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2003 | Buch

Overview Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance

Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology and Cognitive Science

herausgegeben von: Mihail C. Roco, William Sims Bainbridge

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

M. C. Roco and W.S. Bainbridge In the early decades of the 21st century, concentrated efforts can unify science based on the unity of nature, thereby advancing the combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new technologies based in cognitive science. With proper attention to ethical issues and societal needs, converging in human abilities, societal technologies could achieve a tremendous improvement outcomes, the nation's productivity, and the quality of life. This is a broad, cross­ cutting, emerging and timely opportunity of interest to individuals, society and humanity in the long term. The phrase "convergent technologies" refers to the synergistic combination of four major "NBIC" (nano-bio-info-cogno) provinces of science and technology, each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate: (a) nanoscience and nanotechnology; (b) biotechnology and biomedicine, including genetic engineering; (c) information technology, including advanced computing and communications; (d) cognitive science, including cognitive neuroscience. Timely and Broad Opportunity. Convergence of diverse technologies is based on material unity at the nanoscale and on technology integration from that scale.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Overview Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance

Overview Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance
Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology, and Cognitive Science (NBIC)
Abstract
We stand at the threshold of a new renaissance in science and technology, based on a comprehensive understanding of the structure and behavior of matter from the nanoscale up to the most complex system yet discovered, the human brain. Unification of science based on unity in nature and its holistic investigation will lead to technological convergence and a more efficient societal structure for reaching human goals. In the early decades of the twenty-first century, concentrated effort can bring together nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new technologies based in cognitive science. With proper attention to ethical issues and societal needs, the result can be a tremendous improvement in human abilities, new industries and products, societal outcomes, and quality of life.
M. C. Roco, W. S. Bainbridge

General Statements and Visionary Projects

A. Motivation and Outlook
Abstract
In a sense, this section of the report gives the authors their assignment, which is to identify the technological benefits of convergence that could be of greatest value to human performance and to consider how to achieve them. Five of the statements were contributed by representatives of government agencies: The Office of Science and Technology Policy, The Department of Commerce, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation. The remaining three were contributed from private sector organizations: The American Enterprise Institute, Hewlett Packard, and the Institute for Global Futures. But these eight papers are far more than mission statements because they also provide an essential outlook on the current technological situation and the tremendous potential of convergence.
J. Canton, Philip J. Kuekes, R. Stanley Williams, Newt Gingrich, Charles H. Huettner, Phillip J. Bond, S. Venneri, M. Hirschbein, M. Dastoor, John Watson, Mihail C. Roco
B. Expanding Human Cognition and Communication
Abstract
In order to chart the most profitable future directions for societal transformation and corresponding scientific research, five multidisciplinary themes focused on major goals have been identified to fulfill the overall motivating vision of convergence described in the previous pages. The first, “Expanding Human Cognition and Communication,” is devoted to technological breakthroughs that have the potential to enhance individuals’ mental and interaction abilities. Throughout the twentieth century, a number of purely psychological techniques were offered for strengthening human character and personality, but evaluation research has generally failed to confirm the alleged benefits of these methods (Druckman and Bjork 1992; 1994). Today, there is good reason to believe that a combination of methods, drawing upon varied branches of converging science and technology, would be more effective than attempts that rely upon mental training alone.
Jim Spohrer, Brian M. Pierce, Cherry A. Murray, Reginald G. Golledge, Robert E. Horn, Sherry Turkle, Gerold Yonas, Jessica Glicken Turnley, Jordan Pollack, Rudy Burger, Warren Robinett, Larry Todd Wilson, W. S. Bainbridge, J. Canton, P. Kuekes, J. Loomis, P. Penz
C. Improving Human Health and Physical Capabilities
Abstract
The second NBIC theme is concerned with means to strengthen the physical or biological capabilities of individuals. The panel’s work dovetailed with that of the first panel in the area of human cognition, especially the exciting and challenging field of brain performance. The brain,after all, is an organ of the human body and is the physical basis for that dynamic system of memory and cognition we call the mind. An extremely complex brain is the feature of human biology that distinguishes us from other animals, but all the other tissues and organs of the body are also essential to our existence and overall performance, and they thus deserve close scientific and technological attention.
L. Parsons, J. Watson, Patricia Connolly, Michael J. Heller, Jeffrey Bonadio, Peter C. Johnson, Jack M. Loomis, Britton Chance, Kyung A. Kang, Edgar Garcia-Rill, Gregor Wolbring, Rodolfo R. Llinás, Valeri A. Makarov, Miguel A. L. Nicolelis, Mandayam A. Srinivasan, Abraham Phillip Lee, Larry Cauller, Andy Penz, Alan T. Pope, Olafur S. Poisson, U. Calgary, R. Golledge
D. Enhancing Group and Societal Outcomes
Abstract
The third multidisciplinary theme is concerned with NBIC innovations whose benefits would chiefly be beyond the individual level, for groups, the economy, culture, or society as a whole. It naturally builds on the human cognition and physical capabilities themes and provides a background for the national security and scientific unification panels. In particular, it is focused on a nexus issue that relates logically to most technological applications discussed in this report and that connects all four NBIC scientific and technological realms — that is, how to enhance group human productivity, communication, and cooperation.
James S. Albus, William Sims Bainbridge, Kathleen M. Carley, R. Price, Gary W. Strong, Philip Rubin, William A. Wallace, Jill Banfield, Murray Hirschbein, Tina Masciangioli, Tom Miller, Cherry Murray, R. L. Norwood, John Sargent, S. Venneri, M. Dastoor, M. C. Roco
E. National Security
Abstract
The fourth NBIC theme examines the ways in which the United States and modern civilization can meet the intelligence and defense challenges of the new century. In a world where the very nature of warfare is changing rapidly, national defense requires innovative technology that (a) projects power so convincingly that threats to the United States are deterred, (b) eliminates or minimizes the danger to U.S. warfighters from foe or friendly fire, and (c) reduces training costs by more than an order-of-magnitude through augmented reality and virtual reality teaching aids.
W. Tolles, G. Yonas, Delores M. Etter, Michael Goldblatt, Tony Fainberg, James Murday, Robert Asher, Clifford Lau
F. Unifying Science and Education
Abstract
The fifth and final NBIC theme explores the transformations of science and scientific education that will enable and be enhanced by technological convergence. The panel especially focused on the ways that education can transform science and unifying science (based on the unity of nature and using cause-and-effect explanation) can transform education, for the vast improvement of both. As a number of reports from the National Research Council (NRC 1996–2000) and comparable organizations attest, the future of society depends on continued scientific progress, which in turn depends upon science education. Converging scientific principles and technologies will raise the importance of this issue to a higher level.
Daniel L. Akins, Yaneer Bar-Yam, James G. Batterson, Avis H. Cohen, Michael E. Gorman, M. Heller, Judith Klein-Seetharaman, Alan T. Pope, M. C. Roco, Raj Reddy, W. M. Tolles, R. S. Williams, D. Zolandz
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance
herausgegeben von
Mihail C. Roco
William Sims Bainbridge
Copyright-Jahr
2003
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-017-0359-8
Print ISBN
978-90-481-6279-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0359-8