Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data and Materials
Landsat scene ID | Acquisition date | Satellite/sensor | Path /row | Spatial resolution | No. of bands |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LT51940561986363XXX09 | 1986/12/29 | Landsat 5 / Thematic Mapper (TM) | 194/056 | 30 m | 7 |
LC81940562015363LGN00 | 2015/12/29 | Landsat 8 / Operational Land Imager and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI/TIRS) | 194/056 | 30 m | 11 |
Land-cover Mapping
Land-cover type | Description |
---|---|
Built-up/bare | Areas with high and low intensities of infrastructural development and exposed soil surfaces with little or no capacity to support plant life. This class includes roads (tarred and untarred), towns, waste lands, and rock outcrops. |
Food crops | Land primarily used for the production of food, mainly annual and biannual crops. It also includes natural vegetation areas that oscillate between production and fallow periods in a food production cycle. The latter are predominantly grass and shrubs. |
Cocoa | Small- to large-scale cocoa farms of different tree densities and age categories |
Oil palm | Small- to large-scale oil palm farms of different tree intensities and age categories. Naturally occurring oil palm along water bodies is included in this class. |
Other tree crops | Comprises all other tree-crop plantations in the landscape, mainly rubber and citrus. |
Forest | Naturally growing woody tree vegetation clusters with stems reaching 5 m height. Bamboo clusters and timber plantations are included. |
Water | All forms of exposed water surfaces including rivers, reservoirs, and ponds. |
Change Detection
Intensity Analysis
Results
Land-cover Mapping in 1986 and 2015
1986 Land-cover map | |||||||
Built-up/bare | Food crops | Cocoa | Oil palm | Other tree crops | Forest | Water | |
Overall accuracy = 85.2%; *91.2 | |||||||
Usera | 96% | 78% | 82% | 80% | 91% | 95% | 100% |
Producerb | 94% | 90% | 92% | 83% | 53% | 83% | 4% |
2015 Land-cover map | |||||||
Built-up/bare | Food crops | Cocoa | Oil palm | Other tree crops | Forest | Water | |
Overall accuracy = 73.0%; *78.8 | |||||||
User | 97% | 72% | 73% | 89% | 49% | 50% | 85% |
Producer | 95% | 68% | 91% | 64% | 45% | 68% | 92% |
Land-cover Change, Change Rates, and Landscape Transitions
Land-cover type | 1986 area (km2) | 2015 area (km2) | Change (km2) | Change (% of landscape area) | Annual change rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Built-up/bare | 30.35 | 33.75 | 3.4 | 0.30 | 0.37 |
Food crops | 305.75 | 184.25 | − 121.5 | − 10.71 | − 1.75 |
Cocoa | 280.01 | 381.26 | 101.25 | 8.92 | 1.06 |
Oil palm | 169.19 | 295.99 | 126.8 | 11.18 | 1.93 |
Other tree crops | 22.04 | 40.99 | 18.95 | 1.67 | 2.14 |
Forest | 326.74 | 191.6 | − 135.14 | − 11.91 | − 1.84 |
Water | 0.44 | 6.68 | 6.24 | 0.55 | 9.38 |
Land-cover types | Built-up/bare | Food crops | Cocoa | Oil palm | Other tree crops | Forest | Water | 1986 Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Built-up/bare |
13.78
| 6.93 | 2.01 | 4.66 | 0.48 | 1.98 | 0.51 | 30.35 |
1.21
|
0.61
|
0.18
|
0.41
|
0.04
|
0.17
|
0.04
|
2.68
| |
Food crops | 12.43 |
70.61
| 103.92 | 81.68 | 12.73 | 23.29 | 1.09 | 305.75 |
1.10
|
6.22
|
9.16
|
7.20
|
1.12
|
2.05
|
0.10
|
26.95
| |
Cocoa | 4.16 | 52.03 |
108.85
| 79.63 | 11.30 | 23.65 | 0.39 | 280.01 |
0.37
|
4.59
|
9.59
|
7.02
|
1.00
|
2.08
|
0.03
|
24.68
| |
Oil palm | 1.15 | 21.45 | 69.91 |
56.78
| 7.23 | 12.28 | 0.39 | 169.19 |
0.10
|
1.89
|
6.16
|
5.00
|
0.64
|
1.08
|
0.03
|
14.91
| |
Other tree crops | 0.25 | 2.69 | 9.81 | 5.38 |
0.55
| 3.33 | 0.03 | 22.04 |
0.02
|
0.24
|
0.86
|
0.47
|
0.05
|
0.29
|
0.00
|
1.94
| |
Forest | 1.98 | 30.42 | 86.76 | 67.83 | 8.60 |
127.03
| 4.12 | 326.74 |
0.17
|
2.68
|
7.65
|
5.98
|
0.76
|
11.20
|
0.36
|
28.80
| |
Water | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
0.15
| 0.44 |
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.04
| |
2015 Total | 33.75 | 184.25 | 381.26 | 295.99 | 40.99 | 191.60 | 6.68 | 1134.52 |
2.97
|
16.24
|
33.61
|
26.09
|
3.61
|
16.89
|
0.59
|
100.00
|
Land-cover type | Persistence (km2) | Gain (km2) | Loss (km2) | Gain + Loss | Net change (absolute) | Swaps |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Built-up/bare | 13.78 | 19.97 | 16.57 | 36.54 | 3.4 | 33.14 |
1.21
|
1.76
|
1.46
|
3.22
|
0.30
|
2.92
| |
Food crops | 70.61 | 113.64 | 235.14 | 348.78 | (−)121.5 | 227.28 |
6.22
|
10.02
|
20.73
|
30.74
| (−)10.71 |
20.03
| |
Cocoa | 108.85 | 272.41 | 171.16 | 443.57 | 101.25 | 342.32 |
9.59
|
24.01
|
15.09
|
39.10
|
8.92
|
30.17
| |
Oil palm | 56.78 | 239.21 | 112.41 | 351.62 | 126.8 | 224.82 |
5.00
|
21.08
|
9.91
|
30.99
|
11.18
|
19.82
| |
Other tree crops | 0.55 | 40.44 | 21.49 | 61.93 | 18.95 | 42.98 |
0.05
|
3.56
|
1.89
|
5.46
|
1.67
|
3.79
| |
Forest | 127.03 | 64.57 | 199.71 | 264.28 | (−)135.14 | 129.14 |
11.20
|
5.69
|
17.60
|
23.29
| (−)11.91 |
11.38
| |
Water | 0.15 | 6.53 | 0.29 | 6.82 | 6.24 | 0.58 |
0.01
|
0.58
|
0.03
|
0.60
|
0.55
|
0.05
|