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2015 | Buch

Community, Market, and Government Responses to Disaster Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Resilience and Recovery in Asian Disasters

Community Ties, Market Mechanisms, and Governance

herausgegeben von: Daniel P. Aldrich, Sothea Oum, Yasuyuki Sawada

Verlag: Springer Japan

Buchreihe : Risk, Governance and Society

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book establishes a new, holistic framework for disaster recovery and mitigation, providing a multidisciplinary perspective on the field of risk management strategies and societal and communal resilience. Going beyond narrow approaches that are all too prevalent in the field, this work builds on an optimum combination of community-level networks, private market mechanisms and state-based assistance strategies. Its chapters describe best practices in the field and elucidate cutting-edge research on recovery, highlighting the interaction between government, industry and civil society. The book uses new data from a number of recent disasters across southeast and east Asia to understand the interactions among residents, the state, and catastrophe, drawing on events in Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Japan, China and Thailand. Grounded in theories of risk mitigation and empirical research, the book provides practical guidance for decision makers along with future research directions for scholars.

The Asian region is highly prone to natural disasters which devastate large and mostly poor populations. This book deals with some of the root issues underlying the continued vulnerability of these societies to catastrophic shocks. The book is unusual in that it comprehensively covers resilience and fragilities from community levels to market mechanisms and governance and it analyses these issues in very different economic and structural settings. Recommended for development and disaster risk managers—without question.

Professor Debarati Guha-Sapir

Director, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED);

Professor, University of Louvain, Research Institute Health and Society.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Community, Market, and Government Responses to Disaster
Abstract
This chapter introduces the core theoretical frameworks which motivate this edited volume, focusing on the roles of community, the market, and the government in disaster risk reduction and post-crisis recovery. It lays out trends in natural and manmade disasters over the past few decades and underscores the need to identify effective disaster mitigation and preparation strategies which augment complementarities among family and community ties, the market mechanisms, and the government interventions. Finally, this chapter summarizes the chapters which populate the book in three sections on family and community ties, production networks and market-based insurance mechanisms, and government policy and risk management. The chapter also suggests several concrete policy recommendations for government, NGO, and community decision makers.
Daniel P. Aldrich, Yasuyuki Sawada, Sothea Oum

Family and Community Ties

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. Social Capital in Post Disaster Recovery: Strong Networks and Communities Create a Resilient East Asian Community
Abstract
Standard approaches to disaster mitigation and recovery have, until recently, tended to overlook the role of social resources. This chapter investigates the mechanisms through which social capital and networks assist with disaster management, including modifying the responses of exit and voice, overcoming barriers to collective action, and providing informal insurance and mutual aid. Through examples such as the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, and the 2011 compounded disaster in Tohoku, Japan, this piece seeks to underscore a potentially efficient and cost effective response to crises.
Daniel P. Aldrich
Chapter 3. The Role of Community Social Protection in Natural Disaster Risk Management in Cambodia
Abstract
The poor and vulnerable in rural areas of Cambodia face a pattern of risks from natural disaster that poses an increasing threat to their livelihoods. One third of the past 3 years has been taken up either with flooding or with drought with the drought periods were more prolonged than the floods. The damage caused by flood and drought was comparable, although the flood of 2011 was the most extensive of the disasters. This chapter illuminates the impact of disasters and the social protection interventions on household welfare. It addresses the entitlement failure of poor and vulnerable people suffering from the impacts of flood and drought. We suggest designing community-level social protection interventions to emphasize ex-ante instruments rather than the ex post response to natural disasters through emergency assistance and relief. Cash transfers programs provide direct assistance in the form of cash to the poor. Ex-ante cash transfer programs can play a crucial role in encouraging poor households to invest in business rather than spending on food. Microfinance schemes can also help ex-ante income diversification that can bolster households against widespread natural disasters.
Sann Vathana, Sothea Oum, Ponhrith Kan, Colas Chervier
Chapter 4. Economic and Welfare Impacts of Disasters in East Asia and Policy Responses: The Case of Vietnamese Communities
Abstract
Although Vietnam has seen remarkable economic achievements over the last 25 years, the country is still one of the poorest countries in the world. Unfortunately, the country is prone to many natural hazards. Located in one of the five cyclone centers on the planet, Vietnam is hit by more than 4 storms and 3 floods per year. Though the aftermaths of natural hazards are sizable, estimating their impacts is challenging, yet crucial for policy development. This chapter conducts a scientific assessment of the impact of a natural catastrophe to help understand the multidimensional costs of disasters and to draw lessons on how the impacts of natural disasters can be properly assessed. In addition, it provides an overview of the management of natural disasters and climate change in Vietnam, to see how the policy system has been working to deal with the risk of natural disasters and climate change. Finally, it identifies possible options for Vietnam to move forward to an effective disaster risk management system which incorporates community capacity and collective action.
Le Dang Trung
Chapter 5. The Impact of the 2011 Floods, and Flood Management on Thai Households
Abstract
This chapter describes the causes of the major flooding in Thailand in 2011, and discusses the government' s quick response in drafting a flood management master plan and allocating USD 11,290 million for assistance and compensation for flood victims, restoration of damaged property, and implementation of the master plan. The weakness of the master plan is also pointed out.
After revising the World Bank's estimates of loss of agricultural output, the study develops the "difference-in-difference” method to estimate the impact of the flooding on household income and expenditure in 26 flooded provinces. It matches the addresses of flooded households taken from the 2011 Socio-economic Survey, which did not have questions regarding the impact of floods, with the flooded areas from satellite radar images. Quantile regressions are employed to quantify the differential impact of the flood on households with different income levels.
The results show that the flooding reduced total household expenditures by 5.7% to 14%. These findings are consistent with the reported negative national GDP growth of 8.9 % in the fourth quarter of 2011 when Thailand was flooded. One interesting finding is that the 2011 floods had a significantly negative impact on the income and expenditure of middle and high income households, but that its impact on poor households was not statistically significant. The study also finds that the 2011 floods had a negative impact on the money and wage incomes of some middle income households living in the flooded areas. All estimated coefficients in the business income regression are not statistically significant. Comparing farmers’ income in the 2011 Socio-economic Survey with that in 2009, the study also finds that the 2011 flooding had a large negative impact on the farm profits of some middle income households in the flooded provinces.
Finally, the study discusses some policy implications.
Nipon Poaponsakorn, Pitsom Meethom, Kamphol Pantakua

Market and Production Networks

Frontmatter
Chapter 6. Impact of Recent Crises and Disasters on Regional Production Networks and Trade in Japan
Abstract
This chapter sheds light on Japanese production networks and markets in machinery industries during crisis, focusing on the effects of the economic crisis and 3.11 disaster from the viewpoint of Japan’s exports. The chapter first decomposes changes in machinery exports into extensive and intensive margins and then examines the probability of trade declines and recoveries in order to capture the natures of international production/distribution networks under the crises (the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake). It also discusses domestic activities as well as the impacts of the 2011 Thailand floods. Moreover, considering that the 2011 earthquake was not only a natural disaster but also a technological disaster that seriously affected Japan’s agriculture and food exports, I also investigate its impact on exports. Whether demand shock or supply shock, disasters and crises revealed the stability and robustness of production networks in machinery sectors. However, their negative impacts are severe and transmitted through production networks at the beginning. I conclude with various policy implications from research on these crises.
Mitsuyo Ando
Chapter 7. Impact of Natural Disasters on Production Networks and Urbanization in New Zealand
Abstract
This chapter summarizes New Zealand’s vulnerability to various types of disaster along with highlighting its disaster management structures. It uses the series of earthquakes that affected Christchurch, New Zealand’s second largest city, between September 2010 and early 2012 a case study. I describe the significant effects of the events on the population, labor market, reported crime, urbanization and location of businesses and production of the region. The case study suggests that New Zealand’s arrangements for natural disasters worked well in most regards. The case study also highlights the advantage of international co-operation in the response to natural disasters. It also suggests that while high rates and levels of disaster insurance ameliorate the financial impact, they can complicate achieving effective recovery. The lag before insurers will accept new risks can also create delays and impede the momentum to recovery. The final section of the paper draws from New Zealand’s recent disaster experience in Christchurch to present some policy recommendations relevant to New Zealand and the East Asia region.
Brent Layton
Chapter 8. Long-Run Economic Impacts of Thai Flooding on Markets and Production Networks: Geographical Simulation Analysis
Abstract
We discuss the long-run economic impact of natural disasters on affected countries by examining the case of flooding in Thailand in 2011. If the damage caused by disasters is really serious, industries will move out from the countries in question, and this outflow leads to a negative impact on the national economies in the long run. By using IDE/ERIA-GSM modeling and utilizing short-run forecasts for the basic setting, we estimate the seriousness of the flooding in terms of the long-term economic performance. Simulation results show that negative long-run impacts of the flood will likely be moderate as many companies’ first reaction to the flood was to seek possible relocation of their production sites within Thailand.
Ikumo Isono, Satoru Kumagai
Chapter 9. Index-Based Risk Financing and Development of Natural Disaster Insurance Programs in Developing Asian Countries
Abstract
This chapter explores innovations in index-based risk transfer products (IBRTPs) as a means to address important insurance market imperfections that have precluded the emergence and sustainability of formal insurance markets in developing countries. Using a combination of disaggregated nationwide weather, remote sensing and household livelihood data commonly available in developing countries, the chapter provides empirical illustration of nationwide and scalable IBRTP contracts to analyse hedging effectiveness and welfare impacts at the micro level, and to explore cost effective risk-financing options. Our analysis uses Thai rice production to extend the methodology and implications to enhance development of national and regional disaster risk management in Asia.
Sommarat Chantarat, Krirk Pannangpetch, Nattapong Puttanapong, Preesan Rakwatin, Thanasin Tanompongphandh
Chapter 10. On the Design of Regional Insurance Markets for East Asia
Abstract
This chapter identifies the central issues in designing a possible regional insurance scheme or mechanism for East Asia with a focus on a risk sharing mechanism for catastrophe risks households in the region. I apply theoretical observations that provide a consistent explanation for the apparent anomalies concerning the demand for catastrophe insurance within the subjective expected utility framework. The key observation is that the number of observations would be inevitably insufficient to warrant a robust probability estimate for a rare event. The inherent lack of a robust probability estimate leads to diverse probability beliefs. I evaluate the various insurance schemes in terms of social welfare. In doing so, I adopt a measure that is based on the ex post social welfare concept in the sense of Hammond (Economica 48, 235–250, 1981), as the standard Pareto optimality criterion is problematic in the presence of diverse beliefs, for it ignores the regrets or pleasure ex post caused by ‘incorrect’ beliefs. Although the ex post social welfare may have an expected utility form, I only focus on the ex post utility frontier rather than specifying a particular social probability. A desirable insurance scheme is the one that eliminates any personal catastrophe state.
Hiroyuki Nakata

Government Policy and Risk Management

Frontmatter
Chapter 11. Natural Disaster and Economic Policy for ASEAN and the Pacific Rim: A Proposal for a Disaster Risk Reduction ‘Seal of Approval’ Fund
Abstract
Many of the most destructive natural disasters of the past few decades occurred in ASEAN or other Pacific Rim countries. Even without these catastrophic infrequent events, some ASEAN members are buffeted by repeated and very frequent natural disasters; and many are very vulnerable to future disasters associated with the changing climate. The chapter employs a typology of disaster impacts that distinguishes between direct and indirect damages; with the indirect costs accounted for in the aggregate by examining variables such as GDP, the fiscal accounts, consumption, investment, and the balance of trade and the balance of payments. These costs can also be further divided between the short- and long-run. These distinctions are used in the discussion that analyzes vulnerabilities in the ASEAN region. The chapter concludes by identifying needed future government policy changes, in particular the construction of better and more robust early-warning systems, and suggests that the best way to incentivize disaster risk reduction (DRR) policy is through a dedicated fund, a Global Fund for DRR, that will support this work.
Ilan Noy
Chapter 12. Impacts of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Malaysia: The Case of Floods
Abstract
Malaysia lies in a geographically stable region, relatively free from natural disasters, but is affected by flooding, landslides, haze and other man-made disasters. Disaster management in Malaysia is traditionally based almost entirely on a government-centric top-down approach. Because Malaysia’s main risk comes from flooding, national disaster mitigation institutions largely target monsoon flooding. However, this mechanism is less than effective and should be re-modeled into something more pro-active. The Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) is responsible for flood management. However, as an engineering-based organization, DID’s approach is largely focused on structural measures in controlling floods and lacks a holistic approach towards flood management. There is also a need for greater stakeholder participation, especially from NGOs at all levels in the disaster cycle. Malaysia should build capacity for NGOs, local communities and disaster victims. Disaster management mechanisms should also adopt more non-structural measures, bring in state-of-the-art technology and cooperate internationally with other countries for addressing transboundary disasters.
Ngai Weng Chan
Chapter 13. Impacts from and State Responses to Natural Disasters in the Philippines
Abstract
This study quantitatively and qualitatively analyzes the impacts of natural disasters on agriculture, food security and the natural resources and environment in the Philippines and uncovers a number of findings. Typhoons, floods and droughts have an insignificant impact on overall agricultural production at the national level, yet typhoons may have a significant negative impact on paddy rice production at the provincial level. Further, typhoons, as exemplified by Ondoy and Pepeng in 2009, have a significant negative impact on the food security of the households in the affected areas. Households have varying consumption and non-consumption strategies to cope with the impacts of typhoons. The different impacts of typhoons, floods and droughts on the natural resources and environment have not been quantitatively assessed in detail, however available evidence suggests that these are also substantial. This chapter recommends that assistance for rice farmers and the agriculture sector as a whole should be made more site-specific, zeroing in on the affected areas that actually need it. Finally, those assisting affected households and areas should consider not only consumption strategies but also non-consumption strategies, such as the provision of post-disaster emergency employment.
Danilo C. Israel, Roehlano M. Briones
Chapter 14. Impacts of Natural Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in China: The Case of China’s Experience in the Wenchuan Earthquake
Abstract
Due to complicated climatic and geographic conditions, China remains severely vulnerable to frequent, wide-scale natural disasters. We analyzed the impact of natural disasters on human security, agriculture safety and economic security over the past 30 years. The results reveal the high vulnerability of China’s economic system to natural disasters. Moreover, climate warming will further exacerbate the vulnerability of its social-economic development system to natural disasters and increase its risks. China needs to implement a comprehensive strategy of disaster reduction for sustainable development and include integrated disaster risk management in its policies. Doing so will reduce the vulnerability of China’s socio-economic development system of natural disasters.
Yi-Ming Wei, Ju-Liang Jin, Qiong Wang
Chapter 15. Impact of Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in Singapore: A Case Study of Singapore’s Experience in Fighting the SARS Epidemic
Abstract
Singapore is vulnerable to both natural and man-made disasters alongside its remarkable economic growth. One of the most significant disasters in recent history was the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003. The SARS outbreak was eventually contained through a series of risk mitigating measures introduced by the Singapore government. This would not be possible without the engagement and responsiveness of the general public. This chapter begins with a description of Singapore’s historical disaster profiles, the policy and legal framework in the all-hazard management approach. We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore’s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. This chapter concludes with a presence of the flexible command structure on both the way and the extent it was utilized.
Allen Yu-Hung Lai, Seck L. Tan

Conclusion

Frontmatter
Chapter 16. Approaches Towards Effective Disaster Risk-Coping Strategies and Regional Cooperation on Disaster Management
Abstract
This chapter returns to the core themes that have organized this book: the role of community, markets, and the government in mitigating against disaster and deepening resilience to shocks. Drawing on cutting edge research along with the investigations carried out by the authors in this volume, this chapter brings together multiple streams of theory and praxis to provide policy makers and disaster managers with concrete policy recommendations. We look at policies such as governance mechanisms, microcredit, micro- and regional insurance, and risk pooling schemes. Further, we draw out the policy implications for nations in East Asia and beyond in an era when disasters come more frequently and bring greater economic costs.
Daniel P. Aldrich, Yasuyuki Sawada, Sothea Oum
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Resilience and Recovery in Asian Disasters
herausgegeben von
Daniel P. Aldrich
Sothea Oum
Yasuyuki Sawada
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Japan
Electronic ISBN
978-4-431-55022-8
Print ISBN
978-4-431-55021-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55022-8

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