Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering

A head-related transfer function (HRTF) measurement was conducted to explore the 3-D audio displays with 58 male pilot participants in free field of acoustics in hemi-anechoic room. 50 items of head-related anthropometric parameters were measure by 3D probe. 13 elevations (φ) from −40° to +80° and 723 azimuths (θ) were selected to position 3-D sound in test, and head-related impulse responses (HRIR) were collected by omnidirectional microphones inserted bi-ears of pilots. The first HRTF database of Chinese male pilots was built with more than 6.86 hundred millions digital data. It suggested that some asymmetries were found in HRIR and anthropometry of right–left ears by analysis.

The Q–Q test (Qualitative and Quantitative test) was set up in the context of pilot evaluation of ergonomics in an iterative process of aircraft cockpit design to facilitate and optimize human-centred design with quantitative data of pilot use in simulated flight. First, a subjective rating scale was built on degrees of acceptability and satisfaction referring to Cooper–Harper Scale. Second, the quantitative measurements of user performances were simultaneously introduced, and the difference between the optimal design and the tested design on the basis of user performances and parameters of designs would support iterative design or redesign. Third, the consensus of pilot sample or subgroups was integrated by the Delphi technique to determine which problems should be solved on time after communication with stakeholders. One example was also discussed.

Three algorithms to detect driver’s lane-changing maneuvers are put forward there. Feature sets in different dimensions, several time windows and classifiers based on different theories are analyzed. Simulation result shows that the parameters including land departure amount, vehicle acceleration, steering angle, steering angle velocity, and steering torque can validly reflect the vehicle running status. The Random Forest (RF) Classifier based on decision-making tree theory presents the best detection result, where the lane-changing detection result reaches 94.92 % and the lane-changing maneuver can be detected 0.04 s after the onset of steering and 2.37 s before the vehicle totally crosses the desired lane line.

This paper takes the evaluation of comprehensive quality of community workers as the research purpose, the research methods are gathering data and establishing mathematical model and so on. First of all, it analyses the definition and current situation of community workers; second, it explains the necessity and importance of the comprehensive quality evaluation of the community workers; finally, we establish the comprehensive quality evaluation model of community workers based on BP neural network which takes an evaluating index system including five Level-1 index and thirteen Level-2 index as the base to get a comprehensive quality evaluation model based on BP neural network. We have proved that this model is functional by data results, and it shows that the model’s calculation results are consistent with experts’. This model owns advantages like self-learning ability and high intelligent. Model research can provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of community workers when it comes to evaluation and selection.

Astronauts often experience disorientation when navigating inside the multi-module space station due to the lack of gravity and the complex structure. Their sense of direction is an important indicator of the navigation performance. This research aims to identify the spatial abilities that are vital for keeping good orientation judgments during the navigation process. Sixteen male participants were recruited for the experiment. Their spatial abilities in 2D&3D perspective-taking and mental rotation, and the navigation performance in a simulated multi-module space station developed by virtual reality technique were tested respectively. Participants’ performance in the spatial ability tests was found to be significantly correlated with their navigation performance, which indicated that good spatial ability was crucial in achieving good navigation performance. This finding can be applied in the astronaut selection and custom training in the future.

The aim of the paper is to research the psychological health condition of college students who are involved in psychological health course fore-and-aft, and to provide a scientific basis for psychological education of college students. Method: the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) (Zhang in Psychiatry checklist. Hunan science & technology Press, Changsha, pp 17–20, 2003 [1]) will be adopted to make questionnaire survey for Grade 2011 students in one vocational and technical college, and compare the differences of psychological health condition of students who are involved in psychological health course fore-and-aft, and make comparison with national youth group. Conclusion: the psychological health condition of Grade 2011 students has been improved obviously from enrolment to finishing psychological health course when they graduated, and are superior to national youth group. Therefore, the college students’ psychological health education should be enhanced.

Objective This study aimed to explore the relationships between body force feeling and biomechanics signal during different loads during walking simulation by analysis of their change characteristics, and establish an evaluation model of body force feeling. Methods Six healthy young men were selected to carry three packs under four kinds of load (25, 29, 34, and 37 kg) of 110 min simulated walking test (speed of 5 km/h) by synchronous acquisition of four kinds of load level (25, 29, 34, and 37 kg) of simulated walking test (speed of 5 km/h). Results Mixed effects regression model is adopted to establish the systemic stress evaluation model, and this model can relatively accurately predict body force feeling in the process of walking.

This paper aims to explore the ways to train the core competence of the command type graduates. Research is done on three levels: the explanation of concepts, the research on quality models, and the exploration of training methods. From the research, we think that the core competence is the capability of commanding in battlefields, the elements of which include ideological morality quality, physical and mental quality, technological and cultural quality, fundamental military quality, command quality in combat, quality of battlefield management, and that of political work. The paper brings up corresponding conclusions regarding the core competence training policies, and provides helpful references for the training of military master students.

With the continuous advancement of actual combat training the intensity and difficulty of troops training is increasingly expanding, unsafe factors are gradually complicated, safety risks are frequently on the rise, and however, unsafe behavior for officers and men is the key factors which decide troops training safety. On the basis of analysis of causes of military behavioral errors which include the following factors such as military qualities, equipment and technology, training environments and organizational management the article takes three control models: control in advance, field control, and afterwards control based on REASON model of concept, and provides methods and models of management and control of military behavioral errors in troops training from the following 4 aspects: plan and training, check and guidance, reason and measures, evaluation and summary.

Telegraph communication plays an irreplaceable role in the field of military communication, and its quality is mainly determined by the telegrapher’s skill level. Due to the reason that the generation of telegraph skills depends largely on the individual’s physical and psychological qualities, selecting suitable individuals for telegraph training is the key to promoting the skill generation and improving the training efficiency. In order to solve the problems existing in telegrapher selection, such as lack of theoretical basis, great randomness, and so on, the article first analyzes the telegrapher characteristics according to the features and requirements of telegraph technology. By means of questionnaire, expert discussion, multi-level multi-target system fuzzy optimal method, etc., the article establishes the telegrapher selection appraisal system, which offers scientific and standardized guidance for the practice of telegrapher selection.

The experimental data and their variation law of shoulder-mounted portable equipment operator’s foot spacing in standing position are of great significance to determine reasonable foot spacing and effective activity duration so as to ensure scientific shoulder-mounted portable equipment standing-position operation. Footing space data in stationary operation obtained at regular intervals are quantitatively studied by means of force analysis and data value comparison. Compare the foot spacing data at different points in time and analyze their internal relations to explore effective training duration and reasonable foot spacing of shoulder-mounted portable equipment operators. In conclusion, the effective activity duration and the computing formula for shoulder-mounted portable equipment operator’s foot spacing in standing position are put forward, aimed to serve as forceful support for scientific operation and training.

To attune to the informationalized teaching, a cadet-centered and process-oriented Rubric assessment method is proposed. Starting with the issue of the assessment of cadet’s learning in informationalized teaching, this paper analyzes the differences between informationalized teaching assessment and traditional teaching assessment, explains the definition, function of Rubric as well as its significance in informationalized teaching, describes the designing method of Rubric, carries out a case study with research-based learning rubric as an example, and briefly states a few key points for the applications of Rubric in teaching assessment so as to provide a practical guidance for full-scale applications of Rubric in informationalized teaching assessment.

Objective To develop a model of job burnout and stress related personality factors among aviators using SEM. Method Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and 3 personality questionnaires were conducted in 167 pilots. Results Structural equation model (SEM) shows negative impact of extraversion, internal control, and hardiness on job burnout (−0.16, −0.11, −0.24), positive impact of psychoticism, neuroticism, and external control on job burnout (0.40, 0.73, 0.13). The fitness indices indicate that the structural model is proper (RMSEA = 0.060 < 0.08). Conclusion The findings suggest that MBI-GS is acceptable in research on pilots’ job burnout. Emotion stability is the predictor of job burnout. According to ASLOC, pilots that feeling low level of control on safety maybe susceptible to job burnout, which accords with the fact that aviation is high risky.

Low back pain (LBP) continues to be the most common type of work-related musculoskeletal disorder. Since 1974, there have been 637 publications about low back pain in the ergonomic field. This study evaluates the research trends of low back pain in the ergonomic field between 1974 and 2015. Data was based on the citation indexing service, Web of Science. The analyzed parameters include authors, countries, organizations, journals, publication years, and terms. Of the 637 publications, 29 % were published in the United States (US), followed by 17 % from Canada, and 9 % from the Netherlands. Correspondingly, the University of Waterloo, Ohio State University, and the University of Amsterdam were the most productive research organizations. The results also showed that low back pain research in the ergonomics field consistently increased over the past four decades. Through term analysis, four clusters were obtained on the term map: Epidemiological Research of LBP, Biomechanics Analysis of Lifting Tasks, Association of Whole Body Vibration (WBV), and LBP at School. Most current research trends are Epidemiologic Research on LBP and Association of WBV and LBP.

Team situation awareness (TSA) is a newly emerging and important research direction in safety assessment of marine engine room system. It is increasingly recognized that a higher level of TSA will lead to better performance of teamwork as well as a safer and more efficient system in engine room. This study proposed both an innovative qualitative description model and a new framework of quantitative modeling of TSA from a teamwork perspective. Specifically, we identified the constituent elements of team mission and information sources of TSA, analyzed its consistency and influencing factors, and established a mathematical relationship between the influencing factors and consistency. Our study offered insight into the safety assessment of the engine room, the design of human–computer interface and the reduction of human error.

Objective To study the status of job self-regulation of airline pilot and analyze its associated factors. Method 253 airline pilots of CAAC were investigated and the influence of different variables on job self-regulation was explored. Result Interest on job of married pilots is significantly higher than unmarried pilots; environment control of captain and copilot is significantly higher than first officer; interest on job of pilots who worked 1–10 years is significantly lower than other pilots; the score of rule of pilots who worked 11–20 years is significantly higher than other pilots; the score of total questionnaire of pilots who worked above 21 years is significantly lower than other pilots. Conclusion Marital status, position, and working years have significant effects on job self-regulation of pilots and we should manage them.

In order to investigate the factors that affect a certain type of special vehicle crewman’s basic cognitive ability, this paper starts from the basic connotation of basic cognitive ability, to determine the test content that affects the cognitive ability including depth perception, spatial perception, sound/light simple reaction time, attention span, attention focus ability, etc. About 107 subjects participate in the static environment test, the variance analysis method is used to deal with test results. The analysis result shows that: the crewman’s basic cognitive ability is greatly influenced by individual operating mode and external environmental factors, while different ages, educational background, and region have no obvious effect on the basic cognitive ability in the crewman. These conclusions have a certain reference value for the design of this special vehicle.

In the special vehicle research, the crew workload quantitative assessment may be a human-vehicle system function rationally allocated, the occupants optimal design tasks provide important reference. In this paper, base on special vehicles semi-physical simulation simulator test environment, explores the impact of breakthrough deep attack workloads quantitative assessment method of two typical mission profiles. The study innovative uses of cognitive attention measuring device measured the crew workload, to decompose mission profile, cognitive channel subjective evaluation questionnaires, and task performance and subjective evaluation of the results of the analysis. The research methods and conclusions made by the crew used workloads the quantitative evaluation system provide an important reference.

To study the effect of semantic task on visual selective attention is helpful to establish a more effective visual salient area calculation model. This study selected 24 pieces of natural images from the image library, the eye movement data of subjects were recorded by eye tracker. This paper study on selective attention of natural vision while people watching photography with semantic task analyzes the features of eye gaze. The result of experiment indicates that semantic task can affect selective attention. On semantic task conditions, attention of object is likely onto the area with semantic meaning. Semantic task can also counteract the preponderance of feature salience. The type of photography can affect the first fixation velocity of AOI. The process time of semantic information change depends on the task type.

Three-dimensional (3D) spatial ability is a critical cognitive ability of humans. The existing tests for 3D spatial ability are mainly paper-and-pencil tests. In the present paper, we developed computerized tests to evaluate human spatial ability. We chose 3D mental rotation test and 3D perspective taking test as the typical types of 3D spatial ability. And the computerized tests for the spatial abilities were developed in two versions, the desktop-based spatial tests and the web-based spatial tests. 30 subjects took the desktop-based spatial tests (the 3D mental rotation test and 3D perspective taking test) twice, another subjects took the web-based spatial tests (the 3D mental rotation test and 3D perspective taking test) twice. Their spatial abilities were evaluated through the index of “mean reaction time/accuracy.” Correlation analysis shows that the test–retest reliability of the computerized tests are all quite high, while the web-based spatial tests demonstrated higher reliability than the desktop-based spatial tests. Those data indicate that the computerized 3D mental rotation test and 3D perspective taking test can be well applied to the evaluation of Human’s 3D spatial ability.

The unequal-sized intervals have important influence on the prediction of the fuzzy time series. With the development of intelligent optimization algorithm increasingly, the theory of K-means based on particle swarm algorithm is put forward to determine the length of interval, making full use the strong local searching ability of K-means and the good global searching ability of particle swarm optimization, overcoming the disadvantage that the result relies on the initial value of K-means too much, and getting the optimal length of interval. Finally, the 22 years of enrollment of Alabama is used to verify the feasibility of the model by comparing and analyzing the mean square error of K-means model and the KPSO method.

Habitability questionnaire was designed according to ship circumstance. 200 sailors who worked in two same type ships were chosen as investigation subject. The results showed that sailors subjectively regarded air quality, noise, and space as the key factors that could affect ship habitability. They thought odor, floating dust, noise, space of work area and habitation cabin odor, habitation cabin space, dishware cleanness, lavatorial odor, shower, communication of living quarters were unsatisfactory. The sailors’ demand for illuminance improved markedly when they worked on sea for several years. While the demands for habitation cabin noise, personnel density and floating dust fluctuated as working time extended.

To screen control points of stereo images is the key technology of stereo image localization and navigation. Due to the complexity of the background of road stereo images, the reliability and uniformity of feature points got by SIFT algorithm is too poor to be directly used for the next step of mobile measurement, localization, and navigation. A control points screening method based on random sample consensus (RANSAC) and uniformity theory is proposed, the uniformity is introduced into the evaluation criterion of RANSAC algorithm, which makes the distribution of the control points more uniform. Experimental results show that stable, accurate, and uniformly distributed control points of the road stereo image can be obtained by the method.

To solve the defects of ECG detecting with wet electrode in manned spaceflight, including skin allergy, complex operation, and conductive gel drying up, uncomfortableness and other issues, a noncontact ECG detection system with the capacitively coupled electrode was proposed in this paper. With this detection system, the ECG acquisition experiments in spaceflight medical monitoring state were carried out. And the comparison experiments of the waveform morphology similarity between this detection system and wet electrode detection system were carried out. The results show that this system can realize the clear detection of the P wave, QRS wave, and T wave of the space lead, compared with the ECG signal from wet electrode, the waveform morphology similarity is >95 %, which meet the quality requirements of ECG waveform of the space doctors.

The rapid development of science and technology makes the mouse become the most commonly used product life and work, but also the most frequent computer equipment, so users gradually the use of mouse proposed more requirements, including comfortable operation, flexible moving and accurate positioning, operation comfort discomfort the most attention. The fatigue caused by long time and high frequency use of mouse is known as the mouse hand. The disease has exerted adverse effect on people’s life and work. In the paper, based on the experimental data of fatigue of using mouse, in-depth analysis was conducted on the bone and meridian of the arm using traditional mouse as well as the wrist force. On the basis of the man–machine factors, the traditional mouse was improved in the design. Besides, the optimization scheme that could reflect mouse comfort and effectively avoid mouse hand was put forward.

The manned lunar rover as an important transport and loading equipment tool, the maintainability design of it has a direct impact in the mission success and safety of the astronaut in the lunar exploration activities, and the maintenance human factors design is directly related to astronaut maintenance safety activities and important for scientific exploration mission completed. This paper from the lunar surface environment, astronaut’s psychological and physiological factors, maintenance activities and resources constraints, three aspects of the maintenance human factors design elements about manned lunar rover are analyzed. In response to these factors clearly make the appropriate maintenance human factors design from the security service, modular, error protection, fault detection, and other aspects. Through the simulation results provide a strong technical support for the maintenance of manned lunar rover designed to carry out.

In order to meet the requirements of the thermal design on the satellite package and solve the general CFD simulation problem because of the model differences, a general grid auto-generation program is developed based on ICEM in this paper. The program includes geometric model auto-drawing, auto-mixed meshing with structured grid primarily and boundary auto-definition. It greatly improve the efficiency of simulation optimization. Because it could complete grid auto-generation for any shape and size package, any shape and size satellite, any location of it, any size inlet and outlet for air conditioning, any location of it, any amount of grid and any Y Plus requirement. It completes User-defined data modification with XML text formatting and controls the scripts with C programming language. And the effectiveness of the rapid simulation method is verified by comparing with manually structure grid generation.

With the development of self-driving vehicles, the future road traffic system will be dramatically changed, and so will be the characteristics of road traffic accidents. It is necessary to keep abreast of the dynamic development of the vehicle models to grasp the trend of the accident forms. Based on Human–Machine–Environment System Engineering theory, after study and analysis of the development trend of self-driving vehicles, considering the changes in all kinds of factors, such as human, vehicle, and road, this article supposes the new forms of road accidents that may occur in future. Due to the uneven development, there might be vehicles of different intelligence levels co-existing and influencing each other, which, together with the complexity of existing human, vehicle, and road factors, may cause even more complex traffic accident forms. New traffic phenomena in future, such as the coexistence of various self-driving vehicles and human-driving vehicles, switching between human-driving and self-driving, information security of intelligent transportation systems, and environmental interference and adverse weather factors, may cause accidents. Among them, the human factor is still important and should not be overlooked. The collision avoidance of self-driving vehicles should focus on the vulnerable road users. The study analyzes and forecasts the possible complexity of the future accidents, and suggests that in future the characteristics of accidents form change should be revealed in depth, so as to work out plans for preventing and handling the related accidents.

Cement production is one major anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission source. In China, domestic demand saturated situation caused the rapid increase of the cement exports. Western developed countries, in order to prevent leakage of carbon, will apply carbon tariffs to carbon intensive imports from developing countries such as China. Under the pressure of reducing carbon emissions, it is of important significance to study CO₂ emissions in cement production process. We adopt the plant level micro data in 2500 t and 5000 t new suspension preheater dry-process (NSP) cement production line, and through data analysis, calculated CO₂ emissions in each stage of cement production process, conducted environmental appraisal, measured the amount of carbon emissions in domestic cement production and implied carbon emissions in cement for export. As a result, we found a big deviation between CO₂ emissions factors based on the direct data and in the previous literatures, and believe that the CO₂ emission factor in Chinese cement production may be overstated in previous studies.

Purpose The importance of acoustic detection technology used in reconnaissance warning equipments of future air defense operation is described through analysis. Method The characteristics of acoustic detection technology and acoustic detection equipments are described. The future trend of development of acoustic detection technology is also discussed. Result Acoustic detection technology has broad research spaces and prospects in the research and development of space weapons. It plays a very important role when used in reconnaissance warning equipments. Conclusion Study on acoustic detection technology and equipments is urgently needed to be strengthened. It is one of the effective ways to enhance early warning capability in future air defense operation.

It is fairly challenging for the CPLA forces to minimize the gap between military training and real combat. Building of training field of complex electromagnetic environment is the precondition to polish the competency of combat command of commanding officers of various levels and that of real combat of units of various levels under complex electromagnetic conditions. In the article, building complex electromagnetic environment scientifically to attune to the needs of real combat, building training field combining real-plus-virtual training environment to attune to the needs of military training, building the comprehensive military drill platform for units by strengthening four attributes of training field are discussed. It is of some guiding significance for units to build training field of complex electromagnetic environment.

At present, landfill is the main way of sludge disposal in China. For the solidified sludge contains a lot of organic matter, the biochemical reaction will happen in the landfill, and the micro-structure of solidified sludge will has a great change. In order to reveal the law of biochemical degradation and the microscopic mechanism of solidified sludge, this paper designs organic matter biodegradation test under conditions of aerobic, anaerobic condition and leachate adding. Through 3D fractal dimension, it presents an obvious staggered characteristic of biodegradation of solidified sludge. It comes to the results that the biodegradation of solidified sludge is fastest and most thorough under leachate condition.

Objective to study the physical parameters change rule of human body wearing permeable chemical protective clothing on full protective state in high temperature and high humidity environment, so as to provide theory basis for the thermal safety assessment of permeable chemical protective clothing research. Methods in high temperature and high humidity simulated environment, the subjects wearing permeable chemical protective clothing on full protective state walking on treadmill, physiological parameters of subjects was measured in real time. Results Through statistical analysis of the experiment test results of human body test, the rules between various physical parameters were founded, and then physiological parameter model was established by linear fitting of the experimental data.

This paper illustrates the visualization method of transient sound propagation in 3-dimensional semi-closed sound field in which a rectangular shape of room is modeled by applying the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. As a direct time-domain simulation the technique of FDTD owns unique advantage in solving acoustic problems in closed and semi-closed rooms. To ensure the accuracy of the FDTD, some attention is paid in this paper on the key problems such as: numerical stability, numerical error, boundary condition, and the excitation signal. This paper uses slicing to visualize the 3-dimensional semi-closed sound field, and that validity is proved by the visualization of a 2-dimensional semi-closed sound field.

Take a certain engineering vehicle as an example, use the application of the finite element analysis method, establish the finite element of the vehicle and passenger compartment cavity model, comparative stiffness calculation results, and test results verify the accuracy of the model. Focuses on the application of modal analysis method and acoustic mode, establish the acoustic-structural coupled finite element model, calculating modal participation factors, and the plate body structure contribution, structure analysis of sensitivity, noise source identification of main vehicle. The main noise source to take corresponding improvement measures, can effectively restrain the noise, to verify the correctness of the analysis method.

In the manned spaceflight, since the gravitational “down” cues provided by gravity are absent and visual cues to orientation are often ambiguous, the altered gravity environments affect astronaut’s sense of self-orientation and can lead to spatial disorientation and space motion sickness, affect the operational performance of astronauts, eventually threat astronaut’s life and result in mission failure. Several types of representation of disorientation based on different situations are described, the influencing factors of disorientation according to human physiology and cognition are discussed, the research methods and progresses currently are summarized, and several possible countermeasures, such as pharmaceuticals, virtual reality, galvanic vestibular stimulation and artificial gravity, are analyzed.

Purpose Disinfectant is widely used in the International Space Station to help control the microbe level in the cabin environment. However, the long-term use of disinfectant with a single formula can generate microbial drug resistance and reduce the germicidal efficacy. Here, we try to find a method for the usage of disinfectant in China’s future space station to prevent the resistance induction. Method We conducted the resistance induction experiment, using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as determinant to study the drug resistance of Candida albicans induced by compound disinfectants as well as disinfectants with a single formula. Conclusion Both the alternate use of disinfectants with different germicidal components and the use of compound disinfectant can effectively prevent or alleviate the induction of microbial drug resistance.

The ergonomic study on the viewing screen layout of In-Vehicle information terminal is essential to improving the reliability of armored vehicle’s man–machine systems. Based on the ergonomic experiment platform of armored information system, a series of experiment was conducted in which 32 subjects performed the information entering task in three kinds of viewing screen layout of In-Vehicle information terminal. The mental workloads of each experiment condition were evaluated and compared. Results indicated that the layout view screen had a significant impact on crew’s mental workload. The research results can provide a reference for In-Vehicle information terminal design and display.

There is not a thorough integrated index system and evaluation criterion for evaluating the interface ergonomics of equipment display; thus, we put forward an evaluation method based on eye movement evaluation method. Human-machine interaction is mainly realized by means of command interface, graphic interface and multimedia interface, etc. Presently, it is developing toward virtual reality and multiple channel user interface. The authors address the usability evaluation of human–machine interactive interface. First, they define the concept of the usability of human–machine interactive interface. Then, they elaborate how to construct and analyze the usability evaluation index and elaborate the expert evaluation method and usability test theoretical technique. Finally, they analyze the hotspot of research and tread of development of usability evaluation.

Purpose The purpose of the study was to improve and optimize the current human–machine work way for some equipment, optimize the basic path of the operation specialty, and enhance the unit’s actual operation capability of the equipment. Method Employ the method of optimizing operation time and other relative optimization tools; analyze and explore the current work way for some equipment; find the operation steps which are not safe, efficient, and economic in the human–machine work; and suggest an optimization scenario for improvement. Result Find out all sorts of problems existed in the current work that are not reasonable, parallel, and have a rather long waiting time, and analyze the specific reasons for these problems. Conclusion After experimental analysis and repeated operation experiments, the authors suggest an optimization scenario to increase effectively the human–machine work efficiency for this equipment. After being tested and compared with experiments, the suggested scenario is proved to be active and effective.

For the faulty of current human–machine interface (HMI) ergonomic evaluation of weapon systems, the model of ergonomics assessment was established based on the spatial characteristics of human visual. In the model, the adaptability between human–machine interface design and visual features was evaluated from four aspects: The vertical vision, the level vision, visual angle and visual field, respectively. The probability of the effective operation of the operator was also observed. Experimental result showed that the model directly reflected the existing problems in human–machine interface ergonomics design, which could supply references for optimizing of human–machine interface design of weapon systems.

The motion capture (Mocap) technology originates from animation making for multimedia films. In the man–machine operation research, it also needs a new method to measure parameter of the body accuracy. How using this technique the research. By consulting interrelated documentation, with ideas gained from concrete practice, the paper introduced the origin, type and some application of the Mocap first. And then, the paper analyzed the Mocap technical features, foreground and advantage of the Mocap technique applied in man–machine operation. The result is that Mocap technique can be a new method to be used in man–machine operation, and contrasted to the method ever, it may be better. But, it also needs some knowledge of other subjects for better usage.

As the energy supply for vehicle is becoming increasingly serious, electric vehicle (EV) has become a hot topic in both the auto industry and the public. During use, the current driving mileage and the battery level are the most common concerns of drivers. In recent years, the content and information which the EV’s dashboard displays has greatly changed compared with traditional fuel vehicles. To promote the development of the human interface (HI) technology in China, this paper investigates the human interface of EV and comprehends the information contents and display characteristics different from traditional fuel vehicles. Meanwhile, through questionnaire, a survey on drivers’ actual information demands and range anxiety is carried out. The results reveal and discuss the distinct display factors and presentation pattern of HI in EV, as well as the important information for drivers, to provide insight for the optimized layout, design, and related evaluation of HI in EV.

Objective To study the display effect of one-color and multi-color with head-up display (HUD) in aircraft cockpit and recommend the best color scheme. Methods Fifty-four fighter pilots participated in the experiment. In virtue of level maneuver task of dynamic simulated flight test procedure, the pilots’ performance and their appraisal to the color configurations in daytime and nighttime background were explored. Results According to the results of simulated flight, the results of green plus magenta format were the best. By view of the subjective appraisal, the rating score of green plus magenta was superior to the other color configurations. Conclusions The display effect of HUD information with primary green and magenta as important parameters is the best of all color configurations. This color configuration is recommended in HUD information color coding.

Objective The firefighters clothing is the basic equipment for firefighter. Most of the firefighters clothing performance test methods are focused on textile materials. To pay more attention to overall thermal protective performance, flame-manikin method is described. Methods Three material samples are tested by TPP method, and three kinds of firefighters clothing are tested by flame-manikin system. The firefighters clothing is made by the material sample, respectively. Results The TPP test results show that the protective performance of Sample C is best and the results of three samples are similar. However, the flame-manikin tests show that the burn injury of Clothing A is less than that of Clothing C and a significant difference is found between the other two conditions. Conclusions The TPP test is only a material test, which cannot mimic style, structure and degree of ease. The style of clothing has very important influence on the flame-resistant protective performance of clothing.

To accurately hold the rules and characteristics of extremely cold environment, to study the connection between wind-chill factor and human perception in cold region experiment environment, and to provide guidance to operators in cold region, improving their acclimatization and performance; by applying the basic theory and analytical method of Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering, with work experience summery, consulting to documentation, questionnaire, and field experiment, we discussed the connection between wind-chill factor and human perception in cold region experiment environment. There is connection between wind-chill factor and human perception in extremely cold areas experiment environment. With the increase of wind-chill index, human perceives the environment to be colder and his capacity of action decreases, resulting in decline in his operating efficiency. The research on connection between wind-chill factor and human perception in extremely cold areas experiment environment is an attempt of constructive nature to explore the combination of the theory and practice of Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering, and its results will provide theoretical guidance for machine operating in extremely cold environment and practical significance in improving human acclimatization and performance in extremely cold environment.

The research on human factor in operating performance in northeast cold region is instructive in improving operator’s acclimatization and performance in northeast cold region. Applying the basic theory and analytical method of Man–Machine–Environment System Engineering and methods from work experience summery, the research on human factor in operating performance in northeast cold region is a constructive exploration to combine theory and practice together. According to work experience, to propose such solutions on human factor as cold weather acclimatization training, improving mental quality, enhancing professional skills, strengthening administrative management, and taking protective measures, to improve operating performance in northeast cold region. In research on human factor in operating performance in northeast cold region, those measures are proposed to improve operating performance in northeast cold region, provide guidance to operators in cold region, help prevent assorted diseases, keep themselves mentally and physically healthy, and improve operating performance.

High-temperature and humidity environment has a serious impact on the military vehicle personnel. The effects of high temperature and humidity on the physiological and psychological effects of personnel were analyzed in this paper. According to the physiological temperature limit, working environment and labor intensity of military vehicle, the temperature safety limit and the critical limit value were proposed. On the basis of the research, the temperature change of military vehicle was studied, and the limit temperature was analyzed, which provides the data and basis for the operation time and safety of military vehicles in hot and humid areas.

Objective: To study the impacts on the operational-using of a type of information system in the conditions of the High-Frigid Mountainous Region. Methods: Analyse the impacts on the operational-using of the system under the environment of the southwest border High-Frigid Mountainous Region, through the field application and the consultative literature. Results: Through the study, it was found that the environment of the southwest border has great impacts on the system maneuver, position disposition, command communications, and safety protection of the system. Conclusion: The factors of High-Frigid Mountainous environment reduce the environmental adaptability of the system, affect the original performance, and provide a basis to further enhance the operational-using capability of the system in High-Frigid Mountainous Region.

The man–machine–environment (MME) of control cabins has been the very complex system in large-scale ships; it plays a very important role on the efficiency, comfort, safety of ship monitoring and operation. The virtual verification method for MME design of ship control cabins was researched. The main factors of ship control cabins MME were analyzed, and the structure of MME virtual verification method was constructed. The integrated clustering method was constructed to synthetically combine the virtual verification results based on the dominance. The virtual verification system was constructed based on EON, and the development process of virtual verification system was interpreted. Finally, a ship wheelhouse virtual verification case based on EON and virtual hall environment with applying the proposed method was used to prove the effectiveness of this method. It was expected to optimize MME design to improve the operation safety and efficiency of ships.

In China, coal mine accidents occurred frequently in recent years. So this paper tried to find the equilibrium point between the study of safety investment and safety benefits in coal enterprises, by using a combination of t theoretical analysis and empirical analysis methods. We discussed and analysed the safety investment and benefits of coal enterprises with more serious problems. By using DEA data envelopment analysis method, we established the model for discussing the safety and the efficiency, and we analysed the production situation of 15 coal mines of Shaanxi Province in 2010 and drew results and suggestions in order to provide a reference for enterprises to obtain maximum security benefits.

Abnormal crowded subway is extremely easy to cause the stampede accidents. This paper made typical stampede accident analysis and statistics in recent years to conclude the subway crowded stampede influencing factors. Then introducing the SHEL model, centered on human factors it is researched to study the relationship between personnel, hardware, software and environment causing the subway crowded stampede. In view of the characteristics of fuzzy, incomplete and uncertain of analysis object data, it introduces the BP artificial neural network. And an instance subway station is chosen as an analysis example to quantitative study training as well as fitting of crowded stampede process. The analysis results show that there is risk in Liveware–Liveware(L–L) and Liveware–software(L–S), which has been verified in the actual operation of the instance subway station. The crowded shoving, collision, quarrels in the instance subway often occur. But the management measures of the subway station traffic grooming are limited and the grooming effectiveness is little. Therefore, using BP neural network evaluation method to construct the comprehensive assessment system, based on the SHEL model, can quantitatively assess the crowded subway stampede accident risk, so as to promote the safety of metro operation to provide basis for decision making.

System effectiveness evaluation is important for development and application of weapons, but traditional methods seldom take human factors into account, which is critical for applying modern equipment of weapons. Different results will come from same weapons but operated by different persons, so perfect results could only be achieved with highly harmony of weapons and persons who operate the weapons. An improved system effectiveness evaluation method is developed by integrated human factors into the traditional ADC method which has been widely used. Firstly, the concepts about system effectiveness are introduced with the ADC. And then, after detailed discussion about human effectiveness metrics, components from human factors are redefined and integrated into the ADC model with two strategies. At last, how the method is implemented is demonstrated with a typical application example for system effectiveness evaluation of a main tank, and the result shows that the new method to be feasible and reasonable.

Live hand grenade throwing is a common training subject in troops. Its high security risk has long made it one of the most frightening training subjects for junior military officials. Live hand grenade training bears complicated potential risk factors, including actions of officers and soldiers, dangerous materials, training ground environment, and organization and management. Among all these factors, the action of trainees, the condition of safety officer, and training organization method are the most important ones. To ensure the safety precaution work of the training is well-done, hidden troubles must be eliminated completely, training organization method must be optimized, risk assessment must be launched scientifically, and good prevention and control measures must be applied. In this way training risks can be efficiently lowered, and the safety of the training is guaranteed. This thesis takes a deep research on risk factors, organization method, and risk assessment in troops’ live hand grenade training.

Car accidents are often seen in air defense forces. Researching their root causes has a great significance on improving the prevention work scientifically and promoting the security development of air defense forces. With the use of Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method, this thesis analyzes 182 car accidents in air defense forces and establishes the cause category table of car accidents, the possible cause table of human error patterns, and the “cause–effect” tracing table of human errors in car accidents in air defense forces. The thesis also constructs the method of tracing and analyzing their root causes. Applying this method, root causes of car accidents are found, which provides effective method and scientific basis for researching and preventing car accidents in air defense forces.

Recruits add fresh blood to army. The quality of recruit training will influence their own growth, army development, and combat effectiveness. In general, recruits’ physical fitness needs to be improved by training. Therefore, the impacts of high-intensity training on recruits’ body function are highly concerned by military administrators. This thesis analyzes recruits’ myocardial health through detecting samples of their myocardial enzymogram. Causes of their myocardial health problems are traced, and strategies on strengthening and innovating recruit training are discussed. Training organizers should adhere to scientific training principles, innovate training methods, and strengthen management and control throughout whole process. This provides an important basis and useful reference for recruit training under current situation.

Actual combat training is the main path by which the fighting capacity of troops is improved. In recent years, with gradual improvement of actual combat training the complexity is on the rise and safety risk is increasingly becoming apparent, so risk management has necessarily been the main task. Risk identification is the basic step of risk management and is the basic condition of risk evaluation and is also the basis of risk control. It has important significance to strengthen research on risk identification for developing risk evaluation and risk management and control. The article mainly researches the working procedure and detailed methods of risk identification based on risk management theory in combination with characteristics and regularity of actual combat training from the basic risk factors; thereby, the article provides the basic methods and paths for risk identification.

Purpose: Through analysis and research VTS testing system will be applied to operators’ selection and training and make selectiong and testing more scientific, standardized, and accurate. Method: The testing method of typical module in the VTS testing system is analyzed, and thus is applied to operators’ selection and training. Result: VTS testing system may quantitatively describe the operators’ physiological and psychological index accurately and make selection course scientific and standardized. Conclusion: It is of great significance to apply VTS testing system to operators’ selecting, and it can dramatically promote selection operability, and thus improve capability about the combination of man and machine.

The Advisory Circular AC-121-FS-2011-41 was analyzed systematically to determine indices and methods for crew resource management (CRM) training and examination, and totally 65 items were collected from six parts of CRM training. Firstly, 25 specialists in aviation psychology and flight were selected for Delphi method survey and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). There were 65 indices in two levels specified by the three rounds in Delphi iteration, and the weights were rated as 0.112, 0.193, 0.138, 0.218, 0.242, and 0.097 for the top indices such as essential recognition, error management, decision making, communication, leadership and cooperation, and management of workload after AHP. Secondly, 8 pilots were voluntary to take part in an examination after CRM training on transport simulator flight to validate the indices and methods for CRM training and examination mentioned above. A group of 3 examinants rated points while watched training videos. The results were found that the indices and methods can distinguish 8 of the pilots and 5 of their compounding in three different CRM levels, and coincidence indicator was 0.92 among the examinants. It suggested that the examination methods can be applied in CRM training of flight.

To ensure that the astronaut manual rendezvous and docking mission can be done smoothly, the mechanism of the human errors was analyzed based on Reason model after analyzing the existing human error models. The astronaut manual rendezvous and docking human errors were divided into three types of three different cognitive levels. Mechanism of human errors was analyzed by combining each process operation. Horizontal and attitude handle operations may lead to KB level errors, field switching errors arise RB level errors, and image perception belongs to SB errors. And it provides a reference for the next astronaut training.

It becomes a hot topic that metacognitive training theory combined with teaching in recent years. Metacognitive training methods were proposed in astronaut manual rendezvous and docking training in this paper. The list of metacognitive questions and training programs has been designed of astronaut hand control rendezvous and docking by summarized the current common metacognitive training methods and analyzed the cognitive processes. Relevant suggestions for training were made. Provide reference for future astronauts’ training complex manipulation tasks.

At present, the maintainability qualitative parameters of the vehicle can only be evaluated depending on the material object, and the evaluation result is also qualitative. According to the different characteristics of the maintainability qualitative parameters which affect the man–machine–environment system during the maintenance process, this paper puts forward the different evaluation methods, such as the contact accessibility and maintenance operating space evaluation method based on the virtue prototyping, the visibility evaluation method, the maintenance working posture, and the maintenance working load evaluation method. By means of the above methods, the designer can judge whether the maintainability design of the vehicle reaches the demands or not, and then improves the design.

Armored equipment had a leaping change from mechanization to intelligent. The interactive mode of equipment and crew innovated with it. Relying on the crew cabin ergonomic virtual test system constructed based on virtual reality technology, crew were devoted to different cabin design plans of a new generation of equipment. The subjective scale filled by crew after the completion of the task and performance analysis of crew in the process of operating was combined for efficiency analysis through the crew planning mode of completing operating test and cooperative task. A plurality of passenger compartment design was selected to get the best, and this provided the basis of experimental verification for the overall design of cabin.

Under the conditions of integrated joint operations, it is required that a new generation equipment integrated seamlessly into the joint warfare architecture, the span of armored equipment intelligent control technology would produce a new model of human–computer interaction, with virtual reality technology, building a “man in the loop” of the crew cabin ergonomics virtual test system; it has the characteristics of quick change among the three compartment models such as job scene custom, job task performance evaluation, and ergonomic assessment tools of combination of subjective and objective; the system relies on a new generation of equipment cabin design, it could achieve design optimization, crew workload assessment, the verification of crew job tasks and processes, and ergonomic studies, to provide assessment tools of the overall cabin design.

Objective The purpose of desktop system of the space flight training-simulator is to minimize the cost of training on ground. Methods Various methods can be explored, these include the object-reduced, mobile-control, and virtual reality, these can maintain an operation’s situation awareness level through optimize the training arrangement. Results It is so useful that almost half the training tasks are taken by object-reduced system and mobile-control system; although the VR training system is in the trail stage, it did its work quickly. Furthermore, the astronaut satisfies the desktop system and gets a better workout. Conclusion Desktop system is able to support training effectively at minimal cost by miscellaneous auxiliary, it will be widely applied to the area of large simulator for ground training.

With the rapid development of information technology including network technology, military academies are confronting new problems and more and more threaten in information security field. So many cases about loss of secrets in information technology domains have occurred at home and abroad times and now. In this way, the effective and positive measures should be built, and related standards and restrictions should be set up to overcome the corresponding problems to clear and define the secret-related persons’ actions regulations. As we know, the military academies are the departments full of abundant information resources, and the possibility of loss of secrets is more and more. By the way, we should pay more and more attention to this phenomenon and should take available actions to dissolve the new puzzles in time.

China is a big country of coal production and consumption, and coal production in the economic interests of the coal mine accidents occur frequently. The author believes that human factor is the direct cause of the accident. In this paper, the research on the human–machine operation behavior and on the human–machine–environment system of man–machine–environment system engineering (MMESE) is studied by the analysis of the causes of coal mine accidents. Through the analysis of the causes of illegal violation of the basic model of the security problem, this paper puts forward to reduce the occurrence of unsafe operation behavior of coal mine workers from the perspective of system management and control, and improve the safety production level of coal mine.

Chinese medical system is going through the conversion period. The rebuilding and extension work is becoming the focal point in present hospital’s development. This paper uses case analysis method. Based on the practical example of the hospital design, it analyzes the new trends of modern hospital design from different aspects such as the layout of the function, ideas of humanization, and returning to the nature. The purpose of this study is to explore the general rule of medical architecture design and summarize the experience of planning. The basic principle of hospital building design is to take the patients as the center. It should reflect the people-oriented spirit and create a good environment for medical treatment.

This research applies the theory of human–machine–environment system engineering, using the measurement method to analyze the relationship between the user and the various components of the office chair in the sedentary condition. The measurement and analysis of the numerical value of the Chinese office crowd, find the basic design criteria of the modern office chair, which is seat height, seat width, seat depth, seat angle, seat back, and seat armrest. The research aims at optimizing modern office chair design and combining with human–machine–environment system engineering to make the design more scientific and reasonable.

Big data is a big trend in the development of informatization construction in the world. Big data brings a revolution to the work, life and the way of thinking. It also causes the deep thinking for the development of military physical education and sports with the trend of big data. Based on the trend of big data’s development and the conception of military physical education and sports, by the method of documentation and logical analysis, this article discussed and analyzed the application prospect of big data in military physical education and sports, pointed out its potential problems, and countermeasures. This article is aimed at combining advanced Big data technology and Military Physical Education and Sports, so as to improve the fighting capability of PLA.