Fabrication and characterization of electrospun titania nanofibers

Titania (TiO₂) nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning three representative spin dopes made of titanium (IV) n-butoxide (TNBT) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with the TNBT/PVP mass ratio being 1/2 in three solvent systems including N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol, and DMF/isopropanol (1/1 mass ratio) mixture, followed by pyrolysis at 500 °C. The detailed morphological and structural properties of both the as-electrospun precursor nanofibers and the resulting final TiO₂ nanofibers were characterized by SEM, TEM, and XRD. The results indicated that the precursor nanofibers and the final TiO₂ nanofibers made from the spin dopes containing DMF alone or DMF/isopropanol mixture as the solvent had the common cylindrical morphology with diameters ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers, while those made from the spin dope containing isopropanol alone as the solvent had an abnormal concave morphology with sizes/widths ranging from sub-microns to microns. Despite the morphological discrepancies, all precursor nanofibers were structurally amorphous without distinguishable phase separation, while all final TiO₂ nanofibers consisted of anatase-phased TiO₂ single-crystalline grains with sizes of approximately 10 nm. The electrospun TiO₂ nanofiber mat is expected to significantly outperform other forms (such as powder and film) of TiO₂ for the solar cell (particularly dye-sensitized solar cell) and photo-catalysis applications.