nach oben

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

Erschienen in:

01.06.2012 | Original Paper

Ground Support Terminology and Classification: An Update

verfasst von: A. G. Thompson, E. Villaescusa, C. R. Windsor

Erschienen in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering | Ausgabe 3/2012

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

It is nearly two decades since a formal terminology and a classification scheme were proposed for rock reinforcement hardware and applications. That combined framework was used to clearly identify concepts associated with reinforcement mechanics in a manner that was consistent and robust enough to characterise all reinforcement systems. Since that time, many new reinforcement systems have been developed and it can be shown that they all fit within the proposed classification scheme. Most recently, a complementary new terminology and a classification scheme for surface support, also based on mechanics, have been developed. This framework is invaluable in the design of ground support schemes, the planning of testing and instrumentation programs and the development of software used to simulate the static and dynamic response of rock reinforcement and support systems. It will be shown that the terminology and classification schemes are valid today and will so remain into the future because of the laws of mechanics.

Vorheriger Artikel The Geomechanics of CO2 Storage in Deep Sedimentary Formations

Nächster Artikel Interaction of a Masonry Dam and the Rock Foundation

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Ansell A (2010) Structural behavior of shotcrete on irregular hard rock surfaces. In: Bernard ES (ed) Shotcrete: elements of a system. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 11–19

ASTM (2008) Standard test method for flexural toughness of fiber-reinforced concrete (Using centrally loaded round panel). ASTM, West Conshohocken 6p

Banton C, Diederichs MS, Hutchinson DJ, Espley S (2004) Mechanisms of shotcrete roof support. In: Bernard ES (ed) Shotcrete: more engineering developments. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 39–45

Barley AD, Windsor CR (2000) Recent advances in ground anchor and ground improvement technology with reference to the development of the art. GeoEng 2000. In: Proceedings of international conference geotechnical and geological engineering, Melbourne, IEAust, Melbourne, pp 1048–1094

Brown ET (1999a) The evolution of support and reinforcement philosophy and practice for underground mining excavations. In: Villaescusa E, Windsor CR, Thompson AG (eds) Rock support and reinforcement practice in mining, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 3–17

Brown ET (1999b) Rock mechanics and the Snowy Mountains Scheme In: The spirit of the snowy fifty years on. Proceedings of 1999 invitation symposium, Cooma NSW, Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, Melbourne

Brown ET (2004) The dynamic environment of ground support and reinforcement. In: Villaesucsa E, Potvin Y (eds) Ground support in mining and underground construction. Balkema, London, pp 3–16

Brown ET, Bray JW, Ladanyi B, Hoek E (1983) Characteristic line calculations for rock tunnels. J Geotech Eng ASCE 109(1):15–39CrossRef

Bywater S, Fuller PG (1983) Cable support of lead open stope hangingwalls at Mount Isa Mines Limited. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Rock Bolting, Abisko, Sweden, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 539–555

Carranza-Torres C, Fairhurst C (1999) The elasto-plastic response of undergroumd excavations in rock masses that satisfy the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Int J Rock Mech Min Sc 36(6):777–810 Pergamon, LomdonCrossRef

Charette F, Plouffe M (2008) A new rock bolt concept for underground excavations under high stress conditions. In: 6th international symposium on ground support in mining and civil engineering construction, SAIMM, Johannesburg, pp 225–240

Cho N, Martin CD, Christiansson R (2002) Suppressing fracture growth around underground openings. In: Hammah R, Bawden W, Curran J, Telesnicki M (eds) Mining and tunnelling innovation and opportunity, Proceedings of 5th North American Rock mechanics symposium and the 17th tunnelling association of Canada conference: NARMS-TAC 2002, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, V2:1151–1158

Clements MJK (1996) The performance of steel fibre reinforced shotcrete in mining. In Windsor CR (ed) Symposium on shotcrete: techniques, procedures and mining applications, Kalgoorlie, Rock Technology, Perth, Paper 4, 13p

Clifford RL (1974) Long rockbolt support at New Broken Hill consolidated Limited. Proc AusIMM, AusIMM, Melbourne 25(1):21–26

Conway JP, Dar SM, Stears JH, Williams PC (1975) Laboratory studies of yielding rock bolts. US Department of the interior bureau of mines report of investigations 8058

Detournay E, St. John CM (1988) Design charts for a deep circular tunnel under non-uniform loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 21(2):119–137CrossRef

Dolinar D (2006) Load capacity and stiffness characteristics of screen materials used for surface control in underground coal mines. In: 25th international conference on ground control in mining. University of West Virginia, Morgantown pp 152–158

EFNARC (1996) European specification for sprayed concrete, 30 p

Finn D, Teasdale P, Windsor CR (1999) In situ trials and field testing of two polymer restraint membranes. In: Villaescusa E, Windsor CR, Thompson AG (eds) Rock support and reinforcement practice in mining, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 139–153

Fleetwood KG (2010) Near-field blast vibration monitoring and analysis for prediction of blast damage in sublevel open stoping. PhD thesis, Curtin University WA School of Mines, Perth

Fuller PG (1983) Cable bolt support in mining. In: Stephansson O (ed) Rock bolting; theory and application in mining and undeground construction, Abisko, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 511–522

Fuller PG, Dugan KJ (1992) Factors affecting ground support performance in mining. In: 5th AusIMM underground operators’ conference, AusIMM, Melbourne, pp 139–144

Gardner FJ (1971) History of rock bolting. In: Symposium on Rock Bolting, AusIMM, Illawarra Branch, Paper No. 2, 11 p

Gaudreau DM, Aubertin S, Simon R (2004) Performance assessment of tendon support systems submitted to dynamic loading. In: Villaescusa E, Potvin Y (eds) Ground support in mining and underground construction, Balkema, London, pp 299–312

Gomez-Hernandez J, Kaiser PK (2003) Modeling rock mass bulking around underground excavations. In: Proceedings of 10th ISRM congress on rock Mech, SAIMM, Johannesburg, pp 389–395

Greenelsh R (1985) The N663 stope experiment at Mount Isa Mine. Int J Min Eng 3:183–194CrossRef

Hassell R, Villaescusa E (2005) Overcoring techniques to assess in situ corrosion of galvanized friction bolts. In: Peng SS (ed), Proc 24th Int Conf on Ground Control in Mining, West Virginia University Morgantown, pp 349–356

Hassell RC, Villaescusa E, Thompson AG (2006) Testing and evaluation of corrosion on cablebolt anchors. In: Yale DP, Holtz SC, Breeds C, Ozbay U (eds), Proc 41st US Rock Mech Symp, ARMA Washington, Paper 06–996:11p

Hoek E, Brown ET (1980) Underground excavations in rock. IMM, London 527p

Hoek E, Guevara R (2009) Overcoming squeezing in the Yacambú-Quibor Tunnel, Venezuela. Rock Mech Rock Eng 42(2):389–418CrossRef

Hoek E, Kaiser PK, Bawden WF (1995) Support of underground excavations in hard rock. Balkema, Rotterdam 215p

Holmgren BJ (1976) Thin shotcrete layers subjected to punch loads. In: Shotcrete for Ground Support, ASCE, New York, pp 443–459

Hutchins WR, Bywater S, Thompson AG, Windsor CR (1990) A versatile grouted cable dowel reinforcing system for rock. The AusIMM Proceedings 1:25–29

Jager AJ (1992) Two New Support Units for the Control of Rockburst Damage. In: Kaiser PK, McCreath DR (eds) Rock support in mining and underground construction, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 621–663

Kaiser PK, McCreath DR, Tannant DD (1996) Canadian rockburst support handbook. Geomechanics Research Centre, Sudbury 300p

Kennedy G, Goodchild C (2003) Practical yield line design, www.rcc-info.org.uk, British Cement Association, London

Kirsten HAD (1992) Comparative efficiency and ultimate strength of mesh- and fibre-reinforced shotcrete as determined from full-scale bending tests. J S Afr Min Metall 92(11/12):303–323

Kwitowski AJ, Wade LV (1980) Reinforcement mechanisms of untensioned full-column resin bolts. US bureau of mines report of investigations 8439

Ladanyi B (1974) Use of the long-term strength concept in the determination of ground pressure on tunnel linings. In: Proceedings of 3rd ISRM Congress on Rock Mechanics, Denver, V IIB, 1150–1156

Lang TA (1961) Theory and practice of rock bolting. Trans Am Inst Min Metall Pet Eng 220:333–348

Lees D (ed) (2009) The history of Australian tunnelling. Paragon Printers, Australasia

Li CC (2010) A new energy-absorbing bolt for rock support in high stress rock masses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:396–404CrossRef

Littlejohn GS (1993) Overview of rock anchorages. In: Hudson JA (ed) Comprehensive rock engineering, vol V4. Pergamon Press, London, pp 413–450

Littlejohn GS, Bruce DA (1977) Rock anchors- sate of the art. Foundation Publications, Brentwood, Essex 55p

Matthews SM, Tillmann VH, Worotnicki G (1983) A modified cable bolt system for the support of underground openings. In: Proceedings of AusIMM annual conference, Broken Hill, AusIMM, Melbourne, pp 243–255

Matthews SM, Thompson AG, Windsor CR, O’Bryan PR (1986) A novel reinforcing system for large rock caverns in blocky rock masses. In: Saari KHO (ed) International conference on large rock caverns. Pergamon Press, London, V2:1541–1552

Mills WB (2009) The Snowy men behind tunnel rock bolting. Walter Mills, Cooma, NSW

Morton EC, Thompson AG, Villaescusa E, Roth A (2007) Testing and analysis of steel wire mesh for mining applications of rock surface support. 11th ISRM congress on rock mechanics, Lisbon, Taylor and Francis, London, V2:1061–1064

Morton EC Thompson AG, Villaescusa E (2008) Static testing of shotcrete and membranes for mining applications. In: Stacey TR, Malan DF (eds), 6th Int Symp on Ground Support in Mining and Civil Construction, SAIMM Johannesburg, pp 195–212

Morton EC, Thompson AG, Villaescusa E (2009) The performance of mesh, shotcrete and membranes for surface ground support. In: Diederichs MS, Grasselli M (eds) RockEng09, rock engineering in difficult conditions, CIM, Montreal, Paper 4022, 12p

Muir Wood AM (1993) Development of tunnel support philosophy. In: Hudson JA (ed) Comprehensive rock engineering, Pergamon, London, V4:349–368

Nilsson U, Holmgren BJ (2001) Load bearing capacity of steel fibre reinforced shotcrete linings. In: Bernard ES (ed) Shotcrete: engineering developments, Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp 205–212

Ortlepp WD, Read JJ (1970) Yieldable rock bolts for shock loading and grouted bolts for faster rock stabilization. Colorado School of Mines. The Min Mag 60(3):12–17

Ortlepp, WD (1983) Considerations in the design of support for deep hard rock tunnels. 5th ISRM congress on rock mechanics, V2:179–187

Pakalnis V, Ames D (1983) Load tests on mine screening. In: Udd J (ed) Underground support systems. Can Inst of Min Met Pet, Special Volume 35:79–83

Peng SS, Tang DHY (1984) Roof bolting in underground mining: a state-of-the-art review. Int J Min Eng 2:1:42

Player JR, Thompson AG, Villaescusa E (2004) Dynamic testing of rock reinforcement using the momentum transfer concept. In: Villaescusa E, Potvin Y (eds) Ground support in mining and underground construction, Balkema London, pp 327–340

Player JR, Villaescusa E, Thompson AG (2008) Dynamic testing of reinforcement systems. In: 6th international symposium on ground support in mining and civil construction, Cape Town, South Africa, SAIMM Johannesburg, pp 597–622

Player JR, Villaescusa E, Thompson AG (2009) Dynamic testing of threadbar used for rock reinforcement. In: Diederichs MS, Grasselli G (eds) RockEng09, Rock Engineering in Difficult Conditions, CIM Montreal, Paper 4030:12p

Read RS, Martino JB, Dzik EJ, Oliver S, Falls S, Young RP (1997) Analysis and interpretation of AECL’s heated failure tests. Tech. Rep 06819-REP-01200-0070 R00, Ontario Hydro, Nuclear Waste Management Division, Toronto

Roth A, Windsor CR, Coxon J, de Vries R (2004) Performance assessment of high tensile wire mesh ground support under seismic conditions. In: Villaescusa E, Potvin Y (eds) Ground support in mining and underground construction, Balkema, Leiden, pp 589–594

Schmuck CH (1979) Cable bolting at Homestake gold mine. Min Eng 31(12):1677–1681

Schubert W (2008) Design of ductile tunnel linings. In: Proceedings of 42nd US/2nd US-Canada Rock Mech Symp, ARMA, Washington DC, Paper 146, 7p

Schubert W, Blümel M (1997) Improved support system for squeezing ground. In: Broch E, Myrvang A, Stjern G (eds) International symposium on rock support: applied solutions for underground structures, Lillehammer Norway, pp 630–635

Slisko J, Dykstra DI (1997) The role of scientific terminology in research and teaching: Is something important missing? J Research in Scientific Teaching. Wiley, New York, 34(6):655–660

Snyder VW, Gerdeen JC, Viegelahn GL (1979) Factors governing the effectiveness of roof bolting systems using fully resin grouted non-tensioned bolts. In: 20th US symposium on rock mechanics, pp 607–613

Stacey TR, Ortlepp WD (1999) Retainment Support for Dynamic Events in Mines. In: Villaescusa E, Windsor CR, Thompson AG (eds) Rock support and reinforcement practice in mining, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 329–333

Tadolini S (1998) The effects of reduced annulus in roof bolting performance. In: 17th conference on ground control in mining, University of West Virginia, pp 231–236

Tannant D, Kaiser PK, Maloney S, (1997) Load—displacement properties of welded—wire, chain—link and expanded metal mesh. In: Broch E, Myrvang A, Stjern G (eds) International symposium on rock support: applied solutions for underground structures. Lillehammer, Norway, pp 651–659

Thompson AG (2004) Performance of cable bolt anchors—An Update. In: Karzulovic A, Alfaro MA (eds), MassMin2004, Instituto de Ingenerios de Chile Santiago, pp 317–323

Thompson AG, Windsor CR (1992) A classification system for reinforcement and its use in design. In: Swedzicki,T, Baird GR, Little TN (eds) Western Australian conference on mining geomechanics, Western Australian School of Mines, Kalgoorlie, Curtin University, Perth, pp 115–125

Thompson AG, Windsor CR (1993) Theory and strategy for monitoring the performance of rock reinforcement. In: Swedzicki T (ed) Geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring in open pit and underground mining, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 473–482

Thompson AG, Matthews SM, Windsor CR, Bywater S, Tillmann VH (1987) Innovations in rock reinforcement technology in the Australian mining industry. In: 6th ISRM congress on rock mechanics, Montreal, V2:1275–1278

Thompson AG, Windsor CR, Robertson WV, Robertson IG (1995) Case study of an instrumented reinforced pit slope. In: Proceedings of 35th US Rock Mech Symp, Lake Tahoe, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 381–386

Thompson AG, Windsor CR, Cadby GW (1999) Performance assessment of mesh for ground control applications. In: Villaescusa E, Windsor CR, Thompson AG (eds) Rock support and reinforcement practice in mining, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 119–130

Thompson AG, Player JR, Villaescusa E (2004) Simulation and analysis of dynamically loaded reinforcement systems. In: Villaescusa E, Potvin Y (eds) Ground support in mining and underground construction, Balkema, London, pp 341–358

Tran VNG, Beasley AJ, Bernard ES (2001) Application of yield line theory to round determinate panels. In: Bernard ES (ed) Shotcrete: engineering developments, Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp 245–254

Tran VNG, Bernard ES, Beasley AJ (2005) Constitutive modeling of fiber reinforced shotcrete panels. J. Eng Mech ASCE 131(5):512–521CrossRef

Varden R, Lachenicht R, Player JR, Thompson AG, Villaescusa E (2008) Development and implementation of the Garford Dynamic Bolt at the Kanowna Belle mine. 10th underground operators conference, Launceston, AusIMM, Melbourne, pp 95–104

Villaescusa E, Sandy MP, Bywater S (1992) Ground support investigations and practices at Mount Isa. In: Kaiser PK, McCreath D (eds) Rock support in mining and construction, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 185–193

Villaescusa E, Varden R, Hassell R (2008) Quantifying the performance of resin anchored rockbolts in the Australian underground hard rock mining industry. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. Balkema London, 45(1):94–102

Windsor CR (1992) Cable bolting for underground and surface excavations. In: Kaiser PK, McCreath DR (eds) Rock support in mining and construction, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 349–366

Windsor CR (1997) Rock reinforcement systems. Int J Rock Mech Min Sc 34(6):919–951 Pergamon, LondonCrossRef

Windsor CR (1998) Structural design of shotcrete linings. In: Proceedings of Australian shotcrete conference, IBC conferences, Sydney, pp 1–34

Windsor CR (2004) A review of long, high capacity reinforcing systems used in rock engineering. In: Villaescusa E, Potvin Y (eds) Ground support in mining and underground construction. Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 17–41

Windsor CR, Thompson AG (1993) Rock reinforcement: technology, testing, design and evaluation. In: Hudson JA (ed) Comprehensive rock engineering, vol 4. Pergamon Press, London, pp 451–484

Windsor CR, Thompson AG (1997) Reinforced rock system characteristics. In: Broch E, Myrvang A, Stjern G (eds) International symposium on rock support: applied solutions for underground structures, Lillehammer Norway, pp 433–448

Windsor CR, Thompson AG (1999) The design of shotcrete linings for excavations created by drill and blast methods. In: Villaescusa E, Windsor CR, Thompson AG (eds) Rock support and reinforcement practice in mining, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 231–244

Windsor CR, Bywater S, Worotnicki G (1983) Instrumentation and observed behavior of the N663 trial stope Racecourse Area, Mount Isa Mine. Project Report No. 23, geomechanics of underground Metalliferous Mines, CSIRO Division of Geomechanics, Melbourne

Titel: Ground Support Terminology and Classification: An Update
verfasst von: A. G. Thompson
E. Villaescusa
C. R. Windsor
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2012
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering / Ausgabe 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0960-3182
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-1529
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-012-9495-4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2012

New Prediction Models for Mean Particle Size in Rock Blast Fragmentation

Preface: Special Issue on Selected Topics in Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

A Review of Some Rock Mechanics Issues in Geothermal Reservoir Development

Application of New Theories and Technology for Grouting of Dams and Foundations on Rock

World Stress Map Database as a Resource for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

Interaction of a Masonry Dam and the Rock Foundation