Karst Environments

Karren Formation in High Mountains

verfasst von: Márton Veress

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

The author of this book has been working in different types of karren landscapes for more than fifteen years. The book summarizes the scientific results of syst- atic observations made during field trips as well as the interpretation of the data collected in the sample localities of the high mountain karren area, and specifically in the European Alps, using modern analytical methods. This book is written for graduate students and university professors of a variety of disciplines such as Physical Geography, Karst Geomorphology, Carbonate Mineralogy, Geology, Environmental Engineering, Forestry, and Soil Science. The introductory chapter of this book underlines the importance of high mo- tain karren formation, in addition to charting the history of karren research at high altitude, and describes the major characteristics of high mountain karstification. Chapter 2 provides information regarding the research sites and methods. In Chapter 3, the general characteristics of the karren formation in different vegetation zones are discussed. In Chapter 4, the specific environment, morphology, formation and the development of the different high mountain karren forms are covered.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

In this chapter, we underline the importance of high mountain karren formation. For example, the study of the karren process allows us to understand the solution processes that are key to the development of a particular karst area. Furthermore, the karren process is a clear indicator of changing environmental conditions and can be used to establish the value of soil denudation. We also provide an overview of the history of karren research in this chapter. The major stages of this process are the following: the karren was recognized in the late nineteenth century; the terminology of the karren forms has been created in the early and the middle part of the twentieth century; the genetic systematization of the karren forms in the later twentieth century. Moreover, we discuss the main characteristics of the high mountain karstification, the associated karst forms and their belt pattern formation.

Márton Veress

Chapter 2. Research Sites and Methods

Abstarct

In this chapter we provide the characteristics of the research sites, describe the accessibility of these places, their altitude, the morphology of the surroundings and the native vegetation. We also present different measurement methods (for example mapping, profiling, the measurement of the parameters of the bearing slope and the measurement of the cracks of the bearing rock). Using the collected data we calculated the specific width of the karren forms, their frequency distribution and the different parameters of the meanderkarren. We try to find a connection function between different parameters of the channel, taking into account the length of the bearing slope and the dip angle of the bearing slope.

Márton Veress

Chapter 3. Age and Characteristics of High Mountain Karren Formation

Abstract

In this chapter we present a comprehensive study on high mountain karren forms. We also describe the general characteristics of karren formation in different vegetation zones, the density of all karren forms and their specific width in different vegetation zones as well as the previous results for the different karren form types.

Márton Veress

Chapter 4. Karren Features

Abstract

In this chapter we describe the specific environment, morphology, formation and the development of the different karren forms. We provide a comprehensive study of the following karren forms: rillenkarren, solution bevel, trittkarren, solution ripples, scallops, rinnenkarren, wandkarren, meanderkarren, grikekarren, kamenitzas, pitkarren, schichtfugenkarren, napfkarren, rainpits, karren cavities, spitzkarren, karren mounds heads of bead karren, clints, clasts, karrennasen and root karren.

Márton Veress

Chapter 5. Karren Assemblages

Abstract

In this chapter we discuss the karren assemblages of the karst of the high mountains that we discovered: grikekarren-rinnenkarren, rinnenkarren-grikekarren(s), rinnenkarren-pit, rinnenkarren-grike, wall karren-schichtfugenkarren and pit-grikekarren assemblages. We also analyze the type of denudation on the areas of the karren assemblages. Furthermore, we present the karren denudation of glacier valley slopes.

Márton Veress

Chapter 6. Local Karren Belts

Abstract

In this chapter we describe the karren belts of the slopes and the karren forms. Using the karren formation characteristics of the slopes, we present the karren formation development typical for the embryonic, young, and mature stages of karren formation.

Márton Veress

Chapter 7. Coalescing of Karren Forms

Abstract

In this chapter we present karren forms which are prone to coalescing, the resulting forms of coalescing, the phases coalescing (connected to each other, union) and the reasons behind the processes. We introduce the karren cells, discuss their characteristics and describe their development. Furthermore, we analyze the complex relationship between the levels of karren formation in high mountains.

Márton Veress

Backmatter

Titel: Karst Environments
verfasst von: Márton Veress
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN: 978-90-481-3550-9
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-3549-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3550-9