33 et seq.; Hirsbrunner and Schwarz (2006), p. 178.

534

See, e.g. ECJ, Case C-277/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:363 (1st headnote)—Sandoz; with additional citations. Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 72 in conjunction with fn. 224.

535

Emphasising this point in particular, Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 70.

536

General Court, Case T-41/96, ECLI:EU:T:2000:242 (para 173)—Bayer; affirmed by the ECJ, Case C-2 and 3/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:2 (paras 102 et seq.)—Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Importeure e.V.; accord ECJ, Case C-338/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2003:473 (paras 66 et seq.)—Volkswagen; General Court, Case T-450/05, ECLI:EU:T:2009:262 (para 173)—Peugeot.

537

ECJ, Case C-2 and 3/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:2 (paras 123 et seq.)—Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Importeure e.V.; accord Wertenbruch (2004), p. 149 et seq.

538

Summarising, e.g. ECJ, Case C-2 and 3/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:2 (para 141)—Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Importeure e.V.; similarly Kamann and Bergmann (2004), p. 154 et seq.

539

Contra, e.g. General Court, Case T-208/01, ECLI:EU:T:2003:326 (paras 45 et seq., 58)—Volkswagen.

540

ECJ, Case C-74/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:460 (para 44, 53)—Volkswagen.

541

ECJ, Case C-74/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:460 (para 45)—Volkswagen.

542

Alternatively, ECJ, Case C-74/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:460 (para 46)—Volkswagen.

543

ECJ, Case C-2 and 3/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:2 (paras 78 et seq.)—Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Importeure e.V.

544

See above paras 118 et seq.

545

See fundamentally ECJ, Case 8/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:82 (para 5)—Dassonville; later, e.g. Case C-470/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:224 (paras 12 et seq.)—Mars.

546

Frenz (2012d), para 3707 et seq., citing inter alia ECJ, Case C-367/98, ECLI:EU:C:2002:326 (para 45)—Golden shares I (Commission/Portugal).

547

See above paras 1 et seq.

548

See below paras 3227 et seq.

549

ECJ, Case C-267 and 268/91, ECLI:EU:C:1993:905 (paras 16 et seq.)—Keck. For further discussion, see Frenz (2012d), paras 906 et seq.

550

Frenz (2012d), para 723.

551

ECJ, Case C-2 and 3/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:2 (paras 78 et seq.)—Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Importeure e.V.

552

Finding so citing prevailing opinion, Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 92; Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 92 seq.

553

See above paras 670 et seq.

554

See above para 657.

555

Commission Decision 92/426/EEC, OJ 1992 L 233, p. 27 (para 16)—VIHO.

556

ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 97)—Musique Diffusion Française.

557

Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 30; for additional discussion, see ECJ, Case 41/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:120 (paras 17 et seq.)—Italy/Commission; Marenco (1986), 297 et seq. with additional citations.

558

Mestmäcker (1988), p. 537 et seq.

559

See above para 658.

560

ECJ, Case 118/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:283 (paras 6 et seq.)—Commission/Italy regarding the prohibition of state aid.

561

See above paras 658 et seq.

562

On the topic of self-commitments, von Bernuth (1996), p. 113 et seq.

563

See above paras 659 et seq.

564

Frenz (2001), p. 299 et seq.

565

Using the example of a self-obligation, Frenz (2001), p. 90 et seq.

566

See OVG Lüneburg, OVGE 27, 341 (343); Spannowsky (1994), p. 117; narrow interpretation Knebel et al. (1999), p. 171.

567

In general, see ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (423, para 17)—BNIC/Clair.

568

Mestmäcker (1992), p. 278 et seq.; von Bernuth (1996), p. 113; contra, e.g. Pernice (1992), p. 142.

569

ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (para 20)—BNIC/Clair.

570

See above para 502.

571

AG Lenz, ECJ, Case C-415/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:293 (para 256)—Bosman. Viewing this as beyond dispute, Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 82 end.

572

Regarding agreements with third-party undertakings, Commission Decision 90/33/EEC, OJ 1990 L 18, p. 35 (para 33)—A.P.B.; 94/815/EC, OJ 1994 L 343, p. 1 (97 et seq.)—Cement.

573

For additional discussion, see paras 658 et seq.

574

Commission Decision 85/75/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 20 (para 23)—Fire insurance.

575

See, e.g. Commission Decision 89/512/EEC, OJ 1989 L 253, p. 1 (para 46)—Dutch banks; 90/25/EEC, OJ 1990 L 15, p. 25 (paras 16 et seq.)—Concordato Incendio; 93/3/EEC, OJ 1993 L 4, p. 26 (paras 16 et seq.)—Lloyd’s Underwriters.

576

See, Jakobs (2012), p. 58.

577

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 74 with additional citations.

578

Providing a corresponding summary, AG Darmon, ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1986:436 (para 12)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

579

Explicitly AG Mayras, ECJ, Case 8/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:79 (998)—Cementhandelaren.

580

See above paras 743 et seq.

581

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 52.

582

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 111 with examples, Commission Decision, OJ 1970 L 148, p. 9—RE ASPA; OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24—National Sulphuric Acid Association.

583

E.g. Commission Decision 95/551/EC, OJ 1995 L 312, p. 79 (paras 15 et seq.)—Kraanverhuur.

584

Commission Decision 93/174/EEC, OJ 1993 L 73, p. 38 (paras 20 et seq.)—Tariff structures in the combined transport of goods.

585

Commission Decision 90/33/EEC, OJ 1990 L 18, p. 35 (para 33)—A.P.B.

586

General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 1326, 1328)—Cimenteries CBR with regard to soliciting for and the later implementation of an agreement.

587

Jakobs (2012), p. 58.

588

See above para 768, 771.

589

See, e.g. Commission Decision 91/480/EEC, OJ 1991 L 258, p. 18 (para 47)—IATA; 91/481/EEC, OJ 1991 L 258, p. 29 (para 42)—IATA; see below para 792.

590

Cf. Commission Decision 85/76/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 35 (para 27)—Milk subsidy fund; 86/507/EEC, OJ 1986 L 295, p. 28 (para 4)—Irish Banks Standing Committee; general view, e.g. Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 49 in conjunction with fn. 300 with additional citations.

591

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 74.

592

See, e.g. Commission Decision 90/25/EEC, OJ 1990 L 15, p. 25 (paras 14 et seq.)—Concordato Incendio; 91/128/EEC, OJ 1991 L 60, p. 19 (para 13)—SIPPA; 95/551/EC, OJ 1995 L 312, p. 79 (paras 15 et seq.)—Kraanverhuur.

593

See, e.g. Commission Decision 82/896/EEC, OJ 1982 L 379, p. 1 (paras 47 et seq.)—UGEL/BNIC; 93/438/EEC, OJ 1993 L 203, p. 27 (paras 4, 10 et seq., 43)—CNSD; 1999/267/EC, OJ 1999 L 106, p. 14 (para 24)—EPI.

594

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 74.

595

See above paras 768 et seq.

596

Cf. above at para 657.

597

Commission Decision 94/815/EC, OJ 1994 L 343, p. 1 (para 44)—Cement; Jakobs (2012), p. 58.

598

Stockenhuber, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 103 distinguished from Commission Decision 85/75/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 20 (para 23)—Fire insurance.

599

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 50.

600

ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 91)—van Landewyck.

601

Explicitly so holding, ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 88)—van Landewyck. ECJ, Case 67/63, ECLI:EU:C:1964:18 (161)—SOREMA; Case 71/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:61 (para 30/31)—Frubo.

602

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 50; Gleiss and Hirsch (1993) Art. 85 para 84.

603

ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 88)—van Landewyck. Further, see also para 789.

604

For additional discussion, see above paras 732 et seq.

605

Correct idea AG Darmon, ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1986:436 (para 12)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

606

Regarding agreements between undertakings, see above paras 721 et seq.

607

See also, e.g. Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 52.

608

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 80.

609

General Court, Case T-217 and 245/03, ECLI:EU:T:2006:391—FNCBV.

610

On the topic of including non-binding association recommendations, see Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 145; without establishing a firm position to date, ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (paras 88 et seq.)—van Landewyck; Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (paras 29 et seq.)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

611

Cf. above at paras 731 et seq.

612

ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (paras 88 et seq.)—van Landewyck.

613

See above paras 769 et seq.

614

With regard to technical specifications in the nature of recommendations, Jakobs (2012), p. 58.

615

ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (para 29 et seq.)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

616

See above paras 722 et seq.

617

See above paras 762 et seq.

618

E.g. the two IATA decisions Commission Decision 91/480/EEC, OJ 1991 L 258, p. 18 (para 47)—IATA and 91/481/EEC, OJ 1991 L 258, p. 29 (para 42)—IATA.

619

Jakobs (2012), p. 58.

620

See Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 52.

621

Hengst, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 103.

622

See, e.g. Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 85.

623

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 23)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

624

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 85.

625

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 64/67)—ICI; Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 26/28)—Suiker Unie; see also Case 172/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:178 (para 17, 22)—Züchner.

626

Faull et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 3.126.

627

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 27)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

628

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 64/67)—ICI.

629

See Schröter an Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 55.

630

ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:356 (para 118)—Anic Partecipazioni; Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 161)—Hüls.

631

ECJ, Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362 (paras 123 et seq.)—Montecatini; Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 30)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

632

ECJ, Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362 (para 124)—Montecatini; similarly, prevailing opinion Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 95 with additional citations.

633

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 31)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

634

ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 165)—Hüls; Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362 (para 125)—Montecatini.

635

Making explicit citation, ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 166)—Hüls; Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362 (para 126)—Montecatini. The decision cited, ECJ, Case 24/67, ECLI:EU:C:1968:11 (71 et seq.)—Parke, Davis/Centrafarm does not change this circumstance as it specifically refers to patents and their exploitation. In all other respects, the elements of the prohibition of cartels hardly are restrictive in nature if one focuses on the purpose-oriented interpretation needed and the resulting need to close gaps in protection, e.g. para 765 above.

636

See ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 7 and 162)—Hüls.

637

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (paras 172 et seq.)—Suiker Unie.

638

ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 161)—Hüls; see above paras 801 et seq.

639

See AG Cosmas, ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:357 (para 40)—Anic Partecipazioni; further discussion below, paras 814 et seq.

640

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 9 para 16.

641

See above paras 798 et seq.

642

Regarding their equivalence, see ECJ above para 794.

643

S. AG Mayras, ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:32 (674)—ICI.

644

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 23)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia. See above para 794 above.

645

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 9 para 15.

646

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 64)—ICI, as well as more recently, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 158)—Hüls.

647

For additional discussion, see above paras 718 et seq.

648

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer dedicate an entire section to cooperative market information in Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 9 paras 36 et seq.

649

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 53; cf. Commission Decision 1999/60/EC, OJ 1999 L 24, p. 1 (paras 129 et seq.)—Pre-insulated pipe cartel.

650

Settled case-law, see also e.g. ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 173/174)—Suiker Unie; later ruling, e.g. Case 395/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:319 (para 20)—Tournier; Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:256 (para 86)—John Deere; Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 159)—Hüls; legal literature, Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 89; Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 56 with additional citations.

651

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 173/174)—Suiker Unie; similarly, General Court, Case T-202 inter alia/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:185 (para 56)—Tate & Lyle; Commission Decision of 20 October 2004, COMP/38238 (para 268)—Raw tobacco Spain.

652

Commission Decision of 27 November 2013, AT.39633, see also IP/13/175—Shrimp.

653

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 33)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

654

ECJ, Case 172/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:178 (para 14)—Züchner; Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:256 (para 87)—John Deere; Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (paras 161 et seq.)—Hüls.

655

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 101)—ICI.

656

See previously para 812 above.

657

Commission Decision 1999/60/EC, OJ 1999 L 24, p. 1 (para 138)—Pre-insulated pipe cartel; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 117 above.

658

Commission Decision 69/243/EEC, OJ 1969 L 195, p. 11 (13)—Dyestuffs; 80/256/EEC, OJ 1980 L 60, p. 21 (paras 51 et seq.)—Pioneer.

659

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 56.

660

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 56, contrary to a prior widely-held opinion, e.g. Mailänder, In: Müller-Henneberg et al. (1980), Art. 85 EG para 13 above.

661

See above para 722 above.

662

AG Cosmas, ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:357 (para 40)—Anic Partecipazioni, citing the protection of free competition and protection as an institution as well.

663

ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (para 64)—Ahlström.

664

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 57 above.

665

See e.g. Commission Decision 98/4/ECSC, OJ 1998 L 1, p. 10—Wirtschaftsvereinigung Stahl; confirming ECJ, Case 246/86, ECLI:EU:C:1989:301—Belasco.

666

Similarly, Commission Decision 98/4/ECSC, OJ 1998 L 1, p. 10 (paras 39 et seq.)—Wirtschaftsvereinigung Stahl, as well as 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (8)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium; 85/202/EEC, OJ 1985 L 85, p. 1 (paras 43 et seq., 106 et seq., 125 et seq.)—Pulp.

667

See Mailänder, In: Müller-Henneberg et al. (1980), Art. 85 EG para 15.

668

ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 25)—Pronuptia.

669

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 57 end; see para 736 above.

670

Faull et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 3.145.

671

General Court, Case T-99/04, ECLI:EU:T:2008:256 (para 130)—AC-Treuhand.

672

Faull et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 3.149.

673

See para 386, 389.

674

ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (paras 73 et seq.)—Musique Diffusion Française; Case 86/82, ECLI:EU:C:1984:65 (para 24)—Hasselblad; cf. above para 737 in connection with agreements between undertakings.

675

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 59.

676

Commission Decision 82/367/EEC, OJ 1982 L 161, p. 18 (paras 12 et seq.)—Hasselblad; similarly ECJ, Case 86/82, ECLI:EU:C:1984:65 (para 24)—Hasselblad.

677

See Commission Decision 85/202/EEC, OJ 1985 L 85, p. 1 (para 17)—Pulp; similarly ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (para 57)—Ahlström.

678

Cautious, Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen paras 131 et seq.; with regard to public statements to customers.

679

E.g. Commission Decision 86/398/EC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1 (para 87 end)—Polypropylene.

680

ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158—Musique Diffusion française.

681

Schröter, In: Schröter et al. (2003), Art. 81 para 95.

682

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (paras 104/109 et seq.)—ICI; Case 395/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:319 (para 24)—Tournier.

683

For a further discussion on questions of proof, including in the context of fundamental rights, below paras 1177 et seq., 1183 et seq. specifically related to the presumption of innocence.

684

ECJ, Cases 29 and 30/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:130 (paras 16 et seq.)—CRAM in the context of evidence.

685

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 198, 292/293—Suiker Unie; later for example, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (paras 71 et seq.)—Ahlström; concurring General Court e.g. Case T-145/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:66 (paras 74 et seq.)—Baustahlgewebe.

686

Rose and Bailey (2013), para 2.077.

687

Commission Decision of 16 July 2008, COMP/38698—CISAC/Music Choice Europe/RTL Group; Rose, Bellamy & Child: The European Community Law Of Competition—Second Cumulative Supplement, 2012, marginal no. 2046.

688

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (paras 198 et seq.)—Suiker Unie.

689

Commission Decision 73/212/EEC, OJ 1973 L 217, p. 3 (4)—Kali und Salz; 80/182/EEC, OJ 1980 L 39, p. 51 (55)—FLORAL, also with regard to common control of a third undertaking.

690

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 68.

691

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 62)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

692

See Rose, Bellamy & Child: The European Community Law of Competition—Second Cumulative Supplement, 2012, marginal no. 2038, 2045.

693

This is discussed in detail in the literature, e.g. Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 89; Emmerich, In: Dauses (2014), H. I. § 2 para 25; Müller-Graff, In: Hailbronner et al. (1998), Art. 85 EG para 57.

694

Commission Decision 72/403/EEC, OJ 1972 L 272, p. 35 (37)—Pittsburgh Corning Europe.

695

Commission Decision 73/109/EEC, OJ 1973 L 140, p. 17 (30 et seq.)—European sugar industry.

696

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 172)—Suiker Unie; Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:256 (paras 86 et seq.)—John Deere.

697

ECJ, Cases 29 and 30/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:130 (para 17)—CRAM.

698

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 64/67)—ICI; Case 172/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:178 (para 14)—Züchner; Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (para 71, 126)—Ahlström; similarly Commission Decision 97/84/EC, OJ 1997 L 26, p. 23 (para 58)—Ferry operators.

699

ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (paras 61 et seq.)—Ahlström.

700

ECJ, Cases 29 and 30/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:130—Rheinzink; Faull et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 3.142.

701

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70—ICI; additional rulings Case 49/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:71—BASF; Case 52/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:73—Geigy; Case 53/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:74—Sandoz; Case 54/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:75—Francolor and Case 55/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:76—Cassella.

702

ECJ, Case C-48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 64/67)—ICI.

703

See above para 814.

704

General Court, Case T-202 inter alia/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:185 (paras 44 et seq.)—Tate & Lyle.

705

General Court, Case T-202 inter alia/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:185 (para 60)—Tate & Lyle. See above paras 815 et seq. as well as paras 848 et seq., 942 et seq.

706

As was the case in ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (paras 71 et seq.)—Ahlström.

707

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 9 para 30 end; Mestmäcker (1998), p. 13 et seq.

708

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 76/82)—ICI.

709

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 104/109)—ICI.

710

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 104/109)—ICI.

711

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 115/119)—ICI; Commission Decision 85/202/EEC, OJ 1985 L 85, p. 1 (paras 81 et seq.)—Pulp.

712

ECJ, Case 48/69, ECLI:EU:C:1972:70 (para 64/67)—ICI; similarly Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (paras 25 et seq., 186 et seq., 289 et seq.)—Suiker Unie; Case 172/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:178 (para 20)—Züchner. See also Commission Decision 89/93/EEC, OJ 1989 L 33, p. 44 (para 69)—Flat glass.

713

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 9 para 34.

714

See above para 807.

715

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 61.

716

See above paras 718 et seq., 793 et seq., 812.

717

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 60.

718

For additional discussion, see discussion of coordination, paras 821 et seq.

719

ECJ, Case C-105/04 P, ECLI:EU:C:2006:592 (paras 137 et seq.)—Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging; General Court, Case T-53/03, Case T-53/03, ECLI:EU:T:2008:254 (para 188)—BPB.

720

Has likely since become the prevailing opinion, Joliet (1974), p. 271; Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 61; in contrast to the previous trend, Johannes (1968), 409 et seq. as well as Gleiss and Hirsch (1993) Art. 85 para 92, 96; Mailänder, In: Müller-Henneberg et al. (1980), Art. 85 EG para 15.

721

ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 161)—Hüls; see above para 801 as well as case law and literature Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen paras 123 et seq. in particular fn. 2 and 3 with additional citations.

722

ECJ, Case C-199/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:358 (para 87)—Hüls; Case C-49/92, ECLI:EU:C:1999:356 (para 126)—Anic Partecipazioni.

723

See ECJ, Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362 (paras 127 et seq.)—Montecatini.

724

See also General Court, Case T-9/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:70 (para 217)—HFB.

725

Commission Decision 94/815/EC, OJ 1994 L 343, p. 1 (paras 16 et seq.)—Cement.

726

General Court, Case T-354/94, ECLI:EU:T:1998:104 (para 112)—Stora.

727

General Court, Case T-29/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:34 (para 191)—SPO; distinguished from Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (paras 61 et seq.)—Cartonboard.

728

See General Court, Case T-148/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:68 (para 73)—Tréfilunion.

729

Regarding the issue of coordination, see above paras 814 et seq.

730

AG Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer, ECJ, Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:397 (para 47)—John Deere.

731

See Commission, Seventh Report on Competition Policy 1977, sub-section 5 et seq.

732

General Court, Case T-35/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:259 (para 51)—John Deere.

733

Further discussion, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 9 paras 37 et seq.

734

General Court, Case T-35/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:259 (para 51)—John Deere.

735

General Court, Case T-148/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:68 (para 72)—Tréfilunion.

736

Business to Business, i.e. not for private customers.

737

Press release IP 01/1155 of 31 July 2001 for the notification of a cooperation agreement COMP/38.064/F2, OJ 2001 C 49, p. 4—Covisint. In general Kirchner (2001), p. 1030 et seq.; Wissenschaftlicher Beirat beim BMWi, Wettbewerbspolitik für den Cyberspace, Berlin 2001.

738

See above paras 780 et seq.

739

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 104 citing ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 86)—van Landewyck; German Federal Court, WRP 2008, 1456 (paras 40 et seq.)—Lottoblock III; BKartA, WuW/E DE-V 1539 (paras 25 et seq.)—Drug companies; WuW/E DE-V 1813 (paras 43 et seq.)—Contact lenses.

740

ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (paras 88 et seq.)—van Landewyck.

741

ECJ, Case C-279/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:485 (para 70, 72)—CEPSA with regard to the inapplicability of the exemption.

742

ECJ, Case C-279/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:485 (para 69, 71)—CEPSA; Case C-260/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:215 (paras 74 et seq.)—Pedro IV Servicios.

743

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 103.

744

OJ 2010 L 102, p. 1.

745

ECJ, Case C-260/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:215 (paras 79 et seq.)—Pedro IV Servicios; Case C-279/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:485 (para 67, 71)—CEPSA.

746

Explicitly addressing the first aspect, ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (250)—Maschinenbau Ulm; clearer still ECJ, Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (para 5, 7)—Völk.

747

Fundamentally on this topic, Terhechte (2004), p. 139 et seq.

748

For additional discussion, see above paras 174 et seq.

749

See above para 176 and Frenz (2012d), paras 905 et seq.

750

See also under paras 919 et seq.

751

ECJ, Cases 29 and 30/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:130 (para 30)—CRAM for the German market.

752

ECJ, Case 19/77, ECLI:EU:C:1978:19 (paras 9 et seq.)—Miller; Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (para 58)—AEG.

753

For additional discussion, see paras 874 et seq.

754

See ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (para 24)—Delimitis; Case C-214/99, ECLI:EU:C:2000:679 (para 27)—Neste Markkinointi Oy; also General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (paras 99 et seq.)—Langnese-Iglo.

755

For example, Hengst, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 242; Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 146 end; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 86.

756

ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (paras 13 et seq.)—Delimitis; Case C-279/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:485 (para 43)—CEPSA with additional citations.

757

Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV para 85.

758

See below paras 879 et seq.

759

See below paras 921 et seq., 1009 et seq. with criticism of restrictions in case law and administrative practice.

760

General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 98)—Langnese-Iglo.

761

See below paras 879 et seq.

762

See General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 97)—Langnese-Iglo.

763

ECJ, Case C-272/09 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:810 (para 65)—KME Germany; Case C-389/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:816 (para 75)—KME Germany. See ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41—Consten and Grundig.

764

ECJ, Case C-209/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:643 (para 17)—Beef Industry Development; Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 29)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

765

Most recently, ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 37)—Expedia.

766

Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 4, 8).

767

See prior view ECJ, Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (302)—Völk; Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173—Javico.

768

Grune (2013), p. 117 citing General Court, Case T-49–51/02, ECLI:EU:T:2005:298 (paras 137 et seq., 141)—Brasserie nationale; similarly AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:544 (paras 50 et seq.)—Expedia.

769

Asserting this position Grune (2013), p. 117.

770

Accurate in this regard Grune (2013), p. 117.

771

Leaving this path open Grune (2013), p. 117.

772

See e.g. ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 308)—Suiker Unie.

773

E.g. Hengst, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 236.

774

775

OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.

776

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 85.

777

Detailed discussion above at paras 316 et seq.

778

See above paras 329 et seq.

779

Most recently, ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 28)—Expedia; Case C-189/02 P, ECLI:EU:C:2005:408 (para 211)—Dansk Rørindustri.

780

Providing a summary Grune (2013), p. 117.

781

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:544 (para 39)—Expedia.

782

AG Lamothe, ECJ, Case 1/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:45 (381)—Cadillon/Höss.

783

See ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 21)—Pfleiderer.

784

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 30)—Expedia; Case C-410/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:294 (para 35)—Polska Telefonia Cyfrowa.

785

Likewise presuming a mere duty of consideration, Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 327.

786

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 31)—Expedia.

787

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 33)—Expedia following AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:544 (para 33).

788

See General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 98)—Langnese-Iglo.

789

See ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 34)—Expedia.

790

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 132.

791

792

793

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 24)—Expedia.

794

795

Regarding the factual approach, see however above para 869, 871.

For additional discussion, see below paras 1030 et seq.

800

801

802

OJ 1997 C 372 p. 5; for a detailed discussion of determining the relevant market, see below paras 945 et seq., 1899 et seq.

803

804

Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 81 (1) of the Treaty on the Foundation of the European Community (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2001 C 368, p. 13 (para 5).

805

806

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (paras 35 et seq.)—Expedia.

807

808

Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 81 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2001 C 368, p. 13 (para 11 (3)).

809

810

Para 3 (OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1) and established case law of the ECJ, e.g. Case C-215 and 216/96, ECLI:EU:C:1999:12 (paras 34 et seq.)—Bagnasco.

811

See above para 874.

812

813

See the specific definitions in the Annex to Commission Recommendation 96/280/EC of 3 April 1996 concerning the definition of small and medium-sized enterprises, OJ 1996 L 107, p. 4, superseded by Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, OJ 2003 L 124, p. 36.

814

815

Thus subject to general criticism, e.g. Fuchs (2007), p. 386 et seq.; Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 152 end, with additional citations in footnote 467.

816

See above para 858.

817

See above para 859.

818

See above paras 862 et seq.

819

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 117.

820

ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (para 22)—BNIC/Clair; Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (para 39)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

821

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 118.

822

ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 27, 37)—Metro I; Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (paras 16 et seq.)—Pronuptia.

823

Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 181; Stockmann, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 7 para 17.

824

See ECJ, Case 61/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:75 (para 13)—Coöperatieve Stremsel- en Kleurselfabriek.

825

E.g. Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 84.

826

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 84.

827

Commission Decision 72/474/EEC, OJ 1972 L 303, p. 24 (para 13d)—CIMBEL; 85/76/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 35 (para 29)—Milk subsidy fund; 85/383/EEC, OJ 1985 L 219, p. 35 (Rn. 51)—EATE levy; similarly ECJ, Case 272/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:235 (2224 et seq., paras 21 et seq.)—ANTIB.

828

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 108.

829

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 4.

830

See ECJ, Case C-32/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:160—Allianz Hungária.

831

Still requiring this type of compulsory behaviour, e.g. Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 136.

832

Relying solely on this, Roth (2001), para 2.103; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen paras 221 et seq., 228 et seq.; asserting that affects on third parties are sufficient, e.g. Müller-Graff, In: Hailbronner et al. (1998), Art. 85 EG para 80; Weiß, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 101 AEUV paras 98 et seq. with further citations.

833

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 85.

834

See above para 704 end.

835

Detailed discussion above at paras 1 et seq.

836

See above paras 889 et seq.

837

ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 20)—Metro I; detailed discussion above para 6.

838

Similarly, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 73.

839

ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 20)—Metro I.

840

Point made clearly in Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2001 C 3, p. 2 (para 16).

841

See above paras 115 et seq.

842

See above paras 22 et seq.

843

By contrast, see Caspar (2001), p. 42; opposed to this citing the resulting oversimplification Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 15 fn. 20 as well as paras 16 et seq., likewise with regard to the following.

844

See above paras 60 et seq.

845

Forcefully, Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 25.

846

847

Above para 144.

848

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 24.

849

See previously above paras 495 et seq.

850

Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), Nach Art. 81 EG—Fallbeispiele para 55; Jakobs (2012), p. 68 et seq. citing Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31—ECR 900.

851

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 173/174)—Suiker Unie; Case 172/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:178 (para 14)—Züchner.

852

See ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6—Aalborg Portland; for additional discussion, below paras 942 et seq.

853

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 173/174)—Suiker Unie; Case 172/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:178 (para 13)—Züchner.

854

Hengst, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 147.

855

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 75.

856

See Frenz (2012d), paras 12 et seq.

857

For additional general discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 1060 et seq.

858

See above para 239.

859

See above para 231.

860

See above paras 235 et seq.

861

See previously Emmerich (1971), 314 et seq.; Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 paras 26 et seq.; see with regard to application to an entire Member State, previously e.g. ECJ, Case C-70/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:344 (para 20)—BMW; Case C-266/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:345 (para 26)—Volkswagen and VAG Leasing.

862

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 121.

863

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 76 contra Koch, In: Grabitz and Hilf (1983), Art. 85 paras 33, 65 et seq.

864

E.g. Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 307.

865

Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen paras 305 et seq. with details.

866

Zimmer and Paul (2008), p. 615 et seq.; Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 108.

867

Likewise Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 108.

868

See below paras 60 et seq.

869

Further discussion in Caspar (2001), e.g. p. 12 et seq. also asserting that contracts are a prerequisite for competition. They may nevertheless restrict it; the prohibition of cartels thus separates the wheat from the chaff. Rejecting this position, e.g. Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 paras 17 et seq. with additional arguments.

870

See General Court, Case T-168/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:265 (para 118)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.

871

However, only possible to a limited extent in the legal exception system, see below para 1176.

872

See above para 168.

873

874

Contrary view to the Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 27 et seq.).

875

See below paras 2026 et seq., 2060 et seq.

876

See above paras 19 et seq.

877

See additionally Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 76 also ECJ, Case C-70/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:344 (para 19)—BMW; Case C-266/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:345 (paras 21 et seq.)—Volkswagen and VAG Leasing; Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 13)—Javico.

878

ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (249 et seq.)—Maschinenbau Ulm; Case 22/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:113 (para 16/18)—Béguelin; Case 42/84, ECLI:EU:C:1985:327 (para 18)—Remia.

879

See in particular, below paras 1009 et seq.

880

Above paras 879 et seq.

881

Taking this position, Caspar (2001), p. 13; contra Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 19 in order to continue to place emphasis on the criteria that distinguish prohibited impairments of competitive conditions from other contracts.

882

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 20.

883

In this connection, see below paras 1665, 1670 et seq.

884

See Commission Decision 68/317/EEC, OJ 1968 L 201, p. 1—Machines-outils; 72/23/EEC, OJ 1972 L 13, p. 44—SAFCO.

885

See Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15—Elopak.

886

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 76 et seq.

887

See fundamentally ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (249 et seq.)—Maschinenbau Ulm.

888

See Commission Decision 88/568/EEC, OJ 1988 L 311, p. 36—Eurotunnel; 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15—Elopak; 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31—ECR 900; 2000/182/EC, OJ 2000 L 58, p. 16—GEAE/P&W as well as Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 146), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

889

Comparison to national law, Koenig et al. (2005), p. 126 et seq.

890

ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (paras 13 et seq.)—Pronuptia for distribution franchising.

891

ECJ, Case 258/78, ECLI:EU:C:1982:211 (para 57)—Nungesser; Case 262/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:334 (paras 15 et seq.)—Coditel II.

892

Cf. regarding selective distribution systems, paras 937 et seq.

893

ECJ, Case 262/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:334 (para 19)—Coditel II.

894

See Frenz (2012c), 1483 et seq. in particular regarding the Microsoft rulings General Court, Case T-201/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:289 and Case T-167/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:323.

895

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 21.

896

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631—Football Association Premier League; regarding the following, Frenz (2013a), 41 et seq.

897

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (para 137)—Football Association Premier League.

898

ECJ, Case C-468–478/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:504 (para 65)—Lélos; Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (para 59 and 61)—GlaxoSmithKline Services with additional citations.

899

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (paras 140 et seq.)—Football Association Premier League.

900

For additional discussion, see paras 1017 et seq.

901

There is of course discretion in this context (Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 12 para 12; referring to ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (paras 79 et seq.)—citing AEG) or better professional exercise of discretion.

902

ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 20)—Metro I; Case C-31/80, ECLI:EU:C:1980:289 (para 15)—L’Oréal.

903

ECJ, Case 31/80, ECLI:EU:C:1980:289 (para 16)—L’Oréal; General Court, Case T-19/91, ECLI:EU:T:1992:28 (para 71)—Vichy.

904

General Court, Case T-88/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:192 (para 111)—Leclerc; Case T-19/91, ECLI:EU:T:1992:28 (para 71)—Vichy.

905

ECJ, Case 243/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:284 (paras 33 et seq.)—Binon; General Court, Case T-19/91, ECLI:EU:T:1992:28 (paras 67 et seq.)—Vichy.

906

Particularly clear ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (paras 33 et seq., 73)—AEG.

907

See above paras 925 et seq.

908

ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 21)—Metro I; General Court, Case T-19/91, ECLI:EU:T:1992:28 (paras 69 et seq.)—Vichy.

909

General Court, Case T-88/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:192 (para 106)—Leclerc.

910

ECJ, Case C-376/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:5 (paras 33 et seq.)—Metro for expensive watches; critical Reich (1995), p. 71 et seq.

911

ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 21)—Metro I; regarding justification, see further discussion under paras 1257 et seq., 1396 et seq.

912

Zimmer, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 303.

913

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 96.

914

ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 281)—Aalborg Portland.

915

See Heyers (2013), p. 101 regarding OLG Düsseldorf, ruling of 29 October 2012, V-1 Kart 1–6/12 (Owi) et al., paras 33, 37, 41, 44 et seq.

916

Commission Decision 2006/903/EC, OJ 2006 L 353—Hydrogen Peroxide; Colombani et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 8.43 with further examples.

917

Colombani et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 8.42.

918

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (paras 27 et seq.)—T-Mobile.

919

Commission Decision, COMP/39188, OJ 2009 C 189 p. 12—Bananas—This was the first time, Colombani et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 8.43.

920

In relation to a competing party to a licensing agreement, Dreher and Körner (2013), p. 104; further discussion of the entire topic, below paras 1648 et seq.

921

See e.g. ECJ, Case 27/76, ECLI:EU:C:1978:22 (paras 23/33 et seq.)—United Brands.

922

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 114.

923

924

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 153.

925

General Court, Case T-29/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:34 (para 74)—SPO; Case T-62/98, ECLI:EU:T:2000:180 (para 230)—Volkswagen; “if applicable”.

926

General Court, Case T-29/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:34 (para 74)—SPO; Case T-374/94 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:1998:198 (paras 93 et seq.)—European Night Services.

927

General Court, Case T-68 inter alia/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:38 (para 159)—SIV, concerning an agreement in a case with actual uncertainty as to market definition without a clear reference to the prohibition of abusive practices alone.

928

General Court, Case T-62/98, ECLI:EU:T:2000:180 (para 230)—Volkswagen.

929

Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 203; Thiesing (1976), p. 364 et seq.

930

ECJ, Case 27/76, ECLI:EU:C:1978:22 (para 44)—United Brands; General Court, Case T-139/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:272 (para 39)—AAMS.

931

See ECJ, Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (para 7)—Völk; Case 1/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:47 (para 7/10)—Cadillon/Höss.

932

ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (para 18)—Delimitis. This finding continues to apply to Germany where the legal matter referred to had its origin.

933

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 118.

934

Regarding the second case, Schröter (1977), p. 513 et seq. with additional citations.

935

See ECJ, Case 51/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:85 (para 30/32)—EMI Records/CBS; Case 86/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:86 (para 27/29)—EMI Records/CBS Grammofon; Case 96/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:87 (para 15)—EMI Records/CBS Schallplatten.

936

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 119.

937

See above paras 948 et seq. and General Court, Case T-62/98, ECLI:EU:T:2000:180 (paras 230 et seq.)—Volkswagen.

938

Detailed discussion on this issue and the following below, paras 1907 et seq. in the context of the prohibition of abusive practices.

939

Commission Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community competition law, OJ 1997 C 372 p. 5.

940

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 111 with additional citations.

941

ECJ, Case 85/76, ECLI:EU:C:1979:36 (para 28)—Hoffmann-La Roche.

942

See e.g. ECJ, Cases 19 and 20/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:58 (para 6)—Kali und Salz; General Court, Case T-374/94 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:1998:198 (para 90)—European Night Services.

943

Commission Decision 80/256/EEC, OJ 1980 L 60, p. 21—Pioneer; similarly, ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 83)—Musique Diffusion Française.

944

ECJ, Case 86/82, ECLI:EU:C:1984:65 (paras 21 et seq.)—Hasselblad; previously Commission Decision 82/367/EEC, OJ 1982 L 161, p. 18—Hasselblad.

945

See Commission Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community competition law, OJ 1997 C 372, p. 5 (paras 7 et seq., 25 et seq., 36 et seq.).

946

Also of this opinion, Säcker (2004), p. 1 et seq.

947

ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (342 et seq.)—Consten Grundig. With numerous additional examples, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 115 et seq. Cf. in relation to the prohibition of abusive practices, below para 1911 et seq.

948

See Commission Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community competition law, OJ 1997 C 372, p. 5 (paras 22 et seq.).

949

OJ 1997 C 372, p. 5.

950

For additional discussion, see paras 967 et seq.

951

For additional discussion, see paras 1919 et seq. in the context of the prohibition of abusive practices.

952

Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 157.

953

For additional discussion, see also below paras 1907 et seq.

954

See below paras 1927 et seq.

955

See Hengst, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 163 et seq.; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen paras 168 et seq.

956

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 80.

957

Cf. above at paras 954 et seq.

OJ 1993 C 43, p. 2 (paras 18 et seq.).

963

In favour of their continued validity, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 82. However, this view is opposed by their formal replacement by the 2001 Guidelines (OJ 2001 C 3, p. 2); accordingly in favour of their revision Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 53 fn. 72.

964

Sub-section 55.

965

966

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 48 presume significant dependence.

967

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 82 et seq.

968

See COM 83/669/EEC, OJ 1983 L 376, p. 17—Carbon Gas Technology; 94/770/EC, OJ 1994 L 309, p. 1—Pasteur Meríeux-Merck; 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87—Asahi/Saint-Gobain.

969

(Also) on this basis COM 94/770/EC, OJ 1994 L 309, p. 1 (para 63)—Pasteur Meríeux-Merck; 94/579/EC, OJ 1994 L 223, p. 36 (paras 3 et seq., 41 et seq.)—BT/MCI.

970

On this issue, see Commission Decision 72/41/EEC, OJ 1972 L 14, p. 14 (16)—Henkel/Colgate.

971

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 81, 83.

972

EG COM 77/543/EEC, OJ 1977 L 215, p. 11 (15)—De Laval/Stork; 77/781/EEC, OJ 1977 L 327, p. 26 (31)—Sodium circulation pumps; 88/88/EEC, OJ 1988 L 52, p. 51 (paras 31 et seq.)—Olivetti/Canon; additional examples in Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 81, 83.

973

General view, e.g. Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 126; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 178.

974

See more recently, Commission Decision 1999/242/EC, OJ 1999 L 90, p. 6 (para 98)—TPS; 97/39/EC, OJ 1997 L 16, p. 87 (para 40)—Iridium; 94/895/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 75 (para 55)—International Private Satellite Partners.

975

Accordingly critical, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 81, 83, in particular citing Commission Decision 94/579/EEC, OJ 1994 L 223, p. 36 (para 43)—BT/MCI.

976

Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 22 et seq.)—Elopak; 94/895/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 75 (paras 55 et seq.)—International Private Satellite Partners; critical view citing the earlier practice which was more likely to affirm potential competition and was generous with regard to exemptions, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 81, 83 with additional citations in footnote 448, 449; see, e.g. COM 76/249/EEC, OJ 1976 L 51, p. 15 (18)—KEWA and 88/469/EEC, OJ 1988 L 230, p. 39 (paras 23 et seq.)—Iveco/Ford.

977

General Court, Case T-374/94 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:1998:198 (para 145)—European Night Services.

978

Commission Decision 94/663/EC, OJ 1994 L 259, p. 20 (para 33)—Night Services. The conflict is described in detail in Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 paras 53 et seq.

979

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 55.

980

See Braun, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Nach Art. 101 AEUV—Fallgruppen para 63.

981

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 57 in conjunction with footnote 78; for a contrasting view, see e.g. Karollus and Artmann (2001), p. 456.

982

Accordingly opposed Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 para 58; detailed discussion in Maasch (1986), p. 685.

983

This form of protection has been established in the realm of environmental protection in particular. In order not to have to act to combat harm, the environment is supposed to be handled with the greatest degree of care from the outset and protected against harms; cf. Frenz (1997a), para 142; Kahl (1993), p. 21 et seq.

984

ECJ, Case 120/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:42 (para 8)—Cassis.

985

For further discussion, see Frenz (2012d), paras 1155, 1165 et seq.

986

See ECJ, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98 (paras 105 et seq.)—Wouters. For additional discussion of the issue of professional standards in order to protect quality in the face of price dumping and related poor-quality work, see Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 10 paras 40 et seq.

987

General Court, Case T-144/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:105 (paras 64 et seq., 78)—Institut des Mandataires Agréés.

988

ECJ, Case 205/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:463 (para 30)—Commission/Germany.

989

Already a fundamental decision ECJ, Case 120/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:42 (para 8)—Cassis and later, e.g. ECJ, Case C-34–36/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:344 (para 53)—De Agostini for the free movement of services.

990

General Court, Case T-144/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:105 (para 78)—Institut des Mandataires Agréés.

991

See generally under para 1538.

992

See ECJ, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98—Wouters.

993

For further discussion, see paras 1525 et seq.

994

See paras 4152 et seq.

995

E.g. Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 176.

996

Since representing prevailing opinion, e.g. Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen para 185; Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 92 with additional citations; in particular Commission Decision 1999/267/EC, OJ 1999 L 106, p. 14 (paras 39 et seq.)—EPI as well as the decision affirming in substance, General Court, Case T-144/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:105 (para 72)—Institut des Mandataires Agréés.

997

Independent of this, beyond dispute, e.g. Hengst, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 150 et seq.; Roth and Ackermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 81 (1) EG—Grundfragen paras 181 et seq.

998

ECJ, Case 66/85, ECLI:EU:C:1986:284 (para 26)—Lawrie-Blum.

999

ECJ, Case 30/77, ECLI:EU:C:1977:172 (para 33/35)—Bouchereau; further discussion in Frenz (2012d), paras 2014 et seq.

1000

See ECJ, Case 120/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:42 (para 14)—Cassis; for further discussion, see Frenz (2012d), paras 176 et seq.

1001

See ECJ, Case 78/70, ECLI:EU:C:1971:59 (para 11)—Deutsche Grammophon; Case 58/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:17 (paras 12 et seq.)—Dansk Supermarked.

1002

ECJ, Case 15/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:114 (paras 6/8 et seq.)—Centrafarm; Case 19/84, ECLI:EU:C:1985:304—Pharmon.

1003

ECJ, Case 58/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:17 (para 17)—Dansk Supermarked.

1004

ECJ, Case 22/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:113 (para 10/12)—Béguelin.

1005

ECJ, Case 3/78, ECLI:EU:C:1978:174 (paras 15 et seq.)—American Home Products as well as Case 119/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:94 (para 6)—Terrapin.

1006

ECJ, Case 24/67, ECLI:EU:C:1968:11 (71 et seq.)—Parke, Davis/Centrafarm.

1007

In addition to the cases referred to above, e.g. ECJ, Case 192/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:72 (paras 7 et seq.)—Van Zuylen; Case 144/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:289 (paras 24 et seq.)—Keurkoop.

1008

See Directive 2005/29/EC of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Directives 84/450/EEC, 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC and Regulation (EC) No. 2006/2004 (Unfair Commercial Practices Directive), OJ 2005 L 149, p. 22.

1009

See also Commission Decision 74/292/EEC, OJ 1974 L 160, p. 1 (paras 33 et seq.)—Packaging glass; 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (7 et seq.)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium, addition discussion, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 97.

1010

Cf. Commission Decision 74/292/EEC, OJ 1974 L 160, p. 1 (para 35)—Packaging glass as well as Commission Decision 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (7 et seq.)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium.

1011

Commission Decision 75/494/EEC, OJ 1975 L 222, p. 34 (para 12)—Kabelmetal.

1012

ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (249)—Maschinenbau Ulm. Further ECJ, Case C-219/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:375 (paras 12 et seq.)—Ferriere Nord.

1013

ECJ, Case C-49/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:356 (para 99)—Anic Partecipazioni, referring to ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (342)—Consten and Grundig as well as Case 277/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:363 (46, 3rd subsection)—Sandoz; Case C-219/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:375 (paras 14 et seq.)—Ferriere Nord.

1014

See most recently, ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (para 135)—Football Association Premier League; Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 28)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia; Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (para 55)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.

1015

See above para 893.

1016

Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements (2011 Horizontal Guidelines), OJ 2001 C 11, p. 1 (para 280), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

1017

Jakobs (2012), p. 67 with additional citations.

1018

Not recognising a corresponding objection, ECJ, Case 8/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:84 (paras 15/17 et seq.)—Cementhandelaren.

1019

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 37)—Expedia.

1020

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 36)—Expedia, in relation to Case C-209/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:643 (para 17)—Beef Industry Development as well as Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 29)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia; most recently also Case C-32/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:160 (para 35)—Allianz Hungária.

1021

Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 24), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22, also citing the ECJ ruling previously referred to T-Mobile Netherlands as well as Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (para 55)—GlaxoSmithKline Services; Case C-209/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:643 (para 16)—Beef Industry Development; Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:256 (para 77)—John Deere.

1022

Asserting this position Grune (2013), p. 117.

1023

See above para 172.

1024

Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2001 C 3, p. 2 (paras 18 et seq.).

1025

In this regard, see the definition of market power still referring to this in Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 39), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

1026

1027

Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 24), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22 citing ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (para 55)—GlaxoSmithKline Services; Case C-209/07, ECLI:EU:C:2008:643 (para 16)—Beef Industry Development; Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (paras 29 et seq.)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia; Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:256 (para 77)—John Deere.

1028

1029

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 120.

1030

ECJ, Case 19/77, ECLI:EU:C:1978:19 (para 7)—Miller.

1031

Similarly, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 124.

1032

See ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (paras 36 et seq.)—Expedia.

1033

See above paras 60 et seq.

1034

ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (paras 11 et seq.)—Delimitis.

1035

See above paras 161 et seq. addressing this and other judgement.

1036

See above para 167.

1037

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 123.

1038

ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413 (paras 32 et seq.)—DLG.

1039

ECJ, Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (paras 18 et seq.)—Javico; likewise only examining the effect of an exclusive purchasing agreement for ice cream, General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (paras 94 et seq.)—Langnese-Iglo; Case T-9/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:99 (paras 71 et seq.)—Schöller; by contrast still affirming intent in relation to an exclusive purchasing agreement for fur-producing animals, General Court, Case T-61/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:79 (paras 103 et seq.)—Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening.

1040

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 122.

1041

See above paras 967 et seq.

1042

Correctly referring to this, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 122 end.

1043

See above para 1009.

1044

See above paras 807 et seq.

1045

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (para 136)—Football Association Premier League; above with additional citations Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (para 58)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.

1046

ECJ, Cases C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (para 137)—Football Association Premier League; above Case 262/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:334 (para 15)—Coditel II. With regard to the following, Frenz (2013a), 42 et seq.

1047

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (para 139)—Football Association Premier League.

1048

ECJ, Case C-468–478/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:504 (para 56)—Lélos; Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (para 59, 61)—GlaxoSmithKline Services with additional citations.

1049

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (paras 115 et seq.)—Football Association Premier League; see Frenz and Distelrath (2011), p. 462.

1050

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (paras 115 et seq.)—Football Association Premier League.

1051

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (para 142)—Football Association Premier League.

1052

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (para 140)—Football Association Premier League.

1053

ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631 (para 143)—Football Association Premier League.

1054

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-400/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:172 (para 75, 81)—Commission/Spain; Case C-347/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:582 (para 54)—Dickinger; Frenz (2012e), 353 et seq.; Schorkopf (2009), 645 et seq.

1055

With regard to the assignment of waste incineration plants, see Frenz (2012b), 841 et seq.

1056

For additional discussion, see below paras 1183 et seq.

1057

For additional discussion, see para 1042.

1058

Fundamentally ECJ, Case 23/67, ECLI:EU:C:1967:54 (414 et seq.)—Haecht; referring to this, e.g. Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (para 14)—Delimitis; General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 100)—Langnese-Iglo.

1059

See above paras 160 et seq.

1060

In favour Leupold and Weidenbach (2006), p. 1009.

1061

Hertfelder (2011), p. 288.

1062

In this context see Eilmansberger (2009), p. 445; Fuchs (2007), p. 389 et seq.

1063

Hertfelder (2011), p. 289.

1064

For general discussion, see above paras 70 et seq.

1065

Detailed discussion above at paras 954 et seq.

1066

ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (paras 16 et seq.)—Delimitis likewise with regard to the following.

1067

General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 105)—Langnese-Iglo.

1068

1069

Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 75, 134 et seq., 179).

1070

For additional discussion, see above paras 967 et seq.

1071

Similarly General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 101)—Langnese-Iglo.

1072

ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (paras 24 et seq.)—Delimitis.

1073

See ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (para 26)—Delimitis.

1074

ECJ, Case C-214/99, ECLI:EU:C:2000:679 (paras 31 et seq.)—Neste Markkinointi Oy.

1075

AG Fennelly, ECJ, Case C-214/99, ECLI:EU:C:2000:372 (para 29)—Neste Markkinointi Oy: Differences in material clauses resulting in different effects.

1076

ECJ, Case 8/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:82 (paras 10 et seq.)—Dassonville; above para 222 making individual distinctions.

1077

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 126.

1078

Commission Decision 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (8)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium.

1079

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 126 citing the general view, e.g. Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 166.

1080

Goldman et al. (1994), para 512; similarly Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 126.

1081

Contra Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 147.

1082

Contra Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 163 with regard to cumulative effects of parallel contractual networks.

1083

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 126 end.

1084

Commission Decision 74/432/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 12 (14)—Advocaat Zwarte Kip.

1085

Similar Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 125.

1086

See previously para 1011.

1087

See ECJ, Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (para 7)—Völk, examining the actual attendant circumstance; see above paras 875 et seq.

1088

See above paras 862 et seq., 1003.

1089

See above paras 861, 879 et seq.

1090

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 133: “No doubt … that … important aspect of competition law administrative practice”.

1091

ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (para 41)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

1092

ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (para 22)—BNIC/Clair; Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (paras 41 et seq.)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

1093

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 132.

1094

See above para 861.

1095

See e.g. Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 278; Grill, In: Lenz and Borchardt (2013), Art. 101 AEUV para 21.

1096

For a detailed discussion, see Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 312 with additional citations.

1097

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 143; see, e.g. Commission Decision 91/50/EEC, OJ 1991 L 28, p. 32– IJsselcentrale.

1098

See on the one hand, the case Papiers peints de Belgique, COM 74/431/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 3 (8)—Papiers peints de Belgique as well as ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (para 10/12)—Papiers peints de Belgique as well as later Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (paras 95 et seq.)—van Landewyck and on the other, e.g. COM 70/488/EEC, OJ 1970 L 242, p. 22 (28)—Omega.

1099

See ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (paras 30 et seq.)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

1100

ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (para 10/12)—Papiers peints de Belgique.

1101

Commission Decision 71/23/EEC, OJ 1971 L 10, p. 15 (18)—Wall and floor tiles; ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (para 10/12)—Papiers peints de Belgique; Case 260/82, ECLI:EU:C:1985:489 (paras 33 et seq.)—NSO.

1102

See for additional discussion Commission Decision 74/292/EEC, OJ 1974 L 160, p. 1 (paras 37 et seq.)—Packaging glass; 92/204/EC, OJ 1992 L 92, p. 1 (paras 78 et seq.)—Dutch construction industry.

1103

See e.g. Commission Decision 85/75/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 20 (para 25)—Fire insurance; similarly ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (para 41)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

1104

Cf. Commission Decision 83/546/EEC, OJ 1983 L 317, p. 1 (para 17, 27, 32, 34, 40)—Cast iron and cast iron rolls.

1105

Commission Decision 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (8 et seq.)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium.

1106

Cf. Commission Decision 74/292/EEC, OJ 1974 L 160, p. 1 (paras 35 et seq.)—Packaging glass with additional examples.

1107

See e.g. Commission Decision 80/1333/EEC, OJ 1980 L 383, p. 11 (para 20)—Hennessy/Henkell; 82/123/EEC, OJ 1982 L 54, p. 36 (para 42)—VBBB/VBVB.

1108

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 141.

1109

Commission Decision 68/319/EEC, OJ 1968 L 201, p. 7 (para 2, 4)—ACEC/Berliet as well as Commission Decision 75/494/EEC, OJ 1975 L 222, p. 34 (para 8)—Kabelmetal, however citing the connection to clauses related to joint development and marketing of a new technological product or to patent licensing or know-how contracts respectively.

1110

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 145 citing Commission Decision 72/22/EEC, OJ 1972 L 13, p. 34—Vereniging van Cementhandelaren as well as inter alia 89/44/EEC, OJ 1989 L 22 p. 12—“Nettobücher” agreements; see also ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (para 13/14)—Papiers peints de Belgique.

1111

Commission Decision 74/431/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 3 (7 et seq.)—Papiers peints de Belgique.

1112

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 150.

1113

See e.g. Commission Decision 69/240/EEC, OJ 1969 L 192, p. 5 (para 28)—International quinine cartel; 83/546/EEC, OJ 1983 L 317, p. 1 (para 53d)—Cast iron and cast iron rolls; 89/515/EEC, OJ 1989 L 260, p. 1 (paras 22 et seq., 126 et seq., 159 et seq., 174 et seq.)—Welded steel mesh; 94/599/EC, OJ 1994 L 239, p. 14 (paras 7, 10 et seq., 35 et seq.)—PVC.

1114

E.g., Commission Decision 86/398/EEC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1 (16 et seq.)—Polypropylene as previously 72/68/EEC, OJ 1972 L 22, p. 16 (23)—NCH.

1115

Regarding both arrangements, see Commission Decision 89/515/EEC, OJ 1989 L 260, p. 1 (paras 53 et seq.)—Welded steel mesh.

1116

Commission Decision 79/90/EEC, OJ 1979 L 21, p. 16 (paras 12 et seq.)—White lead.

1117

See Commission Decision 74/431/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 3 (7)—Papiers peints de Belgique; 74/292/EEC, OJ 1974 L 160, p. 1 (paras 35 et seq.)—Packaging glass; 74/433/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 16—FRUBO.

1118

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 156.

1119

See Commission Decision 79/934/EEC, OJ 1979 L 286, p. 32 (para 80)—BP Kemi.

1120

See e.g. COM 72/22/EEC, OJ 1972 L 13, p. 34—Vereniging van Cementhandelaren; 80/1074/EEC, OJ 1980 L 318, p. 32—Solnhofener Natursteinplatten; 2000/117/EC, OJ 2000 L 39, p. 1—FEG and TU.

1121

See Commission Decision 83/400/EEC, OJ 1983 L 229, p. 1 (14)—Windsurfing International; 86/399/EEC, OJ 1986 L 232, p. 15 (24)—Roofing and sealing membranes.

1122

Commission Decision 74/17/EEC, OJ 1974 L 19, p. 22—Kali und Salz; 80/1334/EEC OJ 1980 L 383, p. 19—Cast iron in Italy; 87/3/EEC, OJ 1987 L 5, p. 13—ENI/Montedison.

1123

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 154.

1124

See Art. 1 (1) in conjunction with Art. 2 no. 11 lit. a) Council Regulation (EC) No. 2659/2000.

1125

See Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (para 19)—Synthetic fibres.

1126

Commission Decision 82/866/EEC, OJ 1982 L 362, p. 40 (48)—Zinc sheets; 94/296/EEC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (paras 9 et seq.)—Stichting Baksteen.

1127

See, e.g. Commission Decision 75/77/EEC, OJ 1975 L 29, p. 26 (28)—Mushrooms; 94/601/EEC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (paras 61 et seq.)—Cartonboard. Also in relation to investments, see Commission Decision 72/474/EEC, OJ 1972 L 303, p. 24 (para 13)—CIMBEL; 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27 (Rn. 68)—Zinc Producer Group.

1128

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 159; see Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1—Cartonboard; 2001/418/EC, OJ 2001 L 152, p. 24—Amino acids.

1129

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 137.

1130

See e.g. Commission Decision 69/240/EEC, OJ 1969 L 192, p. 5 (para 30)—International quinine cartel; 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 10)—Stichting Baksteen.

1131

See Commission Decision 68/319/EEC, OJ 1968 L 201, p. 7—ACEC/Berliet; 88/87/EEC, OJ 1988 L 50, p. 18—Enichem/ICI.

1132

ECJ, Case C-51/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:85 (para 25/29)—EMI Records/CBS.

1133

Commission Decision 74/433/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 16—FRUBO; similarly, ECJ, Case 71/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:61 (para 36)—Frubo; later Commission Decision 80/234/EEC, OJ 1980 L 51, p. 19—Lab as well as ECJ, Case 61/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:75 (para 12)—Coöperative Stremsel- en Kleurselfabriek.

1134

For additional discussion on the overall topic, see below paras 2140 et seq. in the context of the prohibition of abusive practices.

1135

See Commission Decision 82/506/EEC, OJ 1982 L 232, p. 1 (para 99)—SSI; 89/512/EEC, OJ 1989 L 253, p. 1 (para 22)—Dutch banks.

1136

Detailed discussion at paras 2152 et seq.

1137

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 165.

1138

See Commission Decision 71/23/EEC, OJ 1971 L 10, p. 15 (18)—Wall and floor tiles; 82/506/EEC, OJ 1982 L 232, p. 1 (paras 98 et seq.)—SSI; affirmed by the ECJ, Case 260/82, ECLI:EU:C:1985:489 (paras 39 et seq.)—NSO: nonetheless without a result in this regard.

1139

Commission Decision 89/512/EEC, OJ 1989 L 253, p. 1 (paras 22 et seq.)—Dutch banks.

1140

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 164.

1141

See below paras 2199 et seq.

1142

Cf. below at para 2134 regarding the prohibition of abusive practices.

1143

ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (paras 16/19 et seq.)—Papiers peints de Belgique, also COM 74/431/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 3 (9)—Papiers peints de Belgique.

1144

See Commission Decision 90/186/EEC, OJ 1990 L 100, p. 32 (para 15)—Moosehead/Whitbread for source materials so that know-how may be appropriately utilised.

1145

See detailed discussion at paras 2171 et seq. with regard to the prohibition of abusive practices where this scenario is significantly more relevant.

1146

Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 400; Grill, in: Lenz and Borchardt (2013), Art. 101 AEUV para 34.

1147

ECJ, Case 193/83, ECLI:EU:C:1986:75 (paras 54 et seq.)—Windsurfing International.

1148

See Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 189 et seq.

1149

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-393/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:171 (paras 34 et seq.)—Almelo; Case C-70/93, ECLI:EU:C:1995:344 (paras 18 et seq.)—BMW; Case C-230/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:181 (para 48)—Cabour; by contrast earlier decisions holding differently, starting with Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (249)—Maschinenbau Ulm; Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (341 et seq.)—Consten Grundig as well as then Case 126/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:136 (paras 12 et seq.)—Salonia, where the ECJ proceeded in the other direction.

1150

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 189 et seq.

1151

See in particular ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (para 14)—Delimitis; General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 98)—Langnese-Iglo; Case T-9/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:99 (para 75)—Schöller.

1152

See above para 866.

1153

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (paras 36 et seq.)—Expedia.

1154

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty (OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81), in particular points 44 to 57.

1155

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty (OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81), in particular points 44 to 57.

1156

ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (341)—Consten Grundig; Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (para 7)—Völk; Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 16)—Javico.

1157

E.g. Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 189 et seq.; see for further discussion, paras 293 et seq.

1158

E.g. Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 203; Zimmer, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 194; contra Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 4 para 10.

1159

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (paras 36 et seq.)—Expedia.

1160

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 9).

1161

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 189 et seq.

1162

See above paras 385 et seq.

1163

Other view, Zäch (1994), p. 58.

1164

E.g. Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 203.

1165

ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (249).

1166

ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (249).

1167

Zimmer, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV para 196 end with additional citations; see Müller-Graff (1995), p. 72 et seq.

1168

General Court, Case T-168/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:265 (para 201)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.

1169

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-359/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:255 (para 27)—British Sugar.

1170

General Court, Case T-168/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:265 (para 202)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.

1171

ECJ, Case 3/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (para 25/27)—Papiers peints de Belgique; likewise Case 8/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:84 (para 28/30)—Cementhandelaren and e.g. Case 246/86, ECLI:EU:C:1989:301 (para 33)—Belasco.

1172

E.g. Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 paras 249 et seq.; see also ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (para 25/27)—Papiers peints de Belgique.

1173

Frenz (2001), p. 304 et seq.

1174

Commission Decision 83/672/EEC, OJ 1983 L 376, p. 41 (47)—SABA II; 85/44/EEC, OJ 1985 L 19, p. 17 (para 18)—Grohe distribution system; 85/45/EEC, OJ 1985 L 20, p. 38 (Rn. 18)—Ideal-Standard.

1175

In particular ECJ, Case 22/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:113 (para 16/18)—Béguelin; further discussion, see above paras 855 et seq.

1176

Further discussion, von Bernuth (1996), p. 122 et seq. regarding voluntary obligations.

1177

ECJ, Case 73/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:160 (paras 25/27 et seq.)—Papiers peints de Belgique.

1178

1179

See above paras 866 et seq.

1180

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 16).

1181

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (paras 14 et seq.).

1182

ECJ, Case 172/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:178 (para 18)—Züchner.

1183

ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34—Verband der Sachversicherer.

1184

ECJ, Case 311/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:418—Vlaamse Reisbureaus; Rose and Bailey (2013), para 1.123 with other examples.

1185

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 19).

1186

See above paras 32 et seq.

1187

ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (paras 46 et seq.)—Verband der Sachversicherer.

1188

ECJ, Case 240 inter alia/82, ECLI:EU:C:1985:488 (para 49)—Stichting Sigarettenindustrie; General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 122)—Langnese-Iglo.

1189

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (paras 21 et seq.).

1190

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 16).

1191

ECJ, Case C-359/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:255 (para 29)—British Sugar, in relation to profitable export prices.

1192

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 204 with citation related to impediments to establishing a foreign location of an undertaking in another Member State ECJ, Case C-161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 26)—Pronuptia.

1193

ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 26)—Pronuptia; with other examples Rose and Bailey (2013), paras 1.126, 2.085, 7.069.

1194

Commission Decision 85/202/EEC, OJ 1985 L 85, p. 1—Pulp; 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152 p. 54—ANSAC.

1195

See Commission Notice of 21 October 1972 concerning imports into the Community of Japanese goods falling within the scope of the Rome Treaty, OJ 1972 C 111, p. 13.

1196

See above paras 386 et seq.

1197

ECJ, Case 51/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:85 (para 25/29)—EMI Records/CBS; Case 86/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:86 (para 22/26)—EMI Records/CBS Grammofon; Case 96/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:87 (para 14)—EMI Records/CBS Schallplatten.

1198

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 207 end, 208 end.

1199

See above paras 486 et seq., 489 et seq.

1200

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (paras 560/561 et seq.)—Suiker Unie; an example taken from Commission practice, COM 94/815/EC, OJ 1994 L 343, p. 1 (paras 99 et seq.)—Cement.

1201

ECJ, Cases 29 and 30/83, ECLI:EU:C:1984:130—CRAM.

1202

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 206.

1203

For additional discussion, see paras 1145 et seq. Drawing the same conclusion, Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 206.

1204

See below para 1102.

1205

Previously Commission Decision 68/376/EEC, OJ 1968 L 276, p. 25 (26)—Rieckermann/AEG Elotherm; 75/94/EEC, OJ 1975 L 38, p. 10 (paras 6 et seq.)—Goodyear Italiana/Euram.

1206

Commission Decision 72/238/EEC, OJ 1972 L 143, p. 39 (41)—Raymond/Nagoya; 78/253/EEC, OJ 1978 L 70, p. 69 (74, 77)—Campari; 88/563/EEC, OJ 1988 L 309, p. 34 (paras 25 et seq.)—Delta Chemie.

1207

See Commission Decision 76/159/EEC, OJ 1976 L 28, p. 19 (para 11, 35)—SABA; 77/100/EEC, OJ 1977 L 30, p. 10 (Rn. 24)—Junghans.

1208

ECJ, Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 24)—Javico.

1209

ECJ, Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (paras 23, 25 et seq.)—Javico.

1210

ECJ, Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 20)—Javico.

1211

See e.g. ECJ, Case 19/77, ECLI:EU:C:1978:19 (para 15)—Miller; Case 322/81, ECLI:EU:C:1983:313 (para 104)—Michelin; Case C-41/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:161 (para 32)—Höfner and Elser; Case C-219/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:375 (paras 33 et seq.)—Ferriere Nord.

1212

See above para 893.

1213

Applying this principle, ECJ, Case 19/77, ECLI:EU:C:1978:19 (para 14)—Miller.

1214

ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (249)—Maschinenbau Ulm; Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (para 5)—Völk; similarly Case 31/80, ECLI:EU:C:1980:289 (para 18)—L’Oréal; Case C-219/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:375 (para 20)—Ferriere Nord; General Court, Case T-24 inter alia/93, ECLI:EU:T:1996:139 (para 201)—Compagnie maritime belge transports.

1215

See above paras 177 et seq.

1216

ECJ, Case 71/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:61 (para 37/38)—Frubo; Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (para 172)—van Landewyck as well as Case C-219/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:375 (para 34)—Ferriere Nord. Similarly Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 22)—ANSAC or earlier, e.g. 86/405/EEC, OJ 1986 L 236, p. 30 (para 55)—Fibre optic cable.

1217

By contrast, demanding a probable change in the foreseeable future, Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 41).

1218

Subject to placing the last point in second place, Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (paras 24 et seq.) with additional details.

1219

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 34).

1220

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 27).

1221

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 41).

1222

See e.g. ECJ, Case 22/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:138 (para 17)—Hugin.

1223

See e.g. Commission Decision 85/206/EEC, OJ 1985 L 92, p. 1 (para 13)—Aluminium imports from Eastern Europe; 86/398/EEC, OJ 1986 L 230, p. 1 (para 93)—Polypropylene; 86/405/EEC, OJ 1986 L 236, p. 30 (paras 55 et seq.)—Fibre optic cable as well as e.g. 96/547/EC, OJ 1996 L 239, p. 57 (paras 55 et seq.)—PHOENIX/GlobalOne; 97/781/EC, OJ 1997 L 318, p. 24 (para 67)—Uniworld.

1224

See above paras 1074 et seq.

1225

Critical view Rehbinder, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), IntWbR para 39.

1226

Critical view Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 238.

1227

For further discussion, see Frenz (2012d), paras 276 et seq.

1228

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 196 end.

1229

For additional discussion, see below paras 1110 et seq.

1230

For general discussion, see above paras 1 et seq.

1231

See fundamentally ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (341)—Consten Grundig; later, e.g. Case 22/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:138 (para 17)—Hugin; Case C-241 and 242/91 P, ECLI:EU:C:1995:98 (paras 69 et seq.)—Magill.

1232

See the classic case in this regard, ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (249)—Maschinenbau Ulm; Case 23/67, ECLI:EU:C:1967:54—Haecht as well as e.g. Case C-279/87, ECLI:EU:C:1990:57—Tipp-Ex.

1233

Detailed discussion above at paras 19 et seq.

1234

ECJ, Case 71/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:61 (paras 33/35 et seq.)—Frubo; General Court, Case T-143/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:64 (para 34)—Ferriere Nord.

1235

See ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (341 et seq.)—Consten Grundig; Commission Decision 85/76/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 35 (paras 29 et seq.)—Milk subsidy fund.

1236

ECJ, Case 193/83, ECLI:EU:C:1986:75 (para 96)—Windsurfing International.

1237

ECJ, Case 23/67, ECLI:EU:C:1967:54 (415 et seq.)—Haecht; General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (paras 120 et seq.)—Langnese-Iglo.

1238

See above paras 974 et seq.

1239

ECJ, Case 126/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:136 (para 17)—Salonia.

1240

ECJ, Case 22/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:138 (paras 18 et seq.)—Hugin.

1241

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 25).

1242

See above paras 177 et seq. as well as ECJ, Case 8/74, ECLI:EU:C:1974:82 (para 5)—Dassonville.

1243

ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (para 29)—BNIC/Clair; Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (para 142)—Ahlström, where the price for pulp as an interim product comprised 50–75 % of the cost of the paper as end product.

1244

Rehbinder, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), IntWbR para 40.

1245

Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 197 end.

1246

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 43) assuming a speculative effect; however this is too far removed as the exchange of goods and services was not influenced but rather demand in general.

1247

See above paras 917 et seq.

1248

See fundamentally ECJ, Case 23/67, ECLI:EU:C:1967:54 (415 et seq.)—Haecht.

1249

ECJ, Case 99/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:193 (para 24)—Lancôme; Case 31/80, ECLI:EU:C:1980:289 (para 19)—L’Oréal; Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 17)—Javico; Case 23/67, ECLI:EU:C:1967:54 (415 et seq.)—Haecht.

1250

ECJ, Cases 100–103/80, ECLI:EU:C:1983:158 (para 85)—Musique Diffusion Française; Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 17)—Javico.

1251

ECJ, Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 25)—Javico.

1252

See above para 867.

1253

See para 1115.

1254

Rehbinder, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), IntWbR para 42.

1255

ECJ, Case 22/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:113 (para 16/18)—Béguelin; Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (para 5, 7)—Völk.

1256

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (paras 44 et seq.) with detailed criteria.

1257

ECJ, Case 22/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:113 (para 16/18)—Béguelin; Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (para 5, 7)—Völk; Case 19/77, ECLI:EU:C:1978:19 (para 15)—Miller; later, e.g. Case 27/87, ECLI:EU:C:1988:183 (para 17)—La Hesbignonne.

1258

See ECJ, Case 45/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:34 (paras 48 et seq.)—Verband der Sachversicherer; Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (paras 25 et seq.)—Javico, where reliance was placed merely on difficulties in market access or market share, respectively, but not by contrast on the low level of transnational trade as such.

1259

Applying this principle, ECJ, Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35 (para 7)—Völk.

1260

See ECJ, Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 23)—Javico.

1261

ECJ, Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (para 24.)—Javico.

1262

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 50).

1263

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 91).

1264

See General Court, Case T-65/89, ECLI:EU:T:1993:31 (para 138)—BPB Industries and British Gypsum.

1265

See above paras 1072 et seq.

1266

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (paras 45, 48 as well as paras 79, 88 for a cartel extending over an entire Member State).

1267

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 52).

1268

Cf. ECJ, Case 19/77, ECLI:EU:C:1978:19 (paras 9 et seq.)—Miller; Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (para 58)—AEG.

1269

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 52 end).

1270

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (para 53).

1271

Commission Notice—Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 81 (paras 58 et seq.).

1272

Regarding this, below paras 1152 et seq.

1273

See below paras 1525 et seq.

1274

According to Schlarmann (1971), p. 1394.

1275

See generally Freitag et al. (1973), p. 66.

1276

Specifically applicable to the environmental sector, Ehle (1996), p. 98 et seq.; for the German Act against Restraints of Competition (GWB) Friedrich (1977), p. 77 et seq.; von Wallenberg (1980), p. 836.

1277

ECJ, Case 240 inter alia/82, ECLI:EU:C:1985:488 (para 40)—Stichting Sigarettenindustrie. For additional discussion, see paras 1127 et seq.

1278

Finckh (1998), p. 318 with additional citations.

1279

Von Bernuth (1996), p. 109 et seq.

1280

Correctly referring to this, Baudenbacher (1988), p. 694; Jacobs (1993), p. 51.

1281

Rejecting, e.g. Ehle (1996), p. 98.

1282

The free will of the participants in the relevant behaviour cannot be excluded, COM 74/634/EEC, OJ 1974 L 343, p. 19 (23)—Ball bearings.

1283

ECJ, Case C-359 and 379/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:531 (para 33)—Ladbroke with additional citations.

1284

Regulation (EC) No. 66/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the EU Ecolabel, OJ L 27, p. 1.

1285

Epiney (2013), p. 327; see also Frenz (1997a), para 585.

1286

Of 27 August 1998, Federal Gazette I p. 2379, last amended by Ordinance of 24 May 2005, Federal Gazette I p. 1407.

1287

For further discussion, see Flanderka (1996), p. 651.

1288

Finckh (1998), p. 108 et seq.; Frenz (1994), p. 145 et seq.; Frenz (2001), p. 37 et seq.

1289

Regarding reforms to the VerpackV Frenz (2008), p. 25 et seq.

1290

See generally Commission Decision 74/634/EEC, OJ 1974 L 343, p. 19 (23)—Ball bearings.

1291

ECJ, Case C-359 and 379/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:531 (para 33)—Ladbroke with additional citations.

1292

Referring to the latter, ECJ, Case C-359 and 379/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:531 (para 31)—Ladbroke.

1293

Rothermel (2003), p. 202 et seq.

1294

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (paras 65 et seq.)—Suiker Unie.

1295

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 72)—Suiker Unie.

1296

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 67/70)—Suiker Unie. Whether mere administrative authority is enough for the courts to find that the actions of an undertaking in response thereto cannot infringe the rules on competition will be examined below under paras 1136 et seq.

1297

Von Bernuth (1996), p. 108.

1298

See Gleiss and Hirsch (1993), Art. 85 para 350: unambiguous sovereign act.

1299

Commission Decision 74/634/EEC, OJ 1974 L 343, p. 19 (23)—Ball bearings.

1300

Commission Decision 85/206/EEC, OJ 1985 L 92, p. 1 (para 10)—Aluminium imports from Eastern Europe.

1301

Commission Decision 74/634/EEC, OJ 1974 L 343, p. 19 (23)—Ball bearings.

1302

Rothermel (2003), p. 204, 213 et seq.

1303

Bach (1992), p. 166.

1304

All causes may potentially be considered for natural causality, however this poses the question of which of them are relevant as a focal point in a specific case. This is the task of causality: itself decisive for purposes of legal attribution, defined via analysis and following from existing normative rules.

1305

Commission Decision 93/438/EEC, OJ 1993 L 203, p. 27 (para 44)—CNSD.

1306

Referring to this, von Bernuth (1996), p. 110.

1307

For additional discussion, see Frenz (1997b), p. 37; see also van der Esch (1991), p. 281 et seq.; cf. ECJ, Case 229/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:1 (paras 19 et seq.)—Leclerc/Au Blé Vert; from the perspective of the free movement of goods Frenz (2012d), para 723.

1308

See above para 1131, 1133.

1309

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 67/70)—Suiker Unie.

1310

ECJ, Case 240 inter alia/82, ECLI:EU:C:1985:488 (para 40)—Stichting Sigarettenindustrie.

1311

Von Bernuth (1996), p. 109 speaks of “threshold criteria” for a more detailed examination which is, in principle, implicated thereby so that it is not relevant that “no comprehensive standard . . . was formulated” on which von Bernuth (1996) relies.

1312

See above paras 1 et seq.

1313

See above paras 793 et seq.

1314

Oldiges (1973), 16.

1315

Von Bernuth (1996), p. 110.

1316

For additional discussion, see Frenz (2001), p. 208 et seq. as well as p. 299, 305 et seq. regarding the following topic.

1317

So-called Co-generation plant agreement for the reduction of CO₂ emissions and the promotion of heat and power co-generation, supplementing the climate agreement of 9 November 2000.

1318

In other context, ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (paras 19 et seq.)—BNIC/Clair.

1319

ECJ, Case 123/83, ECLI:EU:C:1985:33 (para 23)—BNIC/Clair.

1320

In favour of such a restriction on grounds of environmental protection, Becker-Schwarze (1997), p. 236 et seq. Contra, Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen, Umweltgutachten 1998, BT-Drucks. 13/10195 p. 143 sub-section 300.

1321

In effect, this is the approach of Portwood (1994), p. 78.

1322

For additional discussion, see below paras 1361 et seq.

1323

Ehle (1996), p. 110.

1324

See above paras 1 et seq.

1325

Ehle (1996), p. 39.

1326

Kloepfer (1980), p. 782.

1327

Van Miert (1995), p. 553.

1328

Ehle (1996), p. 39.

1329

See however Freitag et al. (1973), p. 75.

1330

Baldi (1972), p. 28; Schwintowski (1994), p. 252.

1331

Van der Esch (1988), p. 565.

1332

On this topic, see below paras 1547 et seq.

1333

For the creation of the waste disposal market as a result of the VerpackV, Bock (1994), p. 50; see also Kiehne (1995), p. 33 (37).

1334

ECJ, Case 32/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:42 (405)—Italy/Council and Commission; Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 20)—Metro I; additional discussion above paras 19 et seq.

1335

Fundamentally, ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (250)—Maschinenbau Ulm; later, e.g. Case 258/78, ECLI:EU:C:1982:211 (paras 56 et seq.)—Nungesser; Case 42/84, ECLI:EU:C:1985:327 (para 19)—Remia (for the intensification of competition); from the literature Müller-Graff, In: Hailbronner et al. (1998), Art. 85 EG para 83 and in particular Fritzsche (1996), p. 52 et seq. who also would include anti-competitive side agreements “necessary” from a civil law or economic standpoint, i.e. those which ensure an exchange of goods and services that would otherwise not exist (p. 56 et seq.).

1336

See above paras 1 et seq.

1337

Frenz (1997b), p. 43.

1338

Von Bernuth (1996), p. 134.

1339

Frenz (1997b), p. 43 et seq. as well as above paras 1125 et seq.

1340

Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1217/2010 of 14 December 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of research and development agreements, OJ L 335, p. 36.

1341

See below paras 1330 et seq.

1342

Cf. Art. 5 (1) lit. a) Council Regulation (EC) No. 2659/2000.

1343

ECJ, Case 258/78, ECLI:EU:C:1982:211 (paras 60 et seq.)—Nungesser.

1344

Rejected in the specific case, ECJ, Case 258/78, ECLI:EU:C:1982:211 (paras 76 et seq.)—Nungesser with regard to seed used by many farmers.

1345

ECJ, Case 262/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:334 (paras 15 et seq.)—Coditel II.

1346

In particular Joliet (1967), p. 183 et seq.; see also, e.g. Forrester and Norall (1984), p. 32 et seq.; Reinhart (1987), p. 28 et seq.; see comprehensive discussion in Ackermann (1997); contra van der Esch (1988), p. 569; Faull (1984), p. 358 et seq.; Fritzsche (1996), p. 49; Gayk (1991), p. 175 et seq.; Müller-Graff, In: Hailbronner et al. (1998), Art. 85 EG para 84; Schröter (1988), 645 et seq.

1347

Contra qualification as grounds for justification, Ehle (1996), p. 113. Steindorff (1984), p. 642 et seq. however argues for inclusion in the context of (3) of the prohibition of cartels; see also Kon (1982), p. 555. See above paras 160 et seq.

1348

See e.g., Ulmer (1985), p. 519 et seq.

1349

See also Weltrich (1992), p. 157 et seq.; Bock (1994), p. 49. Contra Dieckmann (1995), p. 55 (56).

1350

In light of the foregoing, the proposal was made to include the Rule of Reason within Art. 101 (3) TFEU so that the Commission, and not national judges or the ECJ, respectively, could decide, Steindorff (1984), p. 642 et seq.; see also regarding this aspect, Kon (1982), p. 555.

1351

Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 134; Whish and Sufrin (1987), 1.

1352

In ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (326)—Consten Grundig, the plaintiffs and the Federal Government relied on the Rule of Reason.

1353

Fritzsche (1996), p. 49; Korah (1980), p. 36; contrary position, ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (342)—Consten Grundig.

1354

In particular ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (250)—Maschinenbau Ulm; Cases 19 and 20/74, ECLI:EU:C:1975:58 (para 14)—Kali und Salz; Case 258/78, ECLI:EU:C:1982:211 (paras 54 et seq.)—Nungesser; Case 262/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:334 (paras 15 et seq.)—Coditel II; Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (paras 20 et seq.)—Delimitis.

1355

Väth (1987), p. 73, 256, 267; other view, e.g. Everling (1990), p. 1003; van der Esch (1988), p. 569 et seq.

1356

ECJ, Case C-234/89, ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 (para 20)—Delimitis; see previously, Case 23/67, ECLI:EU:C:1967:54 (415 et seq., 3rd headnote)—Haecht.

1357

Due to its origin, the Rule of Reason is not suited from the outset to application to environmental protection absent a complete deformation, see Ehle (1996), p. 115; Frenz (1997b), p. 50.

1358

E.g. Schröter and Voet van Vormizeele, In: von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art. 101 AEUV para 91.

1359

See Müller-Graff, In: Hailbronner et al. (1998), Art. 85 EG para 84. In general on this concept, Ipsen (1972), p. 608.

1360

General Court, Case T-112/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:215 (para 74, 76)—M6; Case T-328/03, ECLI:EU:T:2006:116 (para 69)—O2 Germany.

1361

AG Léger, Case C-309/99, ECLI:EU:C:2001:390 (para 104)—Wouters; Rose and Bailey (2013), para 2.106.

1362

ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 21)—Metro I.

1363

ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (paras 34 et seq.)—AEG; more detailed analysis by von Bernuth (1996), p. 137.

1364

ECJ, Case 23/67, ECLI:EU:C:1967:54 (415 et seq.)—Haecht.

1365

See e.g. General Court, Case T-9/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:99 (paras 76 et seq.)—Schöller.

1366

In relation to competitiveness, Schwintowski (1994), p. 261.

1367

For a more detailed discussion, see Frenz (1997b), p. 50.

Ackermann T (1997) Art. 85 Abs. 1 EGV und die rule of reason. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Axer P (2002) Europäisches Kartellrecht und nationales Krankenversicherungsrecht. Die Festbetragsfestsetzung als Prüfstein für den Einfluss des Gemeinschaftsrechts auf die Ausgestaltung sozialer Sicherungssysteme. NZS:57–65

Bach A (1992) Wettbewerbsrechtliche Schranken für staatliche Maßnahmen nach europäischem Gemeinschaftsrecht. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

Badtke F (2007) Die kartellrechtliche Bewertung des “AOK-Modells” beim Abschluss von Rabattverträgen. WuW:726–737

Baier J (2011) Kartellrechtliche Auswirkungen des Arzneimittelmarktneuordnungsgesetzes auf die Beziehungen der Leistungserbringer zu gesetzlichen Krankenkassen sowie der Krankenkassen untereinander. MedR:345–350

Baldi M (1972) Die Freistellung vom EWG-Kartellverbot – Funktion und Inhalt von Art. 85 Abs. 3 EWGV. Stämpfli Verlag, Bern

Baudenbacher C (1988) Kartellrechtliche und verfassungsrechtliche Aspekte gesetzesersetzender Vereinbarungen zwischen Staat und Wirtschaft. JZ:689–697

Becker U (1998) Brillen aus Luxemburg und Zahnbehandlung in Brüssel – Die Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung im europäischen Binnenmarkt zu EuGH vom 28.4.1998, Rs. C-120/95 (Decker), und EuGH vom 28.4.1998, Rs. C-158/96 (Kohll), NZS:359–364

Becker U, Kingreen T (2010) Der Krankenkassenwettbewerb zwischen Sozial- und Wettbewerbsrecht. Zur geplanten Ausdehnung der Anwendung des GWB auf das Handeln der Krankenkassen. NZS:417–423

Becker-Schwarze K (1997) Steuerungsmöglichkeiten des Kartellrechts bei umweltschützenden Unternehmenskooperationen. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Berg W (2005) Die Rechtsprechung des EuGH und EuG auf dem Gebiet des Kartellrechts im Jahr 2004. EWS:49–61

Bock M (1994) Umweltrechliche Prinzipien in der Wettbewerbsordnung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. EuZW:47–52

Bornkamm J, Montag F, Säcker FJ (2014) Münchener Kommentar Europäisches und Deutsches Wettbewerbsrecht. Kartellrecht, Missbrauchs- und Fusionkontrolle, vol 1: Europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht, 2nd edn. C.H. Beck, Munich

Breitenmoser S (1996) Praxis des Europarechts. Schulthess, Zürich

Bucher H (2009) Die Anwendung des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts auf Träger sozialer Sicherungssysteme. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Burghardt G (2012) Die Beteiligung an einer Fußballkapitalgesellschaft vor dem Hintergrund der wirtschaftlichen Betätigung von Idealvereinen. Nomos, Baden-BadenCrossRef

Burkhardt J (1995) Kartellrecht. Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (GWB), Europäisches Kartellrecht. C.H. Beck, Munich

Calliess C, Ruffert M (eds) (2011) EUV/AEUV. Das Verfassungsrecht der Europäischen Union mit Europäischer Grundrechtecharta, 4th edn. C.H. Beck, Munich

Caspar U (2001) Wettbewerbliche Gesamtwürdigung von Vereinbarungen im Rahmen von Art. 81 Abs. 1 EGV: Ein Beitrag zur Auslegung des Tatbestandsmerkmals der Wettbewerbsbeschränkung im europäischen Kartellverbotsrecht. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Daig H-W (1976) Zum Begriff der “aufeinander abgestimmten Verhaltensweisen” nach Art. 85 EWG-Vertrag, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des “Zuckerurteils” des EuGH vom 16.12.1975. EuR:213–236

Dauses MA (ed) (2014) Handbuch des EU-Wirtschaftsrechts, loose-leaf-collection of October 2014. C.H. Beck, Munich

de Bronett G-K (2012) “Unternehmen” als “wirtschaftliche Einheiten” – Das neue EU-Kartellrecht nach der Rechtsprechung des EuGH in der Rs. C-97/08 P – “Akzo Nobel”. EWS:113–124

Dieckmann H (1995) Europäisches Kartellrecht und kooperative Rücknahme- und Verwertungssysteme. In: Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie e.V. (ed) Kartellrecht und Umweltschutz. Konflikte und Lösungsansätze, Cologne, pp 55–61

Dreher M, Körner J (2013) Die einseitige Offenlegung von Informationen gegenüber einem konkurrierenden Lizenzvertragspartner – die kartellrechtliche Beurteilung nach Art. 101 AEUV. WuW:104–115

Ebert-Weidenfeller A, Gromotke C (2013) Krankenkassen als Normadressaten des Lauterkeits- und Kartellrechts. EuZW:937–940

Ehle D (1996) Die Einbeziehung des Umweltschutzes in das Europäische Kartellrecht. Eine Untersuchung zu Art. 85 EGV unter besonderer Berücksichtigung kooperativer abfallrechtlicher Rücknahme- und Verwertungssysteme. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Eilmansberger T (2004) Die Adalat-Entscheidung des EuGH. Maßnahmen von Herstellern zur Steuerung des Verhaltens von Vertriebshändlern als Vereinbarung im Sinne von Art. 81 EG. ZWeR:285–304

Eilmansberger T (2009) Verbraucherwohlfahrt, Effizienzen und ökonomische Analyse – Neue Paradigmen im europäischen Kartellrecht? ZWeR:437–471

Emmerich V (1971) Die Auslegung von Art. 85 Abs. 1 EGV durch die bisherige Praxis der Kommission. EuR:295–334

Epiney A (2013) Umweltrecht der Europäischen Union, 3rd edn. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Everling U (1990) Zur Wettbewerbskonzeption in der neueren Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Gemeinschaften. WuW:995–1009

Faull J (1984) Joint Ventures under the EEC Competition Rules. ECLR:358–374

Faull J, Nikpay A (2014) The EU law of competition, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Finckh A (1998) Regulierte Selbstregulierung im Dualen System. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Flanderka F (1996) Struktur und Ausgestaltung des dualen Systems in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. BB:649–651

Forrester I, Norall C (1984) The laicization of community law: self-help and the rule of reason: how competition law is and could be applied. CMLR:11–51

Freitag D, Hansen K, Markert K, Strauch V (1973) Umweltschutz und Wettbewerbsordnung. Athenäum, Frankfurt a.M.

Frenz W (1994) Das duale System zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Recht. GewArch.:145–157

Frenz W (1997a) Europäisches Umweltrecht. C.H. Beck, Munich

Frenz W (1997b) Nationalstaatlicher Umweltschutz und EG-Wettbewerbsfreiheit. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Frenz W (2001) Selbstverpflichtungen der Wirtschaft. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

Frenz W (2007) Krankenkassen im Wettbewerbs- und Vergaberecht. NZS:233–236

Frenz W (2008) Grundlagen und Grenzen abfallrechtlicher Produktverantwortung. In: Hendler R, Marburger P, Reiff P, Schröder M (eds) Abfallrecht in Bewegung. Zur Neuordnung des Rechts der Verpackungsentsorgung. Tagung des Instituts für Umwelt- und Technikrecht vom 10.-11.5.2007, Erich Schmidt, Berlin, pp 25–62

Frenz W (2009) Handbuch Europarecht, vol 4: Europäische Grundrechte. Springer, Heidelberg

Frenz W (2011) Handbuch Europarecht, vol 6: Insitutionen und Politiken. Springer, Heidelberg

Frenz W (2012a) Abfallgebühren zwischen aktueller Judikatur und neuem KrWG. GemH:217–221

Frenz W (2012b) Abfallverbrennung nur im eigenen Bundesland auf dem Prüfstand des Unionsrechts. NuR:841–845

Frenz W (2012c) Die Lizenzverweigerung nach dem zweiten Microsoft-Urteil. WRP:1483–1488

Frenz W (2012d) Handbuch Europarecht, vol 1: Europäische Grundfreiheiten, 2nd edn. Springer, Heidelberg

Frenz W (2012e) Kohärente und systematische nationale Normgebung – nicht nur im Glücksspielrecht. EuR:344–354

Frenz W (2013a) Bezweckung einer Wettbewerbsbeeinträchtigung bei Gebietsabgrenzungen. WuW:41–44

Frenz W (2013b) Öffentliches Recht, 6th edn. Vahlen, Munich

Frenz W (2013c) Sozialversicherungsträger unter Kartellrecht. Zur Europarechtskonformität von § 69 Abs. 2 SGB V. ZESAR:107–113

Frenz W (2014) Beihilferückforderung beim EEG?. ZNER:25–34

Frenz W, Distelrath A-M (2011) Dienstleistungsfreiheit und Kartellverbot nach dem Pay TV-Urteil. EWS:460–464

Frenz W, Lülsdorf T (2012) Kontinuität und Zurechnung im Kartellrecht. Die Urteile ArcelorMittal und Alliance One International. EWS:504–509

Freund H-J (1992) Handelsvertreterverträge und EG-Kartellrecht. Für die Beendigung eines Privilegs. EuZW:408–412

Friedrich M (1977) Möglichkeiten und kartellrechtliche Grenzen umweltschutzfördernder Kooperation zwischen Unternehmen. Diss., Bochum

Fritzsche J (1996) “Notwendige” Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen im Spannungsfeld von Verbot und Freistellung nach Art. 85 EGV. ZHR 160:31–58

Fuchs A (2007) Neue Entwicklungen beim Konzept der Wettbewerbsbeschränkung in Art. 81 Abs. 1 EG. ZWeR:369–393

Gack K (2011) Die kartellrechtliche Überprüfbarkeit vereinsrechtlicher Vorschriften im Sport. Die europäische und amerikanische Situation im Vergleich. Dr. Kovač, Hamburg

Gassner UM (2000) Nationaler Gesundheitsmarkt und europäisches Kartellrecht. VSSR:121–148

Gayk A (1991) Restriktionen des Tatbestandes des Art. 85 Abs. 1 EWG-Vertrag: Anwendungsfälle einer Rule of Reason in der Entscheidungspraxis des Gerichtshofes der Europäischen Gemeinschaften? Diss., Tübingen

Geiger R, Khan D-E, Kotzur M (eds) (2010) Vertrag über die Europäische Union und Vertrag über die Arbeitsweisen der Europäischen Union. Kommentar, 5th edn. C.H. Beck, Munich

Giesen R (2004) Das BSG, der EG-Vertrag und das deutsche Unfallversicherungsmonopol. ZESAR:151–160

Gleiss A, Hirsch M (eds) (1993) Kommentar zum EWG-Kartellrecht, 4th edn. Recht und Wirtschaft, Heidelberg

Goldman B, Lyon-Caen A, Vogel L (1994) Droit commercial européen, 5th edn. Dalloz, Paris

Grabitz E, Hilf M (1983) Das Recht der Europäischen Union. Kommentar, loose-leaf-collection of 1983. C.H. Beck, Munich

Grabitz E, Hilf M, Nettesheim M (eds) (2014) Das Recht der Europäischen Union. Kommentar, loose-leaf-collection of September 2014. C.H. Beck, Munich

Grune JK (2013) Kartellrecht: Spürbarkeit einer Wettbewerbsbeschränkung – Unverbindlichkeit der De-minimis-Bekanntmachung. EuZW:116–117

Hailbronner K, Klein E, Magiera S, Müller-Graff P-C (eds) (1998) Handkommentar zum Vertrag über die Europäische Union (EUV/EGV), loose-leaf-collection of November 1998. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Heermann PW (2006) Verbandsautonomie versus Kartellrecht. Causa Sport:345–364

Heermann PW (2009) Anwendung des europäischen Kartellrechts im Bereich des Sports. Rechtfertigen die Besonderheiten des Sports eine Sonderbehandlung? WuW:489–503

Heinemann A (1996) Grenzen staatlicher Monopole im EG-Vertrag. C.H. Beck, Munich

Heinichen C (2011) Unternehmensbegriff und Haftungsnachfolge im Europäischen Kartellrecht. Nomos, Baden-BadenCrossRef

Hertfelder J (2011) Die “bewirkte Wettbewerbsbeschränkung” in Art. 101 Abs. 1 AEUV und der More Economic Approach. In: Bechtold S, Jickeli J, Rohe M (eds) Recht, Ordnung und Wettbewerb. Festschrift für Wernhard Möschel. Nomos, Baden-Baden, pp 281–292

Heyers J (2013) Systemkonformität der kartellrechtlichen Beurteilung sog. Informationsaustauschs. NZKart:99–103

Hirsbrunner S, Schwarz A (2006) Die Vereinbarkeit von einseitigen Maßnahmen eines Herstellers gegenüber seinen Händlern mit dem Kartellverbot. In: Brinker I, Scheuing DH, Stockmann K (eds) Recht und Wettbewerb. Festschrift für Rainer Bechtold zum 65. Geburtstag. C.H. Beck, Munich, pp 171–190

Holzinger M (2011) Wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten der öffentlichen Hand als Anwendungsvoraussetzung des europäischen und des deutschen Kartellrechts. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Immenga U, Mestmäcker E-J (eds) (2007) Wettbewerbsrecht. Kommentar zum Europäischen Kartellrecht, vol 1, 4th edn. C.H. Beck, Munich

Immenga U, Mestmäcker E-J (eds) (2012) Wettbewerbsrecht. Kommentar zum Europäischen Kartellrecht, vol 1, 5th edn. C.H. Beck, Munich

Ipsen HP (1972) Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

Jacobs R (1993) EEC competition law and the protection of environment. LIEI 2:37–67

Jaeger W, Pohlmann P, Schroeder D, Rieger H (eds) (2013) Frankfurter Kommentar zum Kartellrecht, loose-leaf-collection of November 2013. Otto Schmidt, Cologne

Jakobs M (2012) Standardsetzung im Lichte der europäischen Wettberwerbsregeln. Nomos, Baden-BadenCrossRef

Johannes H (1968) Zum Begriff der Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen in Art. 85 Abs. 1 EWGV. AWD/BB:409–415

Joliet R (1967) The rule of reason in antitrust law – American, German and common market law in comparative perspective. Faculté de Droit, LiégeCrossRef

Joliet R (1974) La notion de pratique concertée et l’arrêt ICI dans une perspective comparative. CDE:251–286

Joshua J (2009) Single continuous infringement of Article 81 EC: has the commission stretched the concept beyond the limit of its logic? ECJ:451–477

Kahl W (1993) Umweltprinzip und Gemeinschaftsrecht. Eine Untersuchung zur Idee des “bestmöglichen Umweltschutzes” im EWG-Vertrag. C.F. Müller, Heidelberg

Kamann H-G, Bergmann E (2004) Einseitige Vertriebsbeschränkungen und Art. 81 EG-Vertrag – Folgerungen aus dem Bayer-Adalat-Urteil des EuGH und dem Volkswagen-Urteil des EuG. EWS:151–155

Kapp T (1990) EG-kartellrechtliche Fehlentwicklung bei Handelsvertreterverträgen? WuW:814–822

Karollus M, Artmann E (2001) Bietergemeinschaften im Europäischen Kartellrecht. wbl.:453–460

Kersting C, Faust S (2011) Krankenkassen im Anwendungsbereich des Europäischen Kartellrechts. WuW:6–16

Kiehne H-A (1995) Zusammenarbeit bei der Versorgung und Verwertung von Gerätebatterien. In: Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie e.V. (eds) Kartellrecht und Umweltschutz – Konflikte und Lösungen. Cologne, pp 33 et seq.

Kingreen T (2003) Das Sozialstaatsprinzip im europäischen Verfassungsverbund. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

Kingreen T (2010) Zur Bindung der Krankenkassen an das Kartellrecht. SozSich:391–396

Kirchner C (2001) Internetmarktplätze, Markttransparenz und Marktinformationssysteme. Zur kartellrechtlichen Beurteilung veränderter Markttransparenz durch Anbieter-B2B-Plattformen. WuW:1030–1041

Kirchner C, Käseberg T (2011) Cloud Computing im Lichte des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts. In: Bechtold S, Jickeli J, Rohe M (eds) Recht, Ordnung und Wettbewerb. Festschrift für Wernhard Möschel. Nomos, Baden-Baden, pp 355–368CrossRef

Klees A (2008) Die so genannte 50+1-Regel im deutschen Profifußball im Lichte des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts. EuZW:391–394

Kling M, Thomas S (2007) Kartellrecht. Vahlen, Munich

Kloepfer M (1980) Umweltschutz als Kartellprivileg? Kartellrechtsfragen zum Umweltschutz. JZ:781–790

Kluckert S (2009) Gesetzliche Krankenkassen als Normadressaten des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts. Zugleich ein Beitrag zum wettbewerbsrechtlichen Unternehmensbegriff im Allgemeinen sowie im Bereich der sozialen Sicherheit. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin

Knebel H-W (1991) Die Extraterritorialität des Europäischen Kartellrechts. EuZW:265–274

Knebel J, Wicke L, Michael G (1999) Selbstverpflichtungen und normersetzende Umweltverträge als Instrumente des Umweltschutzes. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin

Knispel U (2000) EG – Wettbewerbswidrige Festbetragsfestsetzungen und Arzneimittelrichtlinien? Anmerkungen zu den Urteilen des OLG Düsseldorf vom 21.7.1999 und des LG München vom 30.6.1999. NZS:379–385

Koenig C, Engelmann C (2004) Das Festbetrags-Urteil des EuGH: Endlich Klarheit über den gemeinschaftsrechtlichen Unternehmensbegriff im Bereich der Sozialversicherung?. EuZW:682–686

Koenig C, Sander C (2000) Zur Vereinbarkeit des Festbetragssystems für Arzneimittel mit dem EG-Wettbewerbsrecht. WuW:975–987

Koenig C, Kühling J, Müller C (2005) Marktfähigkeit, Arbeitsgemeinschaften und das Kartellverbot. WuW:126–136

Kon S (1982) Article 85 para 3: a case for application by National Courts. CMLR 19:541–561

Korah V (1980) Comfort letters – reflections on the perfume cases. ELRev:14–39

Krajewski M (2004) Festbetragsregelung, Krankenkassen und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht. Das Festbetrags-Urteil des EuGH vom 16.3.2004 – verb. Rs. C-264/01, C-306/01, C-354/01 und C-355/01, AOK u.a. EWS:256–265

Krajewski M (2011) Aktuelle Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Union zu öffentlichen Dienstleistungen. ZögU:81–100

Krajewski M, Farley M (2004) Limited competition in National Health System and the application of competition law. ELRev:842–851

Krispenz S (2011) Das Merkmal der wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeit im Unternehmensbegriff des europäischen Kartellrechts. Nomos, Baden-BadenCrossRef

Lange KW (2008) Die Anwendung des europäischen Kartellverbots auf staatliche Eingriffe in das Marktgeschehen. EuR:3–26

Langen E, Bunte H-J (eds) (2014) Kommentar zum deutschen und europäischen Kartellrecht, vol 2: Europäisches Kartellrecht, 12th edn. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Lenz CO, Borchardt K-D (eds) (2013) EU-Verträge – Kommentar. EUV, AEUV, GRCh, 6th edn. Bundesanzeiger Verlag, Cologne

Leupold H, Weidenbach G (2006) Neues zum Verhältnis von Art. 81 Abs. 1 und Art. 81 Abs. 3 EG-Vertrag? Zugleich ein Beitrag zum O2-Urteil des EuG. WuW:1003–1011

Lorenz M (2013) An introduction to EU competition law. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Lubitz M (2003) Der Handelsvertreter und das europäische Kartellrecht. EWS:556–559

Maasch B (1986) Die Zulässigkeit von Bietergemeinschaften. ZHR 150:657–686

Marenco G (1986) Le Traité CEE interdit-il aux Etats membres de resteindre la concurrence. CDE:285–308

Meng W (1994) Extraterritoriale Jurisdiktion im öffentlichen Wirtschaftsrecht. Springer, HeidelbergCrossRef

Mestmäcker E-J (1988) Staat und Unternehmen im europäischen Gemeinschaftsrecht. RabelsZ 52:526–586

Mestmäcker E-J (1992) Zur Anwendbarkeit der Wettbewerbsregeln auf die Mitgliedstaaten und die Europäischen Gemeinschaften. In: Baur JF, Müller-Graff P-C, Zuleeg M (eds) Europarecht, Energierecht, Wirtschaftsrecht. Festschrift für Bodo Börner zum 70. Geburtstag. Carl Heymanns, Cologne, pp 277–288

Mestmäcker E-J (1998) Entgeltregulierung, Marktbeherrschung und Wettbewerb im Mobilfunk. MMR 8:1–20, Supplement to issue

Mestmäcker E-J, Schweitzer H (2004) Europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht, 2nd edn. C.H. Beck, Munich

Müller-Graff P-C (1995) Binnenmarktauftrag und Subsidiaritätsprinzip? ZHR 159:34–77

Müller-Henneberg H, Schwartz G, Benisch W, Hootz C (eds) (1980 et seq.) Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen und Europäisches Kartellrecht – Gemeinschaftskommentar, 4th edn. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Neumann V (2002) Solidarische Wettbewerbsordnung statt Vertragsarztrecht?. NZS:561–566

Oldiges M (1973) Staatliche inspirierte Selbstbeschränkungsabkommen der Privatwirtschaft. WiR:1–16

Pauer NI (2013) Die Abgrenzung hoheitlicher und wirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten im Europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht: Eine Analyse der Entscheidungspraxis des EuGH. WuW:1080–1091

Pernice I (1992) Rechtlicher Rahmen der europäischen Unternehmenskooperation im Umweltbereich unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Art. 85 EWGV. EuZW:139–143

Pohlmann P (1999) Der Unternehmensverbund im Europäischen Kartellrecht. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin

Portwood TG (1994) Competition law & the environment. Cameron May, London

Reich N (1995) Garantien unter Gemeinschaftsrecht. EuZW:71–77

Reinhart G (1987) Vertikale Verträge im Wettbewerbsrecht der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Europa-Institut, Saarbrücken

Riesenkampff A (1988) Auswirkungen des Urteils des EuGH vom 17.11.1987 (“Philipp Morris”). WuW:465–475

Rose V, Bailey D (2013) Bellamy & child: European Union law of competition, 7th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Roth P (2001) Bellamy & child: European community law of competition. Sweet & Maxwell, London

Roth W-H (2007) Kartellrechtliche Aspekte der Gesundheitsreform nach deutschem und europäischem Recht. GRUR:645–659

Rothermel M (2003) Umweltvereinbarungen und Kartellrecht. Verlag Herbert Utz, Munich

Säcker FJ (2004) Abschied vom Bedarfsmarktkonzept. Zur Erfassung wettbewerbsrelevanter Produktmärkte mit Hilfe des Wirtschaftsplankonzepts. ZWeR:1–27

Satzky H (1988) Fusionskontrolle nach Art. 85 EWG-Vertrag. DB:379–384

Schaefer P (2012) Die Vereinbarkeit der “50+1”-Regel mit dem Europarecht. Nomos, Baden-BadenCrossRef

Scherzinger J (2012) Die Beschränkung von Mehrheitsbeteiligungen an Kapitalgesellschaften im deutschen Ligasport. Eine europarechtliche Untersuchung von Beteiligungsbeschränkungen in Sportverbandsregelwerken am Beispiel der “50+1-Regel” im deutschen Profifußball. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Schlarmann J (1971) Die kartellrechtliche Behandlung von Selbstbeschränkungsabkommen. NJW:1394–1395

Schödermeier M (1988) Auf dem Weg zur europäischen Fusionskontrolle. WuW:185–194

Schorkopf F (2009) Beweislast im Recht des freien Wahrenverkehrs. Die erneuerte Cassis-Formel als Schnittmenge von Binnenmarktrecht und GATT. EuR:645–659

Schroeder W (2006) Sportrecht und Europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht. SpuRt:1–7

Schröter H (1977) Le concept de position dominante dans lʼapplications des articles 66, paragraphe 7 du traité CECA et 86 du traité CEE. In: van Damme J (ed) La réglementation du comportement des monopoles et entreprises dominante en droit communautaire, Semaine de Bruges. Cahier de Bruges N.S. 36, pp 434–459

Schröter H (1988) Antitrust analysis under Art. 85 (1) and (3). In: Hawk B (ed) Annual proceedings of the Fordham Corporate Law Institute, North American and Common Market Antitrust and Trade Laws, 22 and 23 October 1987, New York, pp 645–692

Schröter H, Jakob T, Klotz R, Mederer W (eds) (2003) Kommentar zum Europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht. Kommentar. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Schröter H, Jakob T, Klotz R, Mederer W (eds) (2014) Kommentar zum Europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht. Kommentar, 2nd edn. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Schwarze J (2001) Der Staat als Adressat des Europäischen Werttbewerbsrechts. In: Schwarze J (ed) Europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht im Wandel. Nomos, Baden-Baden, pp 69–108

Schwintowski H-P (1994) Staatlich veranlasste Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen auf europäischen und internationalen Märkten. RabelsZ 58:232–291

Seifert K (2013) Die einheitliche und fortgesetzte Zuwiderhandlung. Komplexe Kartelle im europäischen Kartellrecht. Nomos, Baden-BadenCrossRef

Spannowsky W (1994) Grenzen des Verwaltungshandelns durch Verträge und Absprachen. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin

Steindorff E (1984) Art. 85 and the rule of reason. CMLR 21:639–646

Steindorff E (1988) Kooperativer Unternehmenszusammenschluß und Kartellverbot. Erste Bemerkungen zum Rothmans-Morris-Urteil des EuGH. ZHR 152:57–65

Terhechte JP (2004) Die ungeschriebenen Tatbestandsmerkmale des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Thiesing J (1976) Die Abgrenzung des relevanten Marktes in der Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofes zu Art. 85 und 86 EWGV. In: Festschrift für Gunther Hartmann, FIW Schriftenreihe Heft 75. Carl Heymanns, Cologne, pp 355–371

Thomas S (2005) Unternehmensverantwortlichkeit und -umstrukturierung nach EG-Kartellrecht. C.H. Beck, Munich

Ulmer P (1985) Rule of reason im Rahmen von Art. 85 EWGV. RIW:517–524

Ulmer P, Habersack M (1995) Zur Beurteilung des Handelsvertreter- und Kommissionsagenturvertriebs nach Art. 85 Abs. 1 EGV. ZHR 159:109–134

van der Esch B (1988) Der Stellenwert des unverfälschten Wettbewerbs in der Rechtsprechung des EuGH und der Verwaltungspraxis der Kommission. WuW:563–575

van der Esch B (1991) Die Artikel 5, 3 f. 85/86 und 90 EWGV als Grundlage der wettbewerbsrechtlichen Verpflichtungen der Mitgliedstaaten. ZHR 155:274–299

van Miert K (1995) Die Wettbewerbspolitik der neuen Kommission. WuW:553–560

Väth A (1987) Die Wettbewerbskonzeption des Europäischen Gerichtshofs. P.C.O, Bayreuth

von Bernuth WH (1996) Umweltschutzfördernde Unternehmenskooperationen und das Kartellverbot des Gemeinschaftsrechts. Nomos, Baden-Baden

von der Groeben H, Schwarze J, Hatje A (eds) (2015) Europäisches Unionsrecht, vol 2, 7th edn. Baden-Baden, Nomos

von Wallenberg G (1980) Die Zulässigkeit von Umweltschutzkartellen. GRUR:833–839

von Winterfeld A (1988) EG-Fusionskontrolle durch Richterrecht?. RIW:958–963

Vonnemann W (1988) Doppelkontrolle von europaweiten Unternehmenszusammenschlüssen und ihre Vermeidung. DB:2085–2089

Weiß C (2012) Der Unternehmensbegriff im europäischen und deutschen Kartellrecht. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Frage gemeinschaftsrechtlich determinierter oder national autonomer Auslegung des kartellrechtlichen Unternehmensbegriffs. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Weitbrecht A, Mühle J (2010) Europäisches Kartellrecht 2009. EuZW:327–333

Weitbrecht A, Mühle J (2011) Europäisches Kartellrecht 2010. EuZW:416–422

Weltrich O (1992) Franchising im EG-Kartellrecht. Eine kartellrechtliche Analyse nach Art. 85 EWGV. Carl Heymanns, Cologne

Werner J (2012) Der Begriff der wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeit im europäischen Kartellrecht. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der FENIN-Rechtsprechung und ihrer Auswirkungen auf den Unternehmensbegriff des GWB. Nomos, Baden-Baden

Wertenbruch J (2004) “Einseitige Maßnahmen” des Herstellers in Vertriebsnetzen als Kartellvereinbarung im Sinne des Art. 81 EG. EWS:145–151

Whish R, Bailey D (2012) Competition law. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Whish R, Sufrin B (1987) Article 85 and the rule of reason. Yearb Eur Law 7:1–38CrossRef

Wiedemann G (ed) (2008) Handbuch des Kartellrechts, 2nd edn. C.H. Beck, Munich

Wölfle I (2009) Das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen dem Unfallversicherungsmonopol der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaft und dem Gemeinschaftsrecht. ZeuS:301–342

Zäch R (1994) Wettbewerbsrecht in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Praxis von Kommission und Gerichtshof. Stämpfli Verlag/C.H.Beck, Bern/Munich

Zimmer D, Paul T (2008) Entwicklungstendenzen der europäischen und der deutschen Kartellrechtspraxis – Teil 1. JZ:611–622

Titel: Prohibition of Cartels
verfasst von: Walter Frenz
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Handbook of EU Competition Law
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-48591-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-48593-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48593-4_3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner