1 Introduction
1.1 Correlates of Gratitude
1.2 Studies of Manipulations of Gratitude
1.3 The Present Study
2 Method
2.1 Participants
2.2 Daily Measures
2.3 Gratitude Manipulation
2.4 Compliance with Instructions
3 Results
3.1 Descriptive Statistics
Measure | Mean | Variance | Reliability | Effect for manipulation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between | Within | ||||
Gratitude | 4.49 | .61 | 1.13 | .43 | .18a
|
Self-esteem | 5.10 | .45 | 1.01 | .64 | .16a
|
Triad | 4.93 | .37 | .81 | .79 | .15a
|
Worry | 2.70 | .75 | 1.53 | .83 | −.07 |
Complain | 2.33 | .44 | .81 | .40 | .01 |
Mood PA | 4.02 | .56 | 1.45 | .70 | .22* |
Mood PD | 3.86 | .51 | 1.35 | .66 | .15 |
Mood NA | 2.90 | .64 | 1.77 | .80 | −.03 |
Mood ND | 2.44 | .45 | 1.31 | .64 | .06 |
Stress | 2.96 | .58 | .81 | na | −.09 |
Number of gratitude items | 3.09 | 1.54 | 1.64 | na |
3.2 Within-Person Relationships Between Gratitude and Daily Measures
Coeff. |
t
| Shared variance (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Self-esteem | .44 | 10.07 | 28.3 |
Triad | .42 | 10.57 | 30.8 |
Worry | −.36 | 6.45 | 15.2 |
Complain | −.25 | 5.50 | 15.5 |
Mood PA | .58 | 10.34 | 34.1 |
Mood PD | .53 | 9.84 | 28.0 |
Mood NA | −.44 | 7.25 | 17.3 |
Mood ND | −.44 | 9.30 | 22.0 |
3.3 Lagged Relationships Between Gratitude and Daily Well-Being
Previous day | Present day | Coeff. |
T
|
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-esteem | Gratitude | .08 | 1.49 | .14 |
Gratitude | Self-esteem | .00 | <1 | |
Triad | Gratitude | .12 | 1.64 | .10 |
Gratitude | Triad | −.04 | 1.01 | ns |
Worry | Gratitude | −.05 | 1.32 | ns |
Gratitude | Worry | .00 | <1 | |
Complain | Gratitude | −.11 | 1.75 | .09 |
Gratitude | Complain | .00 | <1 | |
Mood PA | Gratitude | .06 | 1.08 | ns |
Gratitude | Mood PA | .03 | <1 | |
Mood PD | Gratitude | .10 | 2.07 | .04 |
Gratitude | Mood PD | .05 | <1 | |
Mood NA | Gratitude | −.07 | 1.91 | .06 |
Gratitude | Mood NA | .08 | 1.10 | ns |
Mood ND | Gratitude | −.11 | 2.41 | .02 |
Gratitude | Mood ND | .03 | <1 |
3.4 Gratitude Manipulation as a Moderator of Within-Person Relationships between Stress and Daily Well-Being
Outcome | Mean slope | Moderating effect | Estimated slopes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | t-ratio | Coeff. | t-ratio | Gratitude | Control | |
Self-esteem | −.09 | 3.98*** | .02 | <1 | −.07 | −.11 |
Triad | −.11 | 6.20*** | .05 | 2.78** | −.06 | −.16 |
Worry | .18 | 6.06*** | −.08 | 2.58* | .10 | .26 |
Complain | .27 | 7.20*** | −.03 | < 1 | .24 | .30 |
Mood PA | −.08 | 3.12** | .07 | 2.80** | −.01 | −.15 |
Mood PD | −.14 | 5.51*** | .09 | 3.53** | −.05 | −.23 |
Mood NA | .25 | 8.55*** | −.07 | 2.41* | .18 | .32 |
Mood ND | .12 | 5.27*** | −.04 | 1.96a
| .08 | .16 |