nach oben

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

Erschienen in:

01.04.2008 | Original Paper

Design and Application of Underground Mine Paste Backfill Technology

verfasst von: Tikov Belem, Mostafa Benzaazoua

Erschienen in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering | Ausgabe 2/2008

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This paper reviews the design and application of paste backfill in underground hard rock mines used as ground support for pillars and walls, to help prevent caving and roof falls, and to enhance pillar recovery for improved productivity. Arching after stope filling reduces vertical stress and increases horizontal stress distribution within the fill mass. It is therefore important to determine horizontal stress on stope sidewalls using various predictive models in the design of paste backfill. Required uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for paste backfill depends on the intended function, such as vertical roof support, development opening within the backfill, pillar recovery, ground or pillar support, and working platform. UCS design models for these functions are given. Laboratory and backfill plant scale designs for paste backfill mix design and optimization are presented, with emphasis on initial tailings density control to prevent under-proportioning of binder content. Once prepared, paste backfill is transported (or pumped) and placed underground by pipeline reticulation. The governing elements of paste backfill transport are rheological factors such as shear yield stress, viscosity, and slump height (consistency). Different models (analytical, semi-empirical, and empirical) are given to predict the rheological factors of paste backfill (shear yield stress and viscosity). Following backfill placement underground, self-weight consolidation settlement, internal pressure build-up, the arching effect, shrinkage, stope volume, and wall convergence against backfill affect mechanical integrity.

Vorheriger Artikel Fragmentation Energy in Rock Blasting

Nächster Artikel Design and Application of Underground Mine Paste Backfill Technology

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Arioglu E (1983) Design of supports in mines. Wiley and Sons, New York, 248 pp

Arioglu E (1984) Design aspects of cemented aggregate fill mixes for tungsten stoping operations. J Min Sci Technol 1(3):209–214CrossRef

Askew JE, McCarthy PL, Fitzerald DJ (1978) Backfill research for pillar extraction at ZC/NBHC. In: Proceedings of 12th Canadian rock mechanics symposium, pp 100–110

ASTM Designation C-143-90 (1996) Standard test method for slump of hydraulic cement concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 04.01, American Society for Testing and Material, Easton, MD, pp 85–87

Aubertin M, Li L, Arnoldi S, Belem T, Bussière B, Benzaazoua M, Simon R (2003) Interaction between backfill and rock mass in narrow stopes. In: Proceedings of 12th Panamerican conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering and 39th U.S. rock mechanics symposium, 22–26 June, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, vol 1, Verlag Gückauf GmbH, Essen, pp 1157–1164

Barret JR, Coulthard MA, Dight PM (1978) Determination of fill stability, mining with backfill. In: Proceedings of 12th Canadian rock mechanics symposium, Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Quebec, Special vol 19, pp 85–91

Belem T, Benzaazoua M, Bussière B (2000) Mechanical behaviour of cemented paste backfill. In: Proceedings of 53th Canadian geotechnical conference. Geotechnical Engineering at the dawn of the third millennium. 15–18 October, Montreal, vol 1, pp 373–380

Belem T, Benzaazoua M, Bussière B, Dagenais AM (2002) Effects of settlement and drainage on strength development within mine paste backfill. In: Proceedings of tailings and mine waste’02, 27–30 January, Fort Collins, Colorado. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 139–148

Belem T, Bussière B, Benzaazoua M, (2001) The effect of microstructural evolution on the physical properties of paste backfill. In: Proceedings of tailings and mine waste’01, January 16–19, Fort Collins, Colorado. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 365–374

Belem T, El-Aatar O, Bussière B, Benzaazoua M, Fall M, Yilmaz E (2006) Characterization of self-weight consolidated paste backfill. In: Jewell R, Lawson S, Newman Ph (eds) Proceedings of 9th international seminar on paste and thickened tailings—paste’06, 3–7 April. Limerick, Ireland, pp 333–345

Belem T, El-Aatar O, Benzaazoua M, Bussière B, Yilmaz E (2007) Hydro-geotechnical and geochemical characterization of column consolidated cemented paste backfill. In: Proceedings of 9th International Symposium in Mining with Backfill, April 29 to May 2, 2007, Montreal, Canada, CIM, Paper No. 2523, 10 pp

Belem T, Harvey A, Simon R, Aubertin M (2004) Measurement and prediction of internal stresses in an underground opening during its filling with cemented fill. In: Villaescusa E, Potvin Y (eds) Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on ground support in mining and underground construction, 28–30 September. Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Tayler & Francis Group, London, pp 619–630

Bellmann F, Möser B, Stark J (2006) Influence of sulphate solution concentration on the formation of gypsum in sulfate resistance test specimen. Cement Concrete Res 36:358–363CrossRef

Benzaazoua M, Belem T (2000) Optimization of sulfide-rich paste backfill mixtures for increasing long-term strength and stability. In: Sánchez MA, Vergara F, Castro SH (eds) Proceedings of fifth conference on clean technology for mining industry, Santiago, University of Concepción, vol I, pp 343–352

Benzaazoua M, Belem T, Jolette D (2000) Investigation de la stabilité chimique et de son impact sur la qualité des remblais miniers cimentés. In: IRSST Report No. R-260, 172 pp

Benzaazoua M, Belem T, Bussière B (2002) Chemical aspect of sulfurous paste backfill mixtures. Cement Concrete Res 32(7):1133–1144CrossRef

Benzaazoua M, Belem T, Ouellet S, Fall M (2003) Utilisation du remblai en pâte comme support de terrain. Partie II: comportement a court, a moyen et a long terme. In: Proceedings of Après-mines 2003. Impacts et gestion des risques: besoins et acquis de la recherche, 5–7 February. Nancy, GISOS, CD-ROM, 12 pp

Benzaazoua M, Bussière B (1999) Desulphurization of tailings with low neutralization potential: kinetic study and flotation modeling. In: Goldsack P, Belzile N, Yearwood P, Hall G (eds) Proceedings of Sudburry’99, mining and the environment II, vol 1, pp 29–38

Benzaazoua M, Fall M, Belem T (2004) A contribution to understanding the hardening process of cemented pastefill. Miner Eng 17(2):141–152CrossRef

Benzaazoua M, Ouellet J, Servant S, Newman P, Verburg R (1999) Cementitious backfill with high sulfur content: physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization. Cement Concrete Res 29:719–725CrossRef

Brackebusch FW (1994) Basics of paste backfill systems. Miner Eng 46:1175–1178

Brooker EH, Ireland HO (1965) Earth pressures at rest related to stress history. Can Geotech J 2(1):1–15

Cai S (1983) A simple and convenient method for design of strength of cemented hydraulic fill. In: Proceedings of international symposium on mining with backfill. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 405–412

Cayouette J (2003) Optimization of the paste backfill plant at Louvicourt mine. CIM Bull 96(1075):51–57

Chandler JL (1986) The stacking and solar drying process for disposal of bauxite tailings in Jamaica. In: Proceedings of the international conference on bauxite tailings, Kingston, Jamaica, Jamaica Bauxite Institute, University of the West Indies, pp 101–105

Chen L, Jiao D (1991) A design procedure for cemented fill for open stoping operations. J Min Sci Tech 12:333–343CrossRef

Christensen G (1991) Modelling the flow of fresh concrete: the slump test. Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

Clark CC, Vickery JD, Backer RR (1995) Transport of total tailings paste backfill: results of full-scale pipe test loop pumping tests. Report of investigation, RI 9573, USBM, 37 pp

Clayton S (2003) The importance of rheology in pastefill operations. Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne

Clayton S, Grice TG, Boger DV (2003) Analysis of the slump test for on-site yield stress measurement of mineral suspensions. Int J Miner Process 70:3–21CrossRef

Coates DF (1981) Caving, Subsidence, and Ground Control. In: Rock Mechanics Principles, CANMET, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada, Chapter 5, pp 5.1–5.42

Coussot P, Boyer S (1995) Determination of yield stress fluid behaviour from inclined plane test. Rheologica Acta 34:534–543CrossRef

Coussot P, Proust S, Ancey C (1996) Rheological interpretation of deposits of yield stress fluids. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 66:55–70CrossRef

Craig RF (1995) Soil mechanics, 5th edn. Chapman and Hill Publishing, London, 427 pp

Donovan JG (1999) The effects of backfilling on ground control and recovery in thin-seam coal mining, M.Sc. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 148 pp

Douglas E, Malhotra VM (1989) Ground granulated blast furnace slag for cemented mine backfill: production and evaluation. CIM Bull 82(929):27–36

Fall M, Benzaazoua M (2003) Advances in predicting performance properties and cost of paste backfill. In: Proceedings on tailings and mine waste’03, October 12–15, Vail, USA, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 73–85

Fall M, Benzaazoua M, Ouellet S (2004) Effect of tailings properties on paste backfill performance. In: Proceedings of the eight international symposium on mining with backfill, September 2004, Beijing, The Nonferrous Metals Society of China, pp 193–202

Fall M, Benzaazoua M, Ouellet S (2005) Experimental characterization of the influence of tailings fineness and density on the quality of cemented paste backfill. Min Eng 18:41–44CrossRef

Ferraris CF (1999) Measurement of the rheological properties of high performance concrete: state of the art report. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 104:461–478

Ferraris CF, de Larrard F (1998) Modified slump test to measure rheological parameters of fresh concrete. Cement Concrete Aggr 20(2):241–247CrossRef

Gawu SKY, Fourie AB (2004) Assessment of the modified slump test as a measure of the yield stress of high-density thickened tailings. Can Geotech J 41:39–47CrossRef

Grice AG (1998) Underground mining with backfill, The 2nd Annual Summit—Mine Tailings Disposal Systems, 24–25 November 1998, Brisbane, Australia, 14 pp

Grice AG (2001) Recent minefill developments in Australia. In: Proceedings of seventh international symposium on mining with backfill, Minefill 2001, SME, Seatle, Washington, pp 351–357

Grice AG (2005) In: Potvin Y, Thomas EG, Fourie AB (eds) Handbook on mine fill. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, University of Western Australia, Chapter 4, pp 50–63

Guang-Xu T, Mao-Yuan H (1983) Assessment on support ability of the fill mass. In: Proceedings of international symposium on mining with backfill, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 433–442

Hansen JB (1968) A revised extended formula for bearing capacity. Danish Geotechnical Institute Bulletin, No. 28

Hassani F, Archibald JH (1998) Mine backfill. CIM, CD-ROM

Hassani F, Bois D (1992) Economic and technical feasibility for backfill design in Quebec underground mines. Final report 1/2, Canada-Quebec Mineral Development Agreement, Research & Development in Quebec Mines. Contract no. EADM 1989–1992, File no. 71226002

Helmuth RA, Hills LM, Whiting DA, Bhattacharja S (2006) Abnormal concrete performance in the presence of admixtures, Report 2006, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA

Hu C, de Larrard F, Sedran T, Boulay C, Bosc F, Deflorenne F (1996) Validation of BTRHEOM, the newrheometer for soft-to-fluid concrete. Mater Struct RILEM 29(194):620–631CrossRef

Hunt RE (1986) Geotechnical engineering analysis and evaluation. McGraw Hill, New York, 729 pp

Iveson SM, Franks GV (2003) Particle technology demonstrations for the classroom and laboratory. Chemical Engineering Education, ChE Division of ASEE 274–280

Jaky J (1944) The coefficient of earth pressure at rest. J Soc Hung Architects Eng 78:355–358

Kesimal A, Ercikdi B, Yilmaz E (2003) The effect of desliming by sedimentation on paste backfill performance. Min Eng 16:1009–1011CrossRef

Landriault DA, Lidkea W (1993) Paste fill and high density slurry fill. In: Proceedings of the international congress on mine design, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, August

Landriault DA, Verburg R, Cincilla W, Welch D (1997) Paste technology for underground backfill and surface tailings disposal applications. Short course notes, Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Technical workshop—April 27, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 120 pp

Lawrence CD (1992) The influence of binder type on sulfate resistance. Cement Concrete Res 22:1047–1058CrossRef

le Roux KA, Bawden WF, Grabinsky MWF (2002) Assessing the interaction between hydration rate and fill rate for a cemented paste backfill. In: Proceedings of the 55th Canadian geotechnical and 3rd joint IAH-CNC groundwater specialty conferences. Niagara Falls, Ontario, 20–23 October, pp 427–432

Li L, Aubertin M, Simon R, Bussière B, Belem T (2003) Modeling arching effects in narrow backfilled stopes with FLAC. In: Proceedings of 3rd international FLAC symposium, May 31, 2003, Sudbury, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 211–218

Li L, Aubertin M, Belem T (2005) Formulation of a three dimensional analytical solution to evaluate stresses in backfilled vertical narrow openings. Can Geotech J 42:1705–1717CrossRef

Li M, Moerman A (2002) Perspectives on the scientific and engineering principles underlying flow of mineral pastes. In: Proceedings 34th annual meeting of CMP, Ottawa, Canada, Paper No. 35, pp 573–595

Li T, Singh U, Coxon J, Grice TG, Sainsbury D (2002) Development and application of paste fill using dry tailings. First International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Perth, 10 pp

Marston A (1930) The theory of external loads on closed conduits in the light of latest experiments. Bulletin No. 96, Iowa Engineering Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa

Mitchell RJ (1983) Earth structures engineering, Chapter 6. Allen & Unwin, London

Mitchell RJ (1989a) Stability of cemented tailings backfill. Computer and physical modelling in geotechnical engineering. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 501–507

Mitchell RJ (1989b) Model studies on the stability of confined fills. Can Geotech J 26:210–216CrossRef

Mitchell RJ, Olsen RS, Smith JD (1982) Model studies on cemented tailings used in mine backfill. Can Geotech J 19(1):14–28CrossRef

Mitchell RJ, Roettger JJ (1989) Analysis and modelling of sill pillars. Innovations in mining backfill technology. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 53–62

Murata J (1984) Flow and deformation of fresh concrete. Mater Construct 17:117–129CrossRef

Nantel J (1998) Recent developments and trends in backfill practices in Canada. In: Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on mining with backfill, Minefill ’98, AIMM, Brisbane, pp 11–14

Naylor J, Farmery RA, Tenbergen RA (1997) Paste backfill at the Macassa mine with flash paste production in a paste production and storage mechanism. In: Proceedings 29th annual meeting of the Canadian mineral processors, Ottawa, Ontario, January 21–23, pp 408–420

Nguyen QD, Boger DV (1983) Yield stress measurement for concentrated suspensions. J Rheol 27:321–349CrossRef

Nguyen QD, Boger DV (1985) Direct yield stress measurement with the vane method. J Rheol 29:335–347CrossRef

Pashias N, Boger DV, Summers J, Glenister DJ (1996) A fifty cent rheometer for yield stress measurements. J Rheol 40(6):1179–1189CrossRef

Rajani B, Morgenstern N (1991) On the yield stress of geotechnical materials from the slump test. Can Geotech J 28:457–462CrossRef

Revell M (2000) Cannington backfill taking the pig out of paste. Paste Technology Seminar, April 2000, Perth, Australia, pp 1–12

Roussel N (2006) Correlation between yield stress and slump: comparison between numerical simulations and concrete rheometers results. Mater Struct 39:501–509CrossRef

Roussel N, Coussot P (2005) “Fifty-cent rheometer” for yield stress measurements: from slump to spreading flow. J Rheol 49(3):705–718CrossRef

Roussel N, Stefani C, Le Roy R (2005) From minicone test to Abrams cone test: measurement of cement based materials yield stress using slump test. Cement Concrete Res 35:817–822CrossRef

Saak AW, Jennings HM, Shah SP (2004) A generalized approach for the determination of yield stress by slump and slump flow. Cement Concrete Res 34:363–371CrossRef

Schowalter WR, Christensen G (1998) Toward a rationalization of the slump test for fresh concrete: comparisons of calculations and experiments. J Rheol 42:865–870CrossRef

Smith JD, Dejongh CL, Mitchell RJ (1983) Large scale model tests to determine backfill strength requirements for pillar recovery at the Black Mountain Mine. In: Proceedings of international symposium on mining with backfill, Lulea, June 7–9, pp 413–423

Stone DMR (1993) The optimization of mix designs for cemented rockfill. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium on mining with backfill, MINEFILL’93, Johannesbourg, SAIMM, pp 249–253

Terzaghi K (1943) Theoretical soil mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, New York

Thomas EG, Nantel, JH, Notely KR (1979) Fill technology in underground metalliferous mines. International Academic Services Limited, Canada, 293 pp

Uhlherr PHT, Guo J, Fang T-N, Tiu C (2002) Static measurement of yield stress using a cylindrical penetrometer. Korea-Australia Rheol J 14:17–23

Van Horn AD (1963) A study of loads on underground structures, part III. Iowa Engineering Experiment Station

Wang C, Villaescusa E (2001) Influence of water salinity on the properties of cemented tailings backfill. Min Technol: IMM Trans Sect A 110(1):62–65

Wayment WR (1978) Backfilling with tailings—a new approach. In: Proceedings of 12th Canadian rock mechanics symposium, mining with backfill. Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Quebec, Special Vol 19, pp 111–116

Yilmaz E, Kesimal A, Ercikdi B (2004) Strength development of paste backfill samples at long term using two different binders. In: Proceedings of the 8th symposium on mining with backfill, pp 281–285

Yu TR (1992) Mechanisms of fill failure and fill strength requirements. In: Proceedings of 6th Canadian rock mechanics symposium, pp 1–6

Titel: Design and Application of Underground Mine Paste Backfill Technology
verfasst von: Tikov Belem
Mostafa Benzaazoua
Publikationsdatum: 01.04.2008
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering / Ausgabe 2/2008
Print ISSN: 0960-3182
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-1529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-007-9154-3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2008

Design and Application of Underground Mine Paste Backfill Technology

Effect of Rainfall Intensity on Infiltration into Partly Saturated Slopes

Sustainable Construction Case History: Fly Ash Stabilization of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Material

Fragmentation Energy in Rock Blasting

Comparison of Methods for Determining Specific-surface Area of Fine-grained Soils

Efficacy of Cement-stabilized Fly Ash Cushion in Arresting Heave of Expansive Soils