Skip to main content
Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2012 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. The Eddy Covariance Method

verfasst von : Thomas Foken, Marc Aubinet, Ray Leuning

Erschienen in: Eddy Covariance

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The eddy covariance method for measuring exchanges of heat, mass, and momentum between a flat, horizontally homogeneous surface and the overlying atmosphere was proposed by Montgomery (1948), Swinbank (1951), and Obukhov 1951). Under these conditions, net transport between the surface and atmosphere is one-dimensional and the vertical flux density can be calculated by the covariance between turbulent fluctuations of the vertical wind and the quantity of interest.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat André J-C, Bougeault P, Goutorbe J-P (1990) Regional estimates of heat and evaporation fluxes over non-homogeneous terrain, Examples from the HAPEX-MOBILHY programme. Bound Layer Meteorol 50:77–108CrossRef André J-C, Bougeault P, Goutorbe J-P (1990) Regional estimates of heat and evaporation fluxes over non-homogeneous terrain, Examples from the HAPEX-MOBILHY programme. Bound Layer Meteorol 50:77–108CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Aubinet M, Grelle A, Ibrom A, Rannik Ü, Moncrieff J, Foken T, Kowalski AS, Martin PH, Berbigier P, Bernhofer C, Clement R, Elbers J, Granier A, Grünwald T, Morgenstern K, Pilegaard K, Rebmann C, Snijders W, Valentini R, Vesala T (2000) Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Adv Ecol Res 30: 113–175CrossRef Aubinet M, Grelle A, Ibrom A, Rannik Ü, Moncrieff J, Foken T, Kowalski AS, Martin PH, Berbigier P, Bernhofer C, Clement R, Elbers J, Granier A, Grünwald T, Morgenstern K, Pilegaard K, Rebmann C, Snijders W, Valentini R, Vesala T (2000) Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Adv Ecol Res 30: 113–175CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L, Olson R, Hollinger D, Running S, Anthoni P, Bernhofer C, Davis K, Evans R, Fuentes J, Goldstein A, Katul G, Law B, Lee X, Malhi Y, Meyers T, Munger W, Oechel W, PawU KT, Pilegaard K, Schmid HP, Valentini R, Verma S, Vesala T (2001) FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 82:2415–2434CrossRef Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L, Olson R, Hollinger D, Running S, Anthoni P, Bernhofer C, Davis K, Evans R, Fuentes J, Goldstein A, Katul G, Law B, Lee X, Malhi Y, Meyers T, Munger W, Oechel W, PawU KT, Pilegaard K, Schmid HP, Valentini R, Verma S, Vesala T (2001) FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 82:2415–2434CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Barrett EW, Suomi VE (1949) Preliminary report on temperature measurement by sonic means. J Meteorol 6:273–276CrossRef Barrett EW, Suomi VE (1949) Preliminary report on temperature measurement by sonic means. J Meteorol 6:273–276CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Boussinesq J (1877) Essai sur la théorie des eaux courantes. Mem Savants Etrange 23:46 Boussinesq J (1877) Essai sur la théorie des eaux courantes. Mem Savants Etrange 23:46
Zurück zum Zitat Bovscheverov VM, Voronov VP (1960) Akustitscheskii fljuger (Acoustic rotor). Izv AN SSSR Ser Geofiz 6:882–885 Bovscheverov VM, Voronov VP (1960) Akustitscheskii fljuger (Acoustic rotor). Izv AN SSSR Ser Geofiz 6:882–885
Zurück zum Zitat Brutsaert W (1982) Evaporation into the atmosphere. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, 299 pp Brutsaert W (1982) Evaporation into the atmosphere. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, 299 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Buck AL (1973) Development of an improved Lyman-alpha hygrometer. Atmos Technol 2:213–240 Buck AL (1973) Development of an improved Lyman-alpha hygrometer. Atmos Technol 2:213–240
Zurück zum Zitat Businger JA (1982) Equations and concepts. In: Nieuwstadt FTM, Van Dop H (eds) Atmospheric turbulence and air pollution modelling: a course held in The Hague, 21–25 September 1981. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, pp 1–36 Businger JA (1982) Equations and concepts. In: Nieuwstadt FTM, Van Dop H (eds) Atmospheric turbulence and air pollution modelling: a course held in The Hague, 21–25 September 1981. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, pp 1–36
Zurück zum Zitat Businger JA, Oncley SP (1990) Flux measurement with conditional sampling. J Atmos Ocean Technol 7:349–352CrossRef Businger JA, Oncley SP (1990) Flux measurement with conditional sampling. J Atmos Ocean Technol 7:349–352CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Coppin PA, Taylor KJA (1983) A three component sonic anemometer/thermometer system for general micrometeorological research. Bound Layer Meteorol 27:27–42CrossRef Coppin PA, Taylor KJA (1983) A three component sonic anemometer/thermometer system for general micrometeorological research. Bound Layer Meteorol 27:27–42CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Desjardins RL (1977) Description and evaluation of a sensible heat flux detector. Bound Layer Meteorol 11:147–154CrossRef Desjardins RL (1977) Description and evaluation of a sensible heat flux detector. Bound Layer Meteorol 11:147–154CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Elagina LG, Lazarev AI (1984) Izmerenija tschastotnych spektrov turbulentnych pulsacij CO2 v prizemnom sloje atmosphery (Measurement of the turbulence spectra of CO2 in the atmospheric surface layer). Izv AN SSSR Fiz Atm Okeana 20:536–540 Elagina LG, Lazarev AI (1984) Izmerenija tschastotnych spektrov turbulentnych pulsacij CO2 v prizemnom sloje atmosphery (Measurement of the turbulence spectra of CO2 in the atmospheric surface layer). Izv AN SSSR Fiz Atm Okeana 20:536–540
Zurück zum Zitat Falge E, Baldocchi D, Olson R, Anthoni P, Aubinet M, Bernhofer C, Burba G, Ceulemans R, Clement R, Dolman H, Granier A, Gross P, Grunwald T, Hollinger D, Jensen NO, Katul G, Keronen P, Kowalski A, Lai CT, Law BE, Meyers T, Moncrieff H, Moors E, Munger JW, Pilegaard K, Rannik U, Rebmann C, Suyker A, Tenhunen J, Tu K, Verma S, Vesala T, Wilson K, Wofsy S (2001a) Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets. Agric For Meteorol 107:71–77CrossRef Falge E, Baldocchi D, Olson R, Anthoni P, Aubinet M, Bernhofer C, Burba G, Ceulemans R, Clement R, Dolman H, Granier A, Gross P, Grunwald T, Hollinger D, Jensen NO, Katul G, Keronen P, Kowalski A, Lai CT, Law BE, Meyers T, Moncrieff H, Moors E, Munger JW, Pilegaard K, Rannik U, Rebmann C, Suyker A, Tenhunen J, Tu K, Verma S, Vesala T, Wilson K, Wofsy S (2001a) Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets. Agric For Meteorol 107:71–77CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Falge E, Baldocchi D, Olson R, Anthoni P, Aubinet M, Bernhofer C, Burba G, Ceulemans R, Clement R, Dolman H, Granier A, Gross P, Grunwald T, Hollinger D, Jensen NO, Katul G, Keronen P, Kowalski A, Lai CT, Law BE, Meyers T, Moncrieff H, Moors E, Munger JW, Pilegaard K, Rannik U, Rebmann C, Suyker A, Tenhunen J, Tu K, Verma S, Vesala T, Wilson K, Wofsy S (2001b) Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agric For Meteorol 107:43–69CrossRef Falge E, Baldocchi D, Olson R, Anthoni P, Aubinet M, Bernhofer C, Burba G, Ceulemans R, Clement R, Dolman H, Granier A, Gross P, Grunwald T, Hollinger D, Jensen NO, Katul G, Keronen P, Kowalski A, Lai CT, Law BE, Meyers T, Moncrieff H, Moors E, Munger JW, Pilegaard K, Rannik U, Rebmann C, Suyker A, Tenhunen J, Tu K, Verma S, Vesala T, Wilson K, Wofsy S (2001b) Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agric For Meteorol 107:43–69CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Finnigan JJ, Clement R, Malhi Y, Leuning R, Cleugh HA (2003) A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques, Part I: averaging and coordinate rotation. Bound Layer Meteorol 107:1–48CrossRef Finnigan JJ, Clement R, Malhi Y, Leuning R, Cleugh HA (2003) A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques, Part I: averaging and coordinate rotation. Bound Layer Meteorol 107:1–48CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Foken T (2008) Micrometeorology. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 308 pp Foken T (2008) Micrometeorology. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 308 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Foken T, Oncley SP (1995) Results of the workshop ‘Instrumental and methodical problems of land surface flux measurements’. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 76:1191–1193 Foken T, Oncley SP (1995) Results of the workshop ‘Instrumental and methodical problems of land surface flux measurements’. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 76:1191–1193
Zurück zum Zitat Foken T, Wichura B (1996) Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agric For Meteorol 78:83–105CrossRef Foken T, Wichura B (1996) Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agric For Meteorol 78:83–105CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Garratt JR (1992) The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 316 pp Garratt JR (1992) The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 316 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Gash JHC (1986) A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements. Bound Layer Meteorol 35:409–414CrossRef Gash JHC (1986) A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements. Bound Layer Meteorol 35:409–414CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gerosa G, Cieslik S, Ballarin-Denti A (2003) Ozone dose to a wheat field determined by the micrometeorological approach. Atmos Environ 37:777–788CrossRef Gerosa G, Cieslik S, Ballarin-Denti A (2003) Ozone dose to a wheat field determined by the micrometeorological approach. Atmos Environ 37:777–788CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Güsten H, Heinrich G (1996) On-line measurements of ozone surface fluxes: Part I: methodology and instrumentation. Atmos Environ 30:897–909CrossRef Güsten H, Heinrich G (1996) On-line measurements of ozone surface fluxes: Part I: methodology and instrumentation. Atmos Environ 30:897–909CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hanafusa T, Fujitana T, Kobori Y, Mitsuta Y (1982) A new type sonic anemometer-thermometer for field operation. Pap Meteorol Geophys 33:1–19CrossRef Hanafusa T, Fujitana T, Kobori Y, Mitsuta Y (1982) A new type sonic anemometer-thermometer for field operation. Pap Meteorol Geophys 33:1–19CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hargreaves KJ, Fowler D, Pitcairn CER, Aurela M (2001) Annual methane emission from Finnish mires estimated form eddy co-variance campaign measurements. Theor Appl Climatol 70:203–213CrossRef Hargreaves KJ, Fowler D, Pitcairn CER, Aurela M (2001) Annual methane emission from Finnish mires estimated form eddy co-variance campaign measurements. Theor Appl Climatol 70:203–213CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Horst TW, Weil JC (1994) How far is far enough?: The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes. J Atmos Ocean Technol 11:1018–1025CrossRef Horst TW, Weil JC (1994) How far is far enough?: The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes. J Atmos Ocean Technol 11:1018–1025CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hyson P, Hicks BB (1975) A single-beam infrared hygrometer for evaporation measurement. J Appl Meteorol 14:301–307CrossRef Hyson P, Hicks BB (1975) A single-beam infrared hygrometer for evaporation measurement. J Appl Meteorol 14:301–307CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kaimal JC, Businger JA (1963) A continuous wave sonic anemometer-thermometer. J Clim Appl Meteorol 2:156–164CrossRef Kaimal JC, Businger JA (1963) A continuous wave sonic anemometer-thermometer. J Clim Appl Meteorol 2:156–164CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ (1994) Atmospheric boundary layer flows: their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 289 pp Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ (1994) Atmospheric boundary layer flows: their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 289 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence. Q J R Meteorol Soc 98:563–589CrossRef Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence. Q J R Meteorol Soc 98:563–589CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Karl TG, Spirig C, Rinne J, Stroud C, Prevost P, Greenberg J, Fall R, Guenther A (2002) Virtual disjunct eddy covariance measurements of organic compound fluxes from a subalpine forest using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Atmos Chem Phys 2:279–291. doi:10.5194/acp-2-279-2002, 2002b CrossRef Karl TG, Spirig C, Rinne J, Stroud C, Prevost P, Greenberg J, Fall R, Guenther A (2002) Virtual disjunct eddy covariance measurements of organic compound fluxes from a subalpine forest using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Atmos Chem Phys 2:279–291. doi:10.​5194/​acp-2-279-2002, 2002b CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kowalski AS, Serrano-Ortiz P (2007) On the relationship between the eddy covariance, the turbulent flux, and surface exchange for a trace gas such as CO2. Bound Layer Meteorol 124:129–141CrossRef Kowalski AS, Serrano-Ortiz P (2007) On the relationship between the eddy covariance, the turbulent flux, and surface exchange for a trace gas such as CO2. Bound Layer Meteorol 124:129–141CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kretschmer SI, Karpovitsch JV (1973) Maloinercionnyj ultrafioletovyj vlagometer (Sensitive ultraviolet hygrometer). Izv AN SSSR Fiz Atm Okeana 9:642–645 Kretschmer SI, Karpovitsch JV (1973) Maloinercionnyj ultrafioletovyj vlagometer (Sensitive ultraviolet hygrometer). Izv AN SSSR Fiz Atm Okeana 9:642–645
Zurück zum Zitat Kroon PS, Hensen A, Jonker HJJ, Ouwersloot HG, Vermeulen AT, Bosveld FC (2010) Uncertainties in eddy covariance flux measurements assessed from CH4 and N2O observations. Agric For Meteorol 150(6):806–816CrossRef Kroon PS, Hensen A, Jonker HJJ, Ouwersloot HG, Vermeulen AT, Bosveld FC (2010) Uncertainties in eddy covariance flux measurements assessed from CH4 and N2O observations. Agric For Meteorol 150(6):806–816CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lamaud E, Brunet Y, Labatut A, Lopez A, Fontan J, Druilhet A (1994) The Landes experiment: biosphere–atmosphere exchanges of ozone and aerosol particles, above a pine forest. J Geophys Res 99:16511–16521CrossRef Lamaud E, Brunet Y, Labatut A, Lopez A, Fontan J, Druilhet A (1994) The Landes experiment: biosphere–atmosphere exchanges of ozone and aerosol particles, above a pine forest. J Geophys Res 99:16511–16521CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Laville P, Jambert C, Cellier P, Delmas R (1999) Nitrous oxide fluxes from a fertilized maize crop using micrometeorological and chamber methods. Agric For Meteorol 96:19–38CrossRef Laville P, Jambert C, Cellier P, Delmas R (1999) Nitrous oxide fluxes from a fertilized maize crop using micrometeorological and chamber methods. Agric For Meteorol 96:19–38CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lee X (1998) On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric For Meteorol 91:39–49CrossRef Lee X (1998) On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric For Meteorol 91:39–49CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lenschow DH, Mann J, Kristensen L (1994) How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics? J Atmos Ocean Technol 11:661–673CrossRef Lenschow DH, Mann J, Kristensen L (1994) How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics? J Atmos Ocean Technol 11:661–673CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lettau HH, Davidson B (eds) (1957) Exploring the atmosphere’s first mile, vol 1. Pergamon Press, London/New York, 376 pp Lettau HH, Davidson B (eds) (1957) Exploring the atmosphere’s first mile, vol 1. Pergamon Press, London/New York, 376 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Leuning RL (2003) Measurements of trace gas fluxes in the atmosphere using eddy covariance: WPL corrections revisited. In: Lee X et al (eds) Handbook of micrometeorology. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht/Boston/London, pp 119–132 Leuning RL (2003) Measurements of trace gas fluxes in the atmosphere using eddy covariance: WPL corrections revisited. In: Lee X et al (eds) Handbook of micrometeorology. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht/Boston/London, pp 119–132
Zurück zum Zitat Leuning R (2007) The correct form of the Webb, Pearman and Leuning equation for eddy fluxes of trace gases in steady and non-steady state, horizontally homogeneous flows. Bound Layer Meteorol 123:263–267CrossRef Leuning R (2007) The correct form of the Webb, Pearman and Leuning equation for eddy fluxes of trace gases in steady and non-steady state, horizontally homogeneous flows. Bound Layer Meteorol 123:263–267CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Leuning RL, Moncrieff JB (1990) Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements using open and closed path CO2 analysers: correction for analyser water vapour sensitivity and damping of fluctuations in air sampling tubes. Bound Layer Meteorol 53:63–76CrossRef Leuning RL, Moncrieff JB (1990) Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements using open and closed path CO2 analysers: correction for analyser water vapour sensitivity and damping of fluctuations in air sampling tubes. Bound Layer Meteorol 53:63–76CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Martini L, Stark B, Hunsalz G (1973) Elektronisches Lyman-Alpha-Feuchtigkeitsmessgerät. Z Meteorol 23:313–322 Martini L, Stark B, Hunsalz G (1973) Elektronisches Lyman-Alpha-Feuchtigkeitsmessgerät. Z Meteorol 23:313–322
Zurück zum Zitat McBean GA (1972) Instrument requirements for eddy correlation measurements. J Appl Meteorol 11:1078–1084CrossRef McBean GA (1972) Instrument requirements for eddy correlation measurements. J Appl Meteorol 11:1078–1084CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McMillen RT (1988) An eddy correlation technique with extended applicability to non-simple terrain. Bound Layer Meteorol 43:231–245CrossRef McMillen RT (1988) An eddy correlation technique with extended applicability to non-simple terrain. Bound Layer Meteorol 43:231–245CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mitsuta Y (1966) Sonic anemometer-thermometer for general use. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 44:12–24 Mitsuta Y (1966) Sonic anemometer-thermometer for general use. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 44:12–24
Zurück zum Zitat Moncrieff J (2004) Surface turbulent fluxes. In: Kabat P et al (eds) Vegetation, water, humans and the climate. A new perspective on an interactive system. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 173–182 Moncrieff J (2004) Surface turbulent fluxes. In: Kabat P et al (eds) Vegetation, water, humans and the climate. A new perspective on an interactive system. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 173–182
Zurück zum Zitat Moncrieff JB, Massheder JM, DeBruin H, Elbers J, Friborg T, Heusinkveld B, Kabat P, Scott S, Søgaard H, Verhoef A (1997a) A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapor and carbon dioxide. J Hydrol 188–189:589–611CrossRef Moncrieff JB, Massheder JM, DeBruin H, Elbers J, Friborg T, Heusinkveld B, Kabat P, Scott S, Søgaard H, Verhoef A (1997a) A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapor and carbon dioxide. J Hydrol 188–189:589–611CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Moncrieff JB, Valentini R, Greco S, Seufert G, Ciccioli P (1997b) Trace gas exchange over terrestrial ecosystems: methods and perspectives in micrometeorology. J Exp Bot 48:1133–1142CrossRef Moncrieff JB, Valentini R, Greco S, Seufert G, Ciccioli P (1997b) Trace gas exchange over terrestrial ecosystems: methods and perspectives in micrometeorology. J Exp Bot 48:1133–1142CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Montgomery RB (1948) Vertical eddy flux of heat in the atmosphere. J Meteorol 5:265–274CrossRef Montgomery RB (1948) Vertical eddy flux of heat in the atmosphere. J Meteorol 5:265–274CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Bound Layer Meteorol 37:17–35CrossRef Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Bound Layer Meteorol 37:17–35CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Obukhov AM (1951) Charakteristiki mikrostruktury vetra v prizemnom sloje atmosfery (Characteristics of the micro-structure of the wind in the surface layer of the atmosphere). Izv AN SSSR ser Geofiz 3:49–68 Obukhov AM (1951) Charakteristiki mikrostruktury vetra v prizemnom sloje atmosfery (Characteristics of the micro-structure of the wind in the surface layer of the atmosphere). Izv AN SSSR ser Geofiz 3:49–68
Zurück zum Zitat Ohtaki E, Matsui T (1982) Infrared device for simultaneous measurement of fluctuations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor. Bound Layer Meteorol 24:109–119CrossRef Ohtaki E, Matsui T (1982) Infrared device for simultaneous measurement of fluctuations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor. Bound Layer Meteorol 24:109–119CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Raupach MR (1978) Infrared fluctuation hygrometer in the atmospheric surface layer. Q J R Meteorol Soc 104:309–322CrossRef Raupach MR (1978) Infrared fluctuation hygrometer in the atmospheric surface layer. Q J R Meteorol Soc 104:309–322CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schmid HP, Oke TR (1990) A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface layer over patchy terrain. Q J R Meteorol Soc 116:965–988CrossRef Schmid HP, Oke TR (1990) A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface layer over patchy terrain. Q J R Meteorol Soc 116:965–988CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, DeBruin HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluctuations. Bound Layer Meteorol 26:81–93CrossRef Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, DeBruin HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluctuations. Bound Layer Meteorol 26:81–93CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schotland RM (1955) The measurement of wind velocity by sonic waves. J Meteorol 12: 386–390CrossRef Schotland RM (1955) The measurement of wind velocity by sonic waves. J Meteorol 12: 386–390CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schuepp PH, Leclerc MY, MacPherson JI, Desjardins RL (1990) Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Bound Layer Meteorol 50:355–373CrossRef Schuepp PH, Leclerc MY, MacPherson JI, Desjardins RL (1990) Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Bound Layer Meteorol 50:355–373CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sellers PJ, Hall FG, Asrar G, Strebel DE, Murphy RE (1988) The first ISLSCP field experiment (FIFE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 69:22–27CrossRef Sellers PJ, Hall FG, Asrar G, Strebel DE, Murphy RE (1988) The first ISLSCP field experiment (FIFE). Bull Am Meteorol Soc 69:22–27CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Smith KA, Clayton H, Arah JRM, Christensen S, Ambus P, Fowler D, Hargreaves KJ, Skiba U, Harris GW, Wienhold FG, Klemedtsson L, Galle B (1994) Micrometeorological and chamber methods for measurement of nitrous oxide fluxes between soils and the atmosphere: overview and conclusions. J Geophys Res 99:16541–16548CrossRef Smith KA, Clayton H, Arah JRM, Christensen S, Ambus P, Fowler D, Hargreaves KJ, Skiba U, Harris GW, Wienhold FG, Klemedtsson L, Galle B (1994) Micrometeorological and chamber methods for measurement of nitrous oxide fluxes between soils and the atmosphere: overview and conclusions. J Geophys Res 99:16541–16548CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Spirig C, Neftel A, Ammann C, Dommen J, Grabmer W, Thielmann A, Schaub A, Beauchamp J, Wisthaler A, Hansel A (2005) Eddy covariance flux measurements of biogenic VOCs during ECHO 2003 using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Atmos Chem Phys 5:465–481CrossRef Spirig C, Neftel A, Ammann C, Dommen J, Grabmer W, Thielmann A, Schaub A, Beauchamp J, Wisthaler A, Hansel A (2005) Eddy covariance flux measurements of biogenic VOCs during ECHO 2003 using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Atmos Chem Phys 5:465–481CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stull RB (1988) An Introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 666 pp Stull RB (1988) An Introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 666 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Suomi VE (1957) Sonic anemometer – University of Wisconsin. In: Lettau HH, Davidson B (eds) Exploring the atmosphere’s first mile. Pergamon Press, London/New York, pp 256–266 Suomi VE (1957) Sonic anemometer – University of Wisconsin. In: Lettau HH, Davidson B (eds) Exploring the atmosphere’s first mile. Pergamon Press, London/New York, pp 256–266
Zurück zum Zitat Swinbank WC (1951) The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapor by eddies in the lower atmosphere. J Meteorol 8:135–145CrossRef Swinbank WC (1951) The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapor by eddies in the lower atmosphere. J Meteorol 8:135–145CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor GI (1938) The spectrum of turbulence. Proc R Soc Lond A164(919):476–490 Taylor GI (1938) The spectrum of turbulence. Proc R Soc Lond A164(919):476–490
Zurück zum Zitat Tsvang LR, Fedorov MM, Kader BA, Zubkovskii SL, Foken T, Richter SH, Zelený J (1991) Turbulent exchange over a surface with chessboard-type inhomogeneities. Bound Layer Meteorol 55:141–160CrossRef Tsvang LR, Fedorov MM, Kader BA, Zubkovskii SL, Foken T, Richter SH, Zelený J (1991) Turbulent exchange over a surface with chessboard-type inhomogeneities. Bound Layer Meteorol 55:141–160CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Vickers D, Mahrt L (1997) Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data. J Atmos Ocean Technol 14:512–526CrossRef Vickers D, Mahrt L (1997) Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data. J Atmos Ocean Technol 14:512–526CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R (1980) Correction of the flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R Meteorol Soc 106:85–100CrossRef Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R (1980) Correction of the flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R Meteorol Soc 106:85–100CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang SF, Wyngaard JC, Businger JA, Oncley SP (1986) Response characteristics of the U.W. sonic anemometer. J Atmos Ocean Technol 2:548–558 Zhang SF, Wyngaard JC, Businger JA, Oncley SP (1986) Response characteristics of the U.W. sonic anemometer. J Atmos Ocean Technol 2:548–558
Metadaten
Titel
The Eddy Covariance Method
verfasst von
Thomas Foken
Marc Aubinet
Ray Leuning
Copyright-Jahr
2012
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_1