Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Environmental Management 5/2010

01.11.2010

A Global Analysis of Protected Area Management Effectiveness

verfasst von: Fiona Leverington, Katia Lemos Costa, Helena Pavese, Allan Lisle, Marc Hockings

Erschienen in: Environmental Management | Ausgabe 5/2010

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

We compiled details of over 8000 assessments of protected area management effectiveness across the world and developed a method for analyzing results across diverse assessment methodologies and indicators. Data was compiled and analyzed for over 4000 of these sites. Management of these protected areas varied from weak to effective, with about 40% showing major deficiencies. About 14% of the surveyed areas showed significant deficiencies across many management effectiveness indicators and hence lacked basic requirements to operate effectively. Strongest management factors recorded on average related to establishment of protected areas (legal establishment, design, legislation and boundary marking) and to effectiveness of governance; while the weakest aspects of management included community benefit programs, resourcing (funding reliability and adequacy, staff numbers and facility and equipment maintenance) and management effectiveness evaluation. Estimations of management outcomes, including both environmental values conservation and impact on communities, were positive. We conclude that in spite of inadequate funding and management process, there are indications that protected areas are contributing to biodiversity conservation and community well-being.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Ahrends A, Burgess ND, Milledge SAH, Bulling MT, Fisher B, Smart JRC, Clarke GP, Mhoro BE, Lewis SL (2010) Predictable waves of sequential forest degradation and biodiversity loss spreading from an African city. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA 107:14556–14561CrossRef Ahrends A, Burgess ND, Milledge SAH, Bulling MT, Fisher B, Smart JRC, Clarke GP, Mhoro BE, Lewis SL (2010) Predictable waves of sequential forest degradation and biodiversity loss spreading from an African city. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA 107:14556–14561CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Andam KS, Ferraro PJ, Pfaff A, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Robalino JA (2008) Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(42):16089–16094CrossRef Andam KS, Ferraro PJ, Pfaff A, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Robalino JA (2008) Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(42):16089–16094CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Belokurov A, Besançon C, Burgess ND, Dudley N, Hockings M, Leverington F, MacKinnon K, Pavese H, Stolton S, Whitten T (2009) New resources for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas. Oryx 43:14 Belokurov A, Besançon C, Burgess ND, Dudley N, Hockings M, Leverington F, MacKinnon K, Pavese H, Stolton S, Whitten T (2009) New resources for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas. Oryx 43:14
Zurück zum Zitat BirdLife International (2006) Monitoring Important Bird Areas: a global framework, Version 1.2. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK BirdLife International (2006) Monitoring Important Bird Areas: a global framework, Version 1.2. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
Zurück zum Zitat Blom A, Yamindou J, Prins HHT (2004) Status of the protected areas of the Central African Republic. Biological Conservation 118:479–487CrossRef Blom A, Yamindou J, Prins HHT (2004) Status of the protected areas of the Central African Republic. Biological Conservation 118:479–487CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brooks JS, Franzen MA, Holmes CM, Grote MN, Mulder MB (2006) Testing Hypotheses for the Success of Different Conservation Strategies. Conservation Biology 20:1528–1538CrossRef Brooks JS, Franzen MA, Holmes CM, Grote MN, Mulder MB (2006) Testing Hypotheses for the Success of Different Conservation Strategies. Conservation Biology 20:1528–1538CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Rice RE, Da Fonseca G (2001) Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science 291:125–128CrossRef Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Rice RE, Da Fonseca G (2001) Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science 291:125–128CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, van Strein A, Scharlemann JPW, Almond REA, Baillie J, Bomhard B, Brown C, Bruno J, Carpenter K, Carr GM, Chanson J, Chenery C, Csirke J, Davidson NC, Dentener F, Foster M, Galli A, Galloway JN, Genovesi P, Gregory R, Hockings M, Kapos V, Lamarque J-F, Leverington F, Loh J, McGeogh M, McRae L, Minasyan A, Morcillo MH, Oldfield T, Pauly D, Quader S, Revenga C, Sauer J, Skolnik B, Spear D, Stanwell-Smith D, Symes A, Spear D, Stuart S, Tyrrell TD, Vie J-C, Watson R (2010) Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328:1164–1168CrossRef Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, van Strein A, Scharlemann JPW, Almond REA, Baillie J, Bomhard B, Brown C, Bruno J, Carpenter K, Carr GM, Chanson J, Chenery C, Csirke J, Davidson NC, Dentener F, Foster M, Galli A, Galloway JN, Genovesi P, Gregory R, Hockings M, Kapos V, Lamarque J-F, Leverington F, Loh J, McGeogh M, McRae L, Minasyan A, Morcillo MH, Oldfield T, Pauly D, Quader S, Revenga C, Sauer J, Skolnik B, Spear D, Stanwell-Smith D, Symes A, Spear D, Stuart S, Tyrrell TD, Vie J-C, Watson R (2010) Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328:1164–1168CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carrillo E, Wong G, Cuaron AD (2000) Monitoring mammal populations in Costa Rican protected areas under different hunting restrictions. Conservation Biology 14(6):1580–1591CrossRef Carrillo E, Wong G, Cuaron AD (2000) Monitoring mammal populations in Costa Rican protected areas under different hunting restrictions. Conservation Biology 14(6):1580–1591CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, Lysenko I (2005) Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 360(1454):443–455CrossRef Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, Lysenko I (2005) Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 360(1454):443–455CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cifuentes M, Izurieta A, de Faria H (2000) Measuring protected area management effectiveness. Technical Series No. 2. WWF, IUCN, GTZ, Costa Rica, 105 pp Cifuentes M, Izurieta A, de Faria H (2000) Measuring protected area management effectiveness. Technical Series No. 2. WWF, IUCN, GTZ, Costa Rica, 105 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Coad L, Burgess ND, Fish L, Ravillious C, Corrigan C, Pavese H, Granziera A, Besançon C (2008) Progress towards the Convention on Biological Diversity terrestrial 2010 and marine 2012 targets for protected area coverage. Parks 17:35–42 Coad L, Burgess ND, Fish L, Ravillious C, Corrigan C, Pavese H, Granziera A, Besançon C (2008) Progress towards the Convention on Biological Diversity terrestrial 2010 and marine 2012 targets for protected area coverage. Parks 17:35–42
Zurück zum Zitat Convention on Biological Diversity (2004) Decisions adopted by the conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity at its seventh meeting UNEP/CBD/COP/7/21. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada Convention on Biological Diversity (2004) Decisions adopted by the conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity at its seventh meeting UNEP/CBD/COP/7/21. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada
Zurück zum Zitat Corrales L (2004) Midiendo el éxito de las acciones en las áreas protegidas de Centroamérica: Medición de la Efectividad de Manejo. PROARCA/APM, Guatemala de la Asunción, Guatemala Corrales L (2004) Midiendo el éxito de las acciones en las áreas protegidas de Centroamérica: Medición de la Efectividad de Manejo. PROARCA/APM, Guatemala de la Asunción, Guatemala
Zurück zum Zitat Dunlop M, Brown PR (2008) Implications of climate change for Australia’s National Reserve System—a preliminary assessment. Report to the Department of Climate Change, February 2008. Department of Climate Change, Canberra, Australia Dunlop M, Brown PR (2008) Implications of climate change for Australia’s National Reserve System—a preliminary assessment. Report to the Department of Climate Change, February 2008. Department of Climate Change, Canberra, Australia
Zurück zum Zitat Ervin J (2003a) Protected area assessments in perspective. Bioscience 53:819–822CrossRef Ervin J (2003a) Protected area assessments in perspective. Bioscience 53:819–822CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ervin J (2003b) WWF: Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) methodology. WWF, Gland, Switzerland Ervin J (2003b) WWF: Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) methodology. WWF, Gland, Switzerland
Zurück zum Zitat Ervin J, Gidda SB, Salem R, Mohr J (2008) The PoWPA—a review of global implementation. Parks 17:4–11 Ervin J, Gidda SB, Salem R, Mohr J (2008) The PoWPA—a review of global implementation. Parks 17:4–11
Zurück zum Zitat Ewers RM, Rodrigues ASL (2008) Estimates of reserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23(3):113–116CrossRef Ewers RM, Rodrigues ASL (2008) Estimates of reserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23(3):113–116CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Figueroa F, Sánchez-Cordero V (2008) Effectiveness of natural protected areas to prevent land use and land cover change in Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3223–3240CrossRef Figueroa F, Sánchez-Cordero V (2008) Effectiveness of natural protected areas to prevent land use and land cover change in Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3223–3240CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gaveau DLA, Epting J, Lyne O, Linkie M, Kumara I, Kanninen M, Leader-Williams N (2009) Evaluating whether protected areas reduce tropical deforestation in Sumatra. Journal of Biogeography 36(11):2165–2175CrossRef Gaveau DLA, Epting J, Lyne O, Linkie M, Kumara I, Kanninen M, Leader-Williams N (2009) Evaluating whether protected areas reduce tropical deforestation in Sumatra. Journal of Biogeography 36(11):2165–2175CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Guachalla MCZOP, Zegada JA (2001) Metodología medición de la efectividad del manejo del SNAP (MEMS). Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible, Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Bolivia (SERNAP), La Paz, Bolivia Guachalla MCZOP, Zegada JA (2001) Metodología medición de la efectividad del manejo del SNAP (MEMS). Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible, Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Bolivia (SERNAP), La Paz, Bolivia
Zurück zum Zitat Guilford JP (1954) Psychometric methods. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 417–443 Guilford JP (1954) Psychometric methods. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 417–443
Zurück zum Zitat Hannah L, Midgley G, Andelman S, Araújo M, Hughes G, Martinez-Meyer E, Pearson R, Williams P (2007) Protected area needs in a changing climate. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 5:131–138CrossRef Hannah L, Midgley G, Andelman S, Araújo M, Hughes G, Martinez-Meyer E, Pearson R, Williams P (2007) Protected area needs in a changing climate. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 5:131–138CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hockings M (2003) Systems for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas. BioScience 53(9):823–832CrossRef Hockings M (2003) Systems for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas. BioScience 53(9):823–832CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hockings M, Phillips A (1999) How well are we doing? Some thoughts on the effectiveness of protected areas. Parks 9:5–14 Hockings M, Phillips A (1999) How well are we doing? Some thoughts on the effectiveness of protected areas. Parks 9:5–14
Zurück zum Zitat Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N (2004) Management effectiveness: assessing management of protected areas? Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 6:157–174CrossRef Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N (2004) Management effectiveness: assessing management of protected areas? Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 6:157–174CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N, Leverington F, Courrau J (2006) Evaluating effectiveness: a framework for assessing the management of protected areas, 2nd edn. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 105 pp Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N, Leverington F, Courrau J (2006) Evaluating effectiveness: a framework for assessing the management of protected areas, 2nd edn. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 105 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N, James R, Mathur V, Courrau J, Makombo J, Parrish J (2008) Enhancing our Heritage Toolkit: assessing management effectiveness of natural World Heritage sites. UNESCO World Heritage Papers No. 23. UNESCO, Paris, 104 pp Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N, James R, Mathur V, Courrau J, Makombo J, Parrish J (2008) Enhancing our Heritage Toolkit: assessing management effectiveness of natural World Heritage sites. UNESCO World Heritage Papers No. 23. UNESCO, Paris, 104 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Hockings M, Cook C, Carter RW, James R (2009) Accountability, reporting or management improvement? Development of a State of the Parks Assessment System in New South Wales. Environmental Management 43:1013–1025CrossRef Hockings M, Cook C, Carter RW, James R (2009) Accountability, reporting or management improvement? Development of a State of the Parks Assessment System in New South Wales. Environmental Management 43:1013–1025CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jenkins CN, Joppa L (2009) Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biological Conservation 142(10):2166–2174CrossRef Jenkins CN, Joppa L (2009) Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biological Conservation 142(10):2166–2174CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Joppa LN, Loarie SR, Pimm SL (2008) On the protection of “protected areas”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:6673–6678CrossRef Joppa LN, Loarie SR, Pimm SL (2008) On the protection of “protected areas”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:6673–6678CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Korean National Parks Service (KNPS) (2009) Korea’s Protected Areas: evaluating the effectiveness of South Korea’s protected area system. KNPS, Seoul, Korea, 148 pp Korean National Parks Service (KNPS) (2009) Korea’s Protected Areas: evaluating the effectiveness of South Korea’s protected area system. KNPS, Seoul, Korea, 148 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Leverington F, Hockings M (2004) Evaluating the effectiveness of protected area management: the challenge of change. In: Barber CV, Miller KR, Boness M (eds) Securing protected areas and ecosystem services in the face of global change. IUCN, WCPA, WRI, Gland, Switzerland, pp 169–214 Leverington F, Hockings M (2004) Evaluating the effectiveness of protected area management: the challenge of change. In: Barber CV, Miller KR, Boness M (eds) Securing protected areas and ecosystem services in the face of global change. IUCN, WCPA, WRI, Gland, Switzerland, pp 169–214
Zurück zum Zitat Mathur VB (2008) Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) of Protected Areas Network in India: recent experiences. In: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Implementation of the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Perspectives. Abstracts of poster presentations at the second meeting of the ad hoc open-ended working group on protected areas, Rome, Italy, 11–15 February 2008, pp 100–102; Technical Series No. 35 Mathur VB (2008) Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) of Protected Areas Network in India: recent experiences. In: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Implementation of the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Perspectives. Abstracts of poster presentations at the second meeting of the ad hoc open-ended working group on protected areas, Rome, Italy, 11–15 February 2008, pp 100–102; Technical Series No. 35
Zurück zum Zitat Nagendra H (2008) Do parks work? Impact of protected areas on land cover clearing. Ambio 37:330–337CrossRef Nagendra H (2008) Do parks work? Impact of protected areas on land cover clearing. Ambio 37:330–337CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Naughton-Treves L, Holland MB, Brandon K (2005) The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30:219–252CrossRef Naughton-Treves L, Holland MB, Brandon K (2005) The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30:219–252CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2005) State of the Parks 2004. DEC, Sydney, Australia NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2005) State of the Parks 2004. DEC, Sydney, Australia
Zurück zum Zitat Parks Victoria (2007) Victoria’s State of the Parks report. Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, 259 pp Parks Victoria (2007) Victoria’s State of the Parks report. Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, 259 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Parrish JD, Braun DP, Unnasch RS (2003) Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. Bioscience 53(9):851–860CrossRef Parrish JD, Braun DP, Unnasch RS (2003) Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. Bioscience 53(9):851–860CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Patton MQ (2008) Utilization-focused evaluation, 4th edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks Patton MQ (2008) Utilization-focused evaluation, 4th edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Zurück zum Zitat Redford KH, Feinsinger P (2003) The half-empty forest: Sustainable use and the ecology of interactions. In: Reynolds J, Mace G, Redford KH, Robinson JG (eds) Conservation of exploited species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 370–399 Redford KH, Feinsinger P (2003) The half-empty forest: Sustainable use and the ecology of interactions. In: Reynolds J, Mace G, Redford KH, Robinson JG (eds) Conservation of exploited species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 370–399
Zurück zum Zitat Rivero Blanco C, Gabaldon M (1992) The evaluation of natural protected area systems: a numeric method. Parks 3:11–13 Rivero Blanco C, Gabaldon M (1992) The evaluation of natural protected area systems: a numeric method. Parks 3:11–13
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigues ASL, Andelman SJ, Bakarr MI, Boitani L, Brooks TM, Cowling RM, Fishpool LDC, Da Fonesca GAB, Gaston KJ, Hoffmann M, Long JS, Marquet PA, Pilgrim JD, Pressey RL, Schipper J, Sechrest W, Stuart SM, Underhill LG, Waller RW, Watts MEJ, Yan X (2004) Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428:640–643CrossRef Rodrigues ASL, Andelman SJ, Bakarr MI, Boitani L, Brooks TM, Cowling RM, Fishpool LDC, Da Fonesca GAB, Gaston KJ, Hoffmann M, Long JS, Marquet PA, Pilgrim JD, Pressey RL, Schipper J, Sechrest W, Stuart SM, Underhill LG, Waller RW, Watts MEJ, Yan X (2004) Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428:640–643CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Saterson KA, Christensen NL, Jackson RB, Kramer RA, Pimm SL, Smith MD, Wiener JB (2004) Disconnects in evaluating the relative effectiveness of conservation strategies. Conservation Biology 18:597–599CrossRef Saterson KA, Christensen NL, Jackson RB, Kramer RA, Pimm SL, Smith MD, Wiener JB (2004) Disconnects in evaluating the relative effectiveness of conservation strategies. Conservation Biology 18:597–599CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Scharlemann JPW, Kapos V, Campbell A, Lysenko I, Burgess ND, Hansen MC, Gibbs HK, Dickson B, Miles L (2010) Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD. Oryx 44:352–357CrossRef Scharlemann JPW, Kapos V, Campbell A, Lysenko I, Burgess ND, Hansen MC, Gibbs HK, Dickson B, Miles L (2010) Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD. Oryx 44:352–357CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Shadie P, Epps M (eds) (2008) Securing protected areas in the face of global change: key lessons learned from case studies and field learning sites in protected areas. IUCN Asia Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand Shadie P, Epps M (eds) (2008) Securing protected areas in the face of global change: key lessons learned from case studies and field learning sites in protected areas. IUCN Asia Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand
Zurück zum Zitat Southworth J, Nasendra H, Munroe DK (2006) Introduction to the special issue: Are parks working? Exploring human-environment tradeoffs in protected area conservation. Applied Geography 26:87–95CrossRef Southworth J, Nasendra H, Munroe DK (2006) Introduction to the special issue: Are parks working? Exploring human-environment tradeoffs in protected area conservation. Applied Geography 26:87–95CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stoner KE, Vulinec K, Wright SJ, Peres CA (2007) Hunting and plant community dynamics in tropical forests: a synthesis and future directions. Biotropica 39:385–392CrossRef Stoner KE, Vulinec K, Wright SJ, Peres CA (2007) Hunting and plant community dynamics in tropical forests: a synthesis and future directions. Biotropica 39:385–392CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sutherland WJ, Pullin AS, Dolman PM, Knight TM (2004) The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:305–308CrossRef Sutherland WJ, Pullin AS, Dolman PM, Knight TM (2004) The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:305–308CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat The Nature Conservancy (2007) Parks in Peril, 1990–2007: foundation for a sustainable future in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA The Nature Conservancy (2007) Parks in Peril, 1990–2007: foundation for a sustainable future in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA
Zurück zum Zitat Timko JA, Innes JL (2009) Evaluating ecological integrity in national parks: case studies from Canada and South Africa. Biological Conservation 142(3):676–688CrossRef Timko JA, Innes JL (2009) Evaluating ecological integrity in national parks: case studies from Canada and South Africa. Biological Conservation 142(3):676–688CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Timko J, Satterfield T (2008) Criteria and indicators for evaluating social equity and ecological integrity in national parks and protected areas. Natural Areas Journal 28(3):307–319CrossRef Timko J, Satterfield T (2008) Criteria and indicators for evaluating social equity and ecological integrity in national parks and protected areas. Natural Areas Journal 28(3):307–319CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat UNEP-WCMC (2008) State of the world’s protected areas: an annual review of global conservation progress. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK UNEP-WCMC (2008) State of the world’s protected areas: an annual review of global conservation progress. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK
Zurück zum Zitat Whitehurst AS, Sexton JO, Dollar L (2009) Land cover change in western Madagascar’s dry deciduous forests: a comparison of forest changes in and around Kirindy Mite National Park. Oryx 43(02):275–283CrossRef Whitehurst AS, Sexton JO, Dollar L (2009) Land cover change in western Madagascar’s dry deciduous forests: a comparison of forest changes in and around Kirindy Mite National Park. Oryx 43(02):275–283CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
A Global Analysis of Protected Area Management Effectiveness
verfasst von
Fiona Leverington
Katia Lemos Costa
Helena Pavese
Allan Lisle
Marc Hockings
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Environmental Management / Ausgabe 5/2010
Print ISSN: 0364-152X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1009
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2010

Environmental Management 5/2010 Zur Ausgabe