1 Background
2 Aim
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Exclusion Criteria
3.2 Measure of SWB
3.3 Measure of Region
3.4 Measures of Socio-economic Characteristics
3.5 Measures of Subjective Health Status
3.6 Statistical Analyses
4 Results
4.1 Characteristics of Respondents
HHS 2010 (n = 8,000) | ||
---|---|---|
% | n | |
Subjective well-being | ||
Very happy | 20.0 | 1,605 |
Rather happy | 71.2 | 5,694 |
Not very happy | 8.3 | 662 |
Not at all happy | 0.5 | 39 |
Subjective well-being (mean + SD) | 3.11 | 0.54 |
Sex | ||
Men | 48.3 | 3,863 |
Women | 51.7 | 4,137 |
Age group (years) | ||
15–24 | 13.6 | 1,087 |
25–34 | 11.9 | 954 |
35–44 | 22.3 | 1,781 |
45–54 | 18.6 | 1,487 |
55–64 | 17.4 | 1,394 |
65–74 | 11.0 | 880 |
75–102 | 5.2 | 417 |
Region | ||
Eastern/urban | 20.4 | 1,633 |
Eastern/rural | 30.1 | 2,404 |
Middle/urban | 7.9 | 634 |
Middle/rural | 20.3 | 1,624 |
Western/rural | 21.3 | 1,705 |
Socio-economic characteristics | ||
Marital status | ||
Single | 12.9 | 1,034 |
Married | 79.0 | 6,317 |
Divorced | 0.7 | 59 |
Widowed | 7.4 | 590 |
Educational level | ||
Below primary school | 22.8 | 1,826 |
Primary school | 23.9 | 1,911 |
Junior middle school | 32.5 | 2,599 |
Senior middle school | 13.8 | 1,102 |
College and above | 7.0 | 562 |
Occupational status | ||
Employed | 74.1 | 5,927 |
Retired | 13.8 | 1,106 |
Student | 5.1 | 405 |
Unemployed | 7.0 | 562 |
Income groups | ||
First group (low) | 18.1 | 1,453 |
Second group | 19.0 | 1,516 |
Third group | 21.9 | 1,754 |
Fourth group | 20.2 | 1,614 |
Fifth group (high) | 20.8 | 1,663 |
Subjective health status | ||
Self-rated health | ||
Very good | 19.5 | 1,563 |
Good | 54.0 | 4,318 |
Fair | 23.3 | 1,865 |
Bad | 3.0 | 239 |
Very bad | 0.2 | 15 |
EQ-5D dimension
| ||
Mobility | ||
Moderate problems | 4.8 | 381 |
Severe problems | 0.4 | 30 |
Self-care | ||
Moderate problems | 2.4 | 195 |
Severe problems | 0.4 | 33 |
Usual activities | ||
Moderate problems | 4.3 | 344 |
Severe problems | 0.9 | 68 |
Pain/discomfort | ||
Moderate problems | 10.3 | 820 |
Severe problems | 0.4 | 33 |
Anxiety/depression | ||
Moderate problems | 8.3 | 660 |
Severe problems | 0.5 | 39 |
VAS (mean + SD) | 80.39 | 14.32 |
4.2 SWB by Age and Sex
4.3 SWB by Region
Men (n) | Age group (years) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | |||||||||
547 | 449 | 853 | 719 | |||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Region | ||||||||||||
Eastern/urban | 80 | 3.26 | 0.47 | 110 | 3.12 | 0.54 | 144 | 3.12 | 0.52 | 151 | 3.10 | 0.46 |
Eastern/rural | 108 | 3.60 | 0.53 | 102 | 3.47 | 0.52 | 273 | 3.41 | 0.58 | 214 | 3.33 | 0.56 |
Middle/urban | 32 | 3.34 | 0.48 | 36 | 3.28 | 0.45 | 80 | 3.06 | 0.37 | 61 | 3.05 | 0.34 |
Middle/rural | 166 | 3.30 | 0.57 | 95 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 162 | 3.05 | 0.53 | 132 | 3.05 | 0.46 |
Western/rural | 161 | 3.06 | 0.38 | 106 | 2.96 | 0.39 | 194 | 2.94 | 0.41 | 161 | 2.89 | 0.39 |
Socio-economic characteristics
| ||||||||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Single | 439 | 3.31 | 0.52 | 60 | 3.27 | 0.52 | 33 | 2.85 | 0.71 | 17 | 3.12 | 0.70 |
Married | 105 | 3.20 | 0.53 | 384 | 3.20 | 0.52 | 801 | 3.18 | 0.52 | 675 | 3.11 | 0.49 |
Divorced | 2 | 2.50 | 0.71 | 4 | 2.75 | 0.50 | 13 | 2.85 | 0.69 | 11 | 2.82 | 0.40 |
Widowed | 1 | 2.00 | – | 1 | 3.00 | – | 6 | 2.33 | 0.82 | 16 | 3.00 | 0.52 |
Educational level | ||||||||||||
Below primary school | 9 | 2.89 | 0.33 | 14 | 3.00 | 0.39 | 70 | 2.91 | 0.44 | 62 | 2.90 | 0.43 |
Primary school | 74 | 3.08 | 0.43 | 66 | 2.94 | 0.39 | 169 | 3.04 | 0.49 | 146 | 2.99 | 0.49 |
Junior middle school | 260 | 3.30 | 0.55 | 186 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 436 | 3.24 | 0.57 | 303 | 3.17 | 0.49 |
Senior middle school | 140 | 3.36 | 0.50 | 90 | 3.18 | 0.53 | 120 | 3.16 | 0.50 | 168 | 3.15 | 0.51 |
College and above | 64 | 3.33 | 0.54 | 93 | 3.35 | 0.56 | 58 | 3.10 | 0.41 | 40 | 3.20 | 0.41 |
Occupational status | ||||||||||||
Employed | 324 | 3.25 | 0.54 | 423 | 3.22 | 0.52 | 815 | 3.17 | 0.53 | 670 | 3.12 | 0.49 |
Retired | 3 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 6 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 10 | 2.60 | 0.70 | 19 | 3.11 | 0.32 |
Student | 197 | 3.36 | 0.50 | 3 | 3.33 | 0.58 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Unemployed | 23 | 3.17 | 0.49 | 17 | 2.88 | 0.49 | 28 | 2.82 | 0.61 | 30 | 2.87 | 0.63 |
Income groups | ||||||||||||
First group (low) | 116 | 3.10 | 0.46 | 73 | 3.00 | 0.47 | 149 | 2.95 | 0.41 | 109 | 2.83 | 0.48 |
Second group | 142 | 3.20 | 0.43 | 92 | 3.11 | 0.50 | 152 | 2.98 | 0.48 | 128 | 2.98 | 0.38 |
Third group | 119 | 3.35 | 0.63 | 98 | 3.30 | 0.52 | 181 | 3.23 | 0.56 | 160 | 3.13 | 0.50 |
Fourth group | 81 | 3.41 | 0.49 | 104 | 3.26 | 0.48 | 182 | 3.21 | 0.59 | 155 | 3.15 | 0.49 |
Fifth group (high) | 89 | 3.46 | 0.52 | 82 | 3.30 | 0.56 | 189 | 3.32 | 0.52 | 167 | 3.32 | 0.48 |
Men (n) | Age group (years) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
55–64 | 65–74 | 75–102 | Total | |||||||||
671 | 442 | 182 | 3,863 | |||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Region | ||||||||||||
Eastern/urban | 136 | 3.13 | 0.55 | 109 | 3.10 | 0.45 | 59 | 3.02 | 0.63 | 789 | 3.12 | 0.51 |
Eastern/rural | 266 | 3.19 | 0.52 | 141 | 3.09 | 0.60 | 65 | 3.02 | 0.57 | 1,169 | 3.31 | 0.58 |
Middle/urban | 44 | 3.05 | 0.37 | 38 | 2.97 | 0.16 | 13 | 3.08 | 0.28 | 304 | 3.10 | 0.38 |
Middle/rural | 119 | 2.97 | 0.45 | 71 | 3.03 | 0.48 | 23 | 3.00 | 0.60 | 768 | 3.11 | 0.53 |
Western/rural | 106 | 2.78 | 0.44 | 83 | 2.60 | 0.62 | 22 | 2.68 | 0.48 | 833 | 2.90 | 0.45 |
Socio-economic characteristics
| ||||||||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Single | 24 | 3.00 | 0.59 | 16 | 2.44 | 0.73 | 4 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 593 | 3.24 | 0.57 |
Married | 618 | 3.07 | 0.51 | 360 | 3.00 | 0.54 | 116 | 3.00 | 0.54 | 3,059 | 3.12 | 0.52 |
Divorced | 4 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 3.00 | – | 62 | 2.92 | 0.64 | 35 | 2.83 | 0.51 |
Widowed | 25 | 2.88 | 0.60 | 65 | 3.00 | 0.56 | 65 | 2.94 | 0.66 | 176 | 2.93 | 0.6 |
Educational level | ||||||||||||
Below primary school | 131 | 2.98 | 0.51 | 132 | 2.86 | 0.62 | 77 | 2.97 | 0.58 | 483 | 2.92 | 0.54 |
Primary school | 302 | 3.06 | 0.52 | 177 | 3.03 | 0.56 | 21 | 3.10 | 0.30 | 1,011 | 3.03 | 0.51 |
Junior middle school | 166 | 3.08 | 0.52 | 76 | 2.96 | 0.45 | 11 | 2.82 | 0.40 | 1,448 | 3.20 | 0.54 |
Senior middle school | 52 | 3.13 | 0.49 | 28 | 3.07 | 0.47 | 8 | 3.25 | 0.46 | 609 | 3.20 | 0.51 |
College and above | 20 | 3.20 | 0.41 | 29 | 3.21 | 0.41 | 50 | 3.00 | 0.57 | 312 | 3.26 | 0.49 |
Occupational status | ||||||||||||
Employed | 496 | 3.06 | 0.51 | 202 | 2.96 | 0.58 | 108 | 2.99 | 0.57 | 2,980 | 3.14 | 0.53 |
Retired | 136 | 3.14 | 0.49 | 196 | 3.05 | 0.51 | 24 | 2.88 | 0.61 | 478 | 3.05 | 0.52 |
Student | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 200 | 3.36 | 0.50 |
Unemployed | 39 | 2.77 | 0.54 | 44 | 2.82 | 0.62 | 40 | 2.85 | 0.58 | 205 | 2.87 | 0.58 |
Income groups | ||||||||||||
First group (low) | 112 | 2.82 | 0.47 | 103 | 2.86 | 0.61 | 26 | 2.96 | 0.60 | 702 | 2.92 | 0.50 |
Second group | 106 | 2.89 | 0.50 | 79 | 2.82 | 0.64 | 39 | 2.90 | 0.60 | 725 | 3.01 | 0.50 |
Third group | 169 | 3.11 | 0.48 | 85 | 2.99 | 0.59 | 31 | 3.10 | 0.54 | 851 | 3.17 | 0.56 |
Fourth group | 159 | 3.13 | 0.49 | 72 | 3.13 | 0.41 | 46 | 3.09 | 0.55 | 784 | 3.20 | 0.52 |
Fifth group (high) | 125 | 3.28 | 0.52 | 103 | 3.12 | 0.43 | 12 | 3.92 | 0.29 | 801 | 3.29 | 0.52 |
Women (n) | Age group (years) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | |||||||||
540 | 505 | 928 | 768 | |||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Region | ||||||||||||
Eastern/urban | 68 | 3.28 | 0.48 | 127 | 3.18 | 0.53 | 149 | 3.03 | 0.51 | 149 | 3.05 | 0.58 |
Eastern/rural | 123 | 3.51 | 0.52 | 109 | 3.40 | 0.55 | 303 | 3.35 | 0.60 | 230 | 3.30 | 0.57 |
Middle/urban | 33 | 3.18 | 0.39 | 42 | 3.07 | 0.51 | 80 | 3.14 | 0.38 | 67 | 3.09 | 0.38 |
Middle/rural | 149 | 3.30 | 0.52 | 107 | 3.15 | 0.55 | 187 | 3.03 | 0.56 | 164 | 2.99 | 0.55 |
Western/rural | 167 | 3.16 | 0.41 | 120 | 2.99 | 0.44 | 209 | 2.89 | 0.40 | 158 | 2.86 | 0.40 |
Socio-economic characteristics
| ||||||||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Single | 372 | 3.35 | 0.49 | 35 | 3.23 | 0.49 | 12 | 2.92 | 0.29 | 8 | 3.00 | 0.53 |
Married | 166 | 3.18 | 0.48 | 464 | 3.17 | 0.53 | 904 | 3.12 | 0.55 | 729 | 3.09 | 0.52 |
Divorced | 1 | 3.00 | – | 5 | 2.60 | 0.55 | 8 | 2.50 | 0.76 | 3 | 2.67 | 0.58 |
Widowed | 1 | 3.00 | – | 1 | 3.00 | – | 4 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 28 | 2.68 | 0.82 |
Educational level | ||||||||||||
Below primary school | 22 | 3.05 | 0.38 | 52 | 2.88 | 0.47 | 136 | 2.87 | 0.44 | 243 | 3.00 | 0.56 |
Primary school | 86 | 3.10 | 0.41 | 75 | 3.11 | 0.45 | 257 | 3.13 | 0.49 | 190 | 3.04 | 0.58 |
Junior middle school | 221 | 3.32 | 0.49 | 200 | 3.22 | 0.54 | 390 | 3.20 | 0.61 | 201 | 3.13 | 0.49 |
Senior middle school | 151 | 3.39 | 0.50 | 84 | 3.23 | 0.52 | 92 | 3.03 | 0.54 | 112 | 3.21 | 0.54 |
College and above | 60 | 3.33 | 0.51 | 94 | 3.21 | 0.57 | 53 | 3.11 | 0.38 | 22 | 3.05 | 0.49 |
Occupational status | ||||||||||||
Employed | 310 | 3.25 | 0.47 | 458 | 3.17 | 0.54 | 868 | 3.12 | 0.55 | 641 | 3.09 | 0.55 |
Retired | 1 | 3.00 | – | 6 | 3.17 | 0.41 | 5 | 2.80 | 0.45 | 94 | 3.05 | 0.49 |
Student | 200 | 3.40 | 0.50 | 3 | 3.67 | 0.58 | 1 | 3.00 | – | – | – | – |
Unemployed | 29 | 3.14 | 0.58 | 38 | 3.11 | 0.45 | 54 | 2.93 | 0.58 | 33 | 2.91 | 0.46 |
Income groups | ||||||||||||
First group (low) | 119 | 3.16 | 0.45 | 95 | 3.08 | 0.48 | 144 | 2.89 | 0.43 | 116 | 2.91 | 0.54 |
Second group | 141 | 3.26 | 0.44 | 95 | 3.03 | 0.54 | 179 | 2.96 | 0.48 | 152 | 2.93 | 0.48 |
Third group | 118 | 3.36 | 0.53 | 103 | 3.23 | 0.60 | 191 | 3.18 | 0.59 | 165 | 3.07 | 0.54 |
Fourth group | 87 | 3.29 | 0.50 | 116 | 3.22 | 0.49 | 190 | 3.21 | 0.60 | 173 | 3.14 | 0.51 |
Fifth group (high) | 75 | 3.48 | 0.50 | 96 | 3.25 | 0.52 | 224 | 3.24 | 0.52 | 162 | 3.27 | 0.57 |
Women (n) | Age group (years) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
55–64 | 65–74 | 75–102 | Total | |||||||||
723 | 438 | 235 | 4,137 | |||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Region | ||||||||||||
Eastern/urban | 152 | 3.13 | 0.46 | 123 | 3.07 | 0.45 | 76 | 3.11 | 0.56 | 844 | 3.11 | 0.51 |
Eastern/rural | 261 | 3.07 | 0.58 | 129 | 3.06 | 0.54 | 80 | 2.99 | 0.61 | 1,235 | 3.25 | 0.59 |
Middle/urban | 54 | 3.00 | 0.27 | 38 | 3.03 | 0.16 | 16 | 2.88 | 0.34 | 330 | 3.08 | 0.37 |
Middle/rural | 142 | 2.96 | 0.49 | 70 | 3.03 | 0.54 | 37 | 2.86 | 0.67 | 856 | 3.07 | 0.55 |
Western/rural | 114 | 2.68 | 0.49 | 78 | 2.62 | 0.56 | 26 | 2.54 | 0.51 | 872 | 2.89 | 0.47 |
Socio-economic characteristics
| ||||||||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Single | 7 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 7 | 3.00 | 0.82 | – | – | – | 441 | 3.31 | 0.50 |
Married | 622 | 3.01 | 0.53 | 286 | 2.98 | 0.53 | 87 | 3.02 | 0.61 | 3,258 | 3.09 | 0.54 |
Divorced | 2 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 4 | 3.50 | 0.58 | 1 | 3.00 | – | 24 | 2.79 | 0.66 |
Widowed | 92 | 2.87 | 0.52 | 141 | 2.96 | 0.48 | 147 | 2.90 | 0.59 | 414 | 2.91 | 0.56 |
Educational level | ||||||||||||
Below primary school | 417 | 2.96 | 0.56 | 286 | 2.94 | 0.55 | 187 | 2.93 | 0.62 | 1,343 | 2.95 | 0.55 |
Primary school | 170 | 3.00 | 0.52 | 87 | 2.99 | 0.52 | 35 | 2.91 | 0.45 | 900 | 3.06 | 0.51 |
Junior middle school | 98 | 3.04 | 0.40 | 34 | 3.12 | 0.48 | 7 | 3.43 | 0.53 | 1,151 | 3.20 | 0.54 |
Senior middle school | 31 | 3.23 | 0.43 | 20 | 3.05 | 0.22 | 3 | 3.33 | 0.58 | 493 | 3.23 | 0.52 |
College and above | 7 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 11 | 3.18 | 0.40 | 3 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 250 | 3.20 | 0.50 |
Occupational status | ||||||||||||
Employed | 458 | 2.97 | 0.54 | 161 | 2.97 | 0.59 | 51 | 2.92 | 0.66 | 2,947 | 3.10 | 0.55 |
Retired | 204 | 3.08 | 0.46 | 197 | 3.00 | 0.52 | 121 | 3.01 | 0.54 | 628 | 3.04 | 0.50 |
Student | – | – | – | 1 | 3.00 | – | – | – | – | 205 | 3.40 | 0.50 |
Unemployed | 61 | 2.90 | 0.60 | 79 | 2.94 | 0.40 | 63 | 2.86 | 0.64 | 357 | 2.95 | 0.54 |
Income groups | ||||||||||||
First group (low) | 131 | 2.73 | 0.45 | 93 | 2.82 | 0.57 | 53 | 2.72 | 0.60 | 751 | 2.91 | 0.51 |
Second group | 114 | 2.96 | 0.53 | 77 | 2.86 | 0.64 | 33 | 2.76 | 0.61 | 791 | 3.00 | 0.53 |
Third group | 188 | 2.99 | 0.54 | 87 | 3.01 | 0.44 | 51 | 2.94 | 0.61 | 903 | 3.12 | 0.56 |
Fourth group | 145 | 3.13 | 0.52 | 77 | 3.09 | 0.40 | 42 | 3.07 | 0.56 | 830 | 3.17 | 0.53 |
Fifth group (high) | 145 | 3.12 | 0.48 | 104 | 3.10 | 0.47 | 56 | 3.20 | 0.48 | 862 | 3.23 | 0.52 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | |
Intercept | 3.2898 | 0.0161*** | 3.3056 | 0.0171*** | 3.1057 | 0.0192*** | 2.9638 | 0.0298*** |
Age group (years)a
| ||||||||
25–34 | −0.1053 | 0.0236*** | −0.1043 | 0.0236*** | −0.1273 | 0.0227*** | −0.0848 | 0.0285** |
35–44 | −0.1584 | 0.0204*** | −0.1576 | 0.0204*** | −0.2008 | 0.0197*** | −0.1527 | 0.0274*** |
45–54 | −0.1983 | 0.0212*** | −0.1977 | 0.0212*** | −0.2400 | 0.0204*** | −0.1826 | 0.0283*** |
55–64 | −0.2625 | 0.0215*** | −0.2618 | 0.0215*** | −0.3336 | 0.0208*** | −0.2339 | 0.0300*** |
65–74 | −0.3102 | 0.0241*** | −0.3102 | 0.0241*** | −0.3648 | 0.0233*** | −0.2384 | 0.0334*** |
75–102 | −0.3282 | 0.0306*** | −0.3260 | 0.0306*** | −0.4072 | 0.0296*** | −0.2360 | 0.0409*** |
Sexb
| – | – | −0.0318 | 0.0119** | −0.0312 | 0.0114** | −0.0092 | 0.0119 |
Regionc
| ||||||||
Eastern/urban | – | – | – | – | 0.2673 | 0.0178*** | 0.0714 | 0.0264** |
Eastern/rural | – | – | – | – | 0.4297 | 0.0163*** | 0.2909 | 0.0221*** |
Middle/urban | – | – | – | – | 0.2276 | 0.0237*** | 0.0543 | 0.0307 |
Middle/rural | – | – | – | – | 0.2013 | 0.0177*** | 0.1686 | 0.0188*** |
Socio-economic characteristics
| ||||||||
Marital statusd
| ||||||||
Married | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0136 | 0.0262 |
Divorced | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.2182 | 0.0702** |
Widowed | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.0633 | 0.0356 |
Educational levele
| ||||||||
Primary school | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0264 | 0.0177 |
Junior school | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0955 | 0.0195*** |
Senior school | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1087 | 0.0244*** |
College and above | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1131 | 0.0310*** |
Occupational statusf
| ||||||||
Retired | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0243 | 0.0216 |
Student | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1017 | 0.0331** |
Unemployed | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.1169 | 0.0240*** |
Income groupsg
| ||||||||
Second group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0318 | 0.0188 |
Third group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1058 | 0.0215*** |
Fourth group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1352 | 0.0248*** |
Fifth group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.2135 | 0.0258*** |
Obs | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | ||||
Adj R2
| 0.0317 | 0.0324 | 0.1111 | 0.1333 |
4.4 SWB by Socio-economic Characteristics
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | |
Intercept | 3.1111 | 0.0201*** | 2.9981 | 0.0246*** | 3.0656 | 0.0222*** | 3.0708 | 0.0211*** | 2.9638 | 0.0298*** |
Age group (years)a
| ||||||||||
25–34 | −0.1147 | 0.0278*** | −0.1160 | 0.0227*** | −0.0858 | 0.0253*** | −0.1242 | 0.0225*** | −0.0848 | 0.0285** |
35–44 | −0.1861 | 0.0267*** | −0.1709 | 0.0201*** | −0.1602 | 0.0228*** | −0.2048 | 0.0196*** | −0.1527 | 0.0274*** |
45–54 | −0.2233 | 0.0274*** | −0.1980 | 0.0210*** | −0.2027 | 0.0235*** | −0.2419 | 0.0203*** | −0.1826 | 0.0283*** |
55–64 | −0.3129 | 0.0276*** | −0.2516 | 0.0231*** | −0.2989 | 0.0242*** | −0.3227 | 0.0207*** | −0.2339 | 0.0300*** |
65–74 | −0.3295 | 0.0300*** | −0.2732 | 0.0258*** | −0.3280 | 0.0274*** | −0.3481 | 0.0232*** | −0.2384 | 0.0334*** |
75–102 | −0.3469 | 0.0369*** | −0.2973 | 0.0326*** | −0.3642 | 0.0338*** | −0.3821 | 0.0296*** | −0.2360 | 0.0409*** |
Sexb
| −0.0265 | 0.0115* | −0.0066 | 0.0119 | −0.0280 | 0.0114* | −0.0314 | 0.0113** | −0.0092 | 0.0119 |
Regionc
| ||||||||||
Eastern/urban | 0.2622 | 0.0178*** | 0.1913 | 0.0204*** | 0.2647 | 0.0186*** | 0.1003 | 0.0248*** | 0.0714 | 0.0264** |
Eastern/rural | 0.4262 | 0.0163*** | 0.3943 | 0.0168*** | 0.4308 | 0.0162*** | 0.2972 | 0.0220*** | 0.2909 | 0.0221*** |
Middle/urban | 0.2292 | 0.0238*** | 0.1352 | 0.0266*** | 0.2285 | 0.0245*** | 0.0913 | 0.0284** | 0.0543 | 0.0307 |
Middle/rural | 0.1968 | 0.0176*** | 0.1638 | 0.0183*** | 0.2223 | 0.0178*** | 0.1790 | 0.0180*** | 0.1686 | 0.0188*** |
Socio-economic characteristics
| ||||||||||
Marital statusd
| ||||||||||
Married | −0.0167 | 0.0250 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0136 | 0.0262 |
Divorced | −0.2766 | 0.0705*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.2182 | 0.0702** |
Widowed | −0.1120 | 0.0350** | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.0633 | 0.0356 |
Educational levele
| ||||||||||
Primary school | – | – | 0.0502 | 0.0177** | – | – | – | – | 0.0264 | 0.0177 |
Junior school | – | – | 0.1348 | 0.0193*** | – | – | – | – | 0.0955 | 0.0195*** |
Senior school | – | – | 0.1585 | 0.0242*** | – | – | – | – | 0.1087 | 0.0244*** |
College and above | – | – | 0.1764 | 0.0304*** | – | – | – | – | 0.1131 | 0.0310*** |
Occupational statusf
| ||||||||||
Retired | – | – | – | – | 0.0427 | 0.0215* | – | – | 0.0243 | 0.0216 |
Student | – | – | – | – | 0.1076 | 0.0316*** | – | – | 0.1017 | ** |
Unemployed | – | – | – | – | −0.1477 | 0.0240*** | – | – | −0.1169 | 0.0240*** |
Income groupsg
| ||||||||||
Second group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0384 | 0.0188* | 0.0318 | 0.0188 |
Third group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1238 | 0.0214*** | 0.1058 | 0.0215*** |
Fourth group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1627 | 0.0247*** | 0.1352 | 0.0248*** |
Fifth group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.2539 | 0.0253*** | 0.2135 | 0.0258*** |
Obs | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | |||||
Adj R2
| 0.1141 | 0.1178 | 0.1181 | 0.1225 | 0.1333 |
4.5 SWB by Subjective Health Status
Men (n) | Age group (years) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | |||||||||
547 | 449 | 853 | 719 | |||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Subjective health status
| ||||||||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Very good | 203 | 3.69 | 0.50 | 138 | 3.61 | 0.53 | 206 | 3.64 | 0.49 | 120 | 3.68 | 0.48 |
Good | 312 | 3.06 | 0.36 | 259 | 3.08 | 0.35 | 505 | 3.07 | 0.38 | 439 | 3.05 | 0.36 |
Fair | 31 | 2.90 | 0.40 | 46 | 2.83 | 0.44 | 131 | 2.81 | 0.57 | 153 | 2.86 | 0.48 |
Bad | 1 | 2.00 | – | 6 | 2.17 | 0.41 | 11 | 2.09 | 0.30 | 6 | 2.33 | 0.52 |
Very bad | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2.00 | – |
EQ-5D dimension
| ||||||||||||
Mobility | ||||||||||||
No problems | 542 | 3.29 | 0.53 | 439 | 3.21 | 0.50 | 834 | 3.17 | 0.52 | 701 | 3.12 | 0.49 |
Moderate problems | 4 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 8 | 3.00 | 0.93 | 17 | 2.53 | 0.72 | 17 | 2.76 | 0.56 |
Severe problems | 1 | 3.00 | – | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.00 | – |
Self-care | ||||||||||||
No problems | 538 | 3.29 | 0.53 | 444 | 3.21 | 0.52 | 843 | 3.16 | 0.53 | 705 | 3.11 | 0.49 |
Moderate problems | 8 | 3.13 | 0.35 | 3 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 8 | 2.50 | 0.53 | 13 | 2.77 | 0.60 |
Severe problems | 1 | 3.00 | – | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 3.00 | 1.41 | 1 | 3.00 | – |
Usual activities | ||||||||||||
No problems | 540 | 3.29 | 0.53 | 441 | 3.22 | 0.51 | 834 | 3.16 | 0.53 | 701 | 3.12 | 0.49 |
Moderate problems | 6 | 2.83 | 0.41 | 6 | 2.67 | 0.82 | 14 | 2.86 | 0.66 | 17 | 2.59 | 0.51 |
Severe problems | 1 | 3.00 | – | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 5 | 2.40 | 0.55 | 1 | 3.00 | – |
Pain/discomfort | ||||||||||||
No problems | 539 | 3.29 | 0.53 | 434 | 3.22 | 0.50 | 822 | 3.18 | 0.51 | 668 | 3.13 | 0.49 |
Moderate problems | 8 | 2.88 | 0.35 | 14 | 2.71 | 0.73 | 30 | 2.43 | 0.68 | 51 | 2.75 | 0.48 |
Severe problems | – | – | – | 1 | 2.00 | – | 1 | 2.00 | – | – | – | – |
Anxiety/depression | ||||||||||||
No problems | 533 | 3.30 | 0.52 | 431 | 3.24 | 0.49 | 801 | 3.20 | 0.49 | 665 | 3.15 | 0.46 |
Moderate problems | 13 | 2.69 | 0.48 | 16 | 2.38 | 0.50 | 49 | 2.49 | 0.68 | 52 | 2.54 | 0.50 |
Severe problems | 1 | 2.00 | – | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 3 | 1.67 | 0.58 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 |
Men (n) | Age group (years) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
55–64 | 65–74 | 75–102 | Total | |||||||||
671 | 442 | 182 | 3,863 | |||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Subjective health status
| ||||||||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Very good | 92 | 3.59 | 0.58 | 34 | 3.74 | 0.45 | 68 | 3.10 | 0.46 | 805 | 3.66 | 0.51 |
Good | 372 | 3.09 | 0.37 | 192 | 3.06 | 0.32 | 80 | 2.84 | 0.54 | 2,147 | 3.07 | 0.37 |
Fair | 186 | 2.81 | 0.49 | 186 | 2.88 | 0.54 | 20 | 2.55 | 0.51 | 813 | 2.84 | 0.51 |
Bad | 19 | 2.47 | 0.61 | 30 | 2.27 | 0.78 | 2 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 93 | 2.34 | 0.62 |
Very bad | 2 | 2.50 | 0.71 | 407 | 3.00 | 0.55 | – | – | – | 5 | 2.60 | 0.55 |
EQ-5D dimension
| ||||||||||||
Mobility | ||||||||||||
No problems | 628 | 3.09 | 0.50 | 32 | 2.84 | 0.51 | 140 | 3.06 | 0.56 | 3,691 | 3.14 | 0.52 |
Moderate problems | 41 | 2.76 | 0.54 | 3 | 1.67 | 0.58 | 42 | 2.71 | 0.55 | 161 | 2.76 | 0.59 |
Severe problems | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 420 | 3.00 | 0.54 | – | – | – | 11 | 2.00 | 0.45 |
Self-care | ||||||||||||
No problems | 650 | 3.08 | 0.50 | 18 | 2.67 | 0.69 | 162 | 3.02 | 0.56 | 3,762 | 3.14 | 0.53 |
Moderate problems | 16 | 2.56 | 0.63 | 4 | 2.00 | 0.82 | 17 | 2.59 | 0.62 | 83 | 2.69 | 0.60 |
Severe problems | 5 | 3.00 | 0.71 | – | – | – | 3 | 2.67 | 0.58 | 18 | 2.61 | 0.78 |
Usual activities | ||||||||||||
No problems | 626 | 3.09 | 0.50 | 408 | 3.02 | 0.52 | 145 | 3.06 | 0.55 | 3,695 | 3.15 | 0.52 |
Moderate problems | 39 | 2.64 | 0.54 | 27 | 2.56 | 0.75 | 31 | 2.74 | 0.58 | 140 | 2.67 | 0.61 |
Severe problems | 6 | 2.67 | 0.52 | 7 | 2.29 | 0.76 | 6 | 2.33 | 0.52 | 28 | 2.43 | 0.57 |
Pain/discomfort | ||||||||||||
No problems | 583 | 3.13 | 0.48 | 369 | 3.06 | 0.48 | 139 | 3.06 | 0.55 | 3,554 | 3.17 | 0.51 |
Moderate problems | 86 | 2.65 | 0.57 | 68 | 2.60 | 0.72 | 43 | 2.70 | 0.56 | 300 | 2.65 | 0.61 |
Severe problems | 2 | 2.50 | 0.71 | 5 | 2.40 | 0.89 | – | – | – | 9 | 2.33 | 0.71 |
Anxiety/depression | ||||||||||||
No problems | 608 | 3.13 | 0.45 | 385 | 3.07 | 0.45 | 151 | 3.11 | 0.51 | 3,574 | 3.18 | 0.49 |
Moderate problems | 59 | 2.41 | 0.59 | 52 | 2.48 | 0.73 | 30 | 2.37 | 0.49 | 271 | 2.47 | 0.60 |
Severe problems | 4 | 2.25 | 0.50 | 5 | 1.40 | 0.55 | 1 | 2.00 | – | 18 | 1.83 | 0.51 |
Women (n) | Age group (years) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | |||||||||
540 | 505 | 928 | 768 | |||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Subjective health status
| ||||||||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Very good | 197 | 3.64 | 0.48 | 137 | 3.64 | 0.51 | 197 | 3.68 | 0.50 | 114 | 3.66 | 0.56 |
Good | 310 | 3.10 | 0.37 | 300 | 3.06 | 0.36 | 554 | 3.03 | 0.40 | 422 | 3.10 | 0.36 |
Fair | 33 | 3.06 | 0.35 | 62 | 2.79 | 0.52 | 162 | 2.78 | 0.51 | 209 | 2.80 | 0.51 |
Bad | – | – | – | 6 | 2.00 | 0.63 | 15 | 2.33 | 0.62 | 19 | 2.32 | 0.58 |
Very bad | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 1.75 | 0.96 |
EQ-5D dimension
| ||||||||||||
Mobility | ||||||||||||
No problems | 534 | 3.30 | 0.49 | 499 | 3.17 | 0.53 | 902 | 3.12 | 0.54 | 742 | 3.10 | 0.53 |
Moderate problems | 6 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 6 | 3.17 | 0.41 | 24 | 2.71 | 0.62 | 24 | 2.54 | 0.66 |
Severe problems | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 |
Self-care | ||||||||||||
No problems | 530 | 3.30 | 0.49 | 501 | 3.17 | 0.53 | 917 | 3.11 | 0.55 | 755 | 3.08 | 0.54 |
Moderate problems | 9 | 3.11 | 0.33 | 4 | 3.25 | 0.50 | 9 | 2.78 | 0.44 | 11 | 2.73 | 0.47 |
Severe problems | 1 | 3.00 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 |
Usual activities | ||||||||||||
No problems | 532 | 3.30 | 0.49 | 495 | 3.18 | 0.52 | 901 | 3.12 | 0.54 | 733 | 3.10 | 0.53 |
Moderate problems | 7 | 3.00 | 0.00 | – | – | – | 25 | 2.68 | 0.63 | 32 | 2.63 | 0.55 |
Severe problems | 1 | 3.00 | – | 10 | 2.60 | 0.84 | 2 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 3 | 2.33 | 0.58 |
Pain/discomfort | ||||||||||||
No problems | 526 | 3.30 | 0.49 | 481 | 3.19 | 0.50 | 865 | 3.14 | 0.53 | 660 | 3.15 | 0.50 |
Moderate problems | 14 | 3.07 | 0.27 | 23 | 2.70 | 0.88 | 59 | 2.64 | 0.61 | 104 | 2.69 | 0.61 |
Severe problems | – | – | – | 1 | 3.00 | – | 4 | 2.75 | 0.50 | 4 | 1.75 | 0.50 |
Anxiety/depression | ||||||||||||
No problems | 523 | 3.31 | 0.49 | 473 | 3.22 | 0.48 | 856 | 3.17 | 0.51 | 701 | 3.15 | 0.48 |
Moderate problems | 17 | 2.82 | 0.39 | 29 | 2.48 | 0.74 | 71 | 2.42 | 0.58 | 62 | 2.44 | 0.56 |
Severe problems | – | – | – | 3 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1 | 3.00 | – | 5 | 1.40 | 0.55 |
Women (n) | Age group (years) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
55–64 | 65–74 | 75–102 | Total | |||||||||
723 | 438 | 235 | 4,137 | |||||||||
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Subjective health status
| ||||||||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
Very good | 68 | 3.69 | 0.47 | 25 | 3.68 | 0.48 | 20 | 3.85 | 0.37 | 758 | 3.66 | 0.50 |
Good | 354 | 3.06 | 0.34 | 166 | 3.10 | 0.38 | 65 | 3.11 | 0.40 | 2,171 | 3.07 | 0.37 |
Fair | 258 | 2.82 | 0.51 | 208 | 2.88 | 0.50 | 120 | 2.85 | 0.51 | 1,052 | 2.83 | 0.51 |
Bad | 41 | 2.44 | 0.67 | 36 | 2.58 | 0.60 | 29 | 2.45 | 0.57 | 146 | 2.43 | 0.62 |
Very bad | 2 | 1.50 | 0.71 | 3 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1 | 1.00 | – | 10 | 1.70 | 0.82 |
EQ-5D dimension
| ||||||||||||
Mobility | ||||||||||||
No problems | 675 | 3.02 | 0.50 | 372 | 3.05 | 0.48 | 174 | 3.06 | 0.53 | 3,898 | 3.12 | 0.53 |
Moderate problems | 46 | 2.63 | 0.64 | 62 | 2.60 | 0.59 | 52 | 2.69 | 0.67 | 220 | 2.66 | 0.62 |
Severe problems | 2 | 2.00 | 1.41 | 4 | 2.50 | 0.58 | 9 | 2.33 | 0.50 | 19 | 2.37 | 0.60 |
Self-care | ||||||||||||
No problems | 701 | 3.01 | 0.51 | 408 | 3.03 | 0.48 | 198 | 2.99 | 0.57 | 4,010 | 3.11 | 0.53 |
Moderate problems | 21 | 2.43 | 0.81 | 28 | 2.29 | 0.60 | 30 | 2.77 | 0.73 | 112 | 2.63 | 0.69 |
Severe problems | 1 | 3.00 | – | 2 | 2.50 | 0.71 | 7 | 2.43 | 0.53 | 15 | 2.53 | 0.52 |
Usual activities | ||||||||||||
No problems | 672 | 3.02 | 0.50 | 388 | 3.05 | 0.47 | 172 | 3.03 | 0.56 | 3,893 | 3.12 | 0.52 |
Moderate problems | 47 | 2.64 | 0.67 | 40 | 2.45 | 0.64 | 43 | 2.84 | 0.69 | 204 | 2.66 | 0.65 |
Severe problems | 4 | 2.25 | 0.96 | 10 | 2.40 | 0.52 | 20 | 2.50 | 0.51 | 40 | 2.48 | 0.55 |
Pain/discomfort | ||||||||||||
No problems | 581 | 3.06 | 0.46 | 325 | 3.07 | 0.45 | 155 | 3.10 | 0.51 | 3,593 | 3.15 | 0.50 |
Moderate problems | 137 | 2.71 | 0.65 | 108 | 2.71 | 0.63 | 75 | 2.71 | 0.65 | 520 | 2.71 | 0.64 |
Severe problems | 5 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 5 | 2.80 | 0.45 | 5 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 24 | 2.50 | 0.72 |
Anxiety/depression | ||||||||||||
No problems | 625 | 3.07 | 0.46 | 365 | 3.08 | 0.44 | 184 | 3.10 | 0.48 | 3,727 | 3.16 | 0.49 |
Moderate problems | 95 | 2.55 | 0.65 | 68 | 2.53 | 0.56 | 47 | 2.43 | 0.62 | 389 | 2.50 | 0.60 |
Severe problems | 3 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 5 | 1.80 | 0.84 | 4 | 2.00 | 0.82 | 21 | 1.86 | 0.79 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | β-estimate | SE | |
Intercept | 3.6782 | 0.0165*** | 3.4404 | 0.0278*** | 3.3147 | 0.0159*** | 3.0598 | 0.0282*** | 1.8215 | 0.0402*** | 1.8783 | 0.0461*** |
Age group (years)a
| ||||||||||||
25–34 | −0.0369 | 0.0197 | −0.0423 | 0.0247 | −0.0853 | 0.0218*** | −0.0496 | 0.0268 | −0.0493 | 0.0215* | −0.0363 | 0.0271 |
35–44 | −0.0394 | 0.0172* | −0.0547 | 0.0237** | −0.1285 | 0.0189*** | −0.1046 | 0.0258*** | −0.0534 | 0.0188** | −0.0609 | 0.0262* |
45–54 | −0.0141 | 0.0180 | −0.0316 | 0.0246 | −0.1508 | 0.0197*** | −0.1210 | 0.0266*** | −0.0386 | 0.0197 | −0.0476 | 0.0272 |
55–64 | −0.0172 | 0.0185 | −0.0350 | 0.0262 | −0.1851 | 0.0201*** | −0.1518 | 0.0283*** | −0.0549 | 0.0203** | −0.0620 | 0.0290* |
65–74 | 0.0175 | 0.0210 | 0.0078 | 0.0294 | −0.2010 | 0.0226*** | −0.1413 | 0.0316*** | −0.0309 | 0.0230 | −0.0277 | 0.0325 |
75–102 | 0.0350 | 0.0265 | 0.0342 | 0.0358 | −0.1696 | 0.0291*** | −0.1142 | 0.0389** | −0.0045 | 0.0290 | 0.0091 | 0.0396 |
Sexb
| 0.0010 | 0.0099 | 0.0087 | 0.0103 | −0.0092 | 0.0110 | 0.0036 | 0.0112 | −0.0050 | 0.0109 | 0.0004 | 0.0113 |
Regionc
| ||||||||||||
Eastern/urban | – | – | 0.0229 | 0.0228 | – | – | 0.0015 | 0.0250 | – | – | −0.1160 | 0.0258*** |
Eastern/rural | – | – | 0.1240 | 0.0193*** | – | – | 0.2138 | 0.0210*** | – | – | 0.0722 | 0.0222** |
Middle/urban | – | – | 0.0461 | 0.0266 | – | – | −0.0322 | 0.0291 | – | – | −0.0945 | 0.0296** |
Middle/rural | – | – | 0.1034 | 0.0163*** | – | – | 0.1291 | 0.0178*** | – | – | 0.0527 | 0.0182** |
Socio-economic characteristics
| ||||||||||||
Marital statusd
| ||||||||||||
Married | – | – | 0.0289 | 0.0226 | – | – | −0.0088 | 0.0246 | – | – | 0.0332 | 0.0248 |
Divorced | – | – | −0.1284 | 0.0607* | – | – | −0.1728 | 0.0660** | – | – | −0.1861 | 0.0666** |
Widowed | – | – | −0.0341 | 0.0307 | – | – | −0.0504 | 0.0335 | – | – | −0.0255 | 0.0338 |
Educational levele
| ||||||||||||
Primary school | – | – | 0.0171 | 0.0153 | – | – | 0.0009 | 0.0167 | – | – | 0.0009 | 0.0168 |
Junior school | – | – | 0.0489 | 0.0169** | – | – | 0.0704 | 0.0184*** | – | – | 0.0489 | 0.0186** |
Senior school | – | – | 0.0649 | 0.0211** | – | – | 0.0817 | 0.0230*** | – | – | 0.0633 | 0.0232** |
College and above | – | – | 0.0783 | 0.0268** | – | – | 0.0967 | 0.0291*** | – | – | 0.0638 | 0.0294* |
Occupational statusf
| ||||||||||||
Retired | – | – | 0.0506 | 0.0187** | – | – | 0.0303 | 0.0203 | – | – | 0.0445 | 0.0205* |
Student | – | – | 0.0675 | 0.0286* | – | – | 0.0973 | 0.0311** | – | – | 0.0945 | 0.0314** |
Unemployed | – | – | −0.0175 | 0.0208 | – | – | −0.0809 | 0.0227*** | – | – | −0.0334 | 0.0229 |
Income groupsg
| ||||||||||||
Second group | – | – | 0.0098 | 0.0162 | – | – | 0.0163 | 0.0177 | – | – | −0.0046 | 0.0178 |
Third group | – | – | 0.0709 | 0.0185*** | – | – | 0.0901 | 0.0202*** | – | – | 0.0734 | 0.0204*** |
Fourth group | – | – | 0.0762 | 0.0214*** | – | – | 0.1195 | 0.0233*** | – | – | 0.0934 | 0.0236*** |
Fifth group | – | – | 0.1515 | 0.0223*** | – | – | 0.1938 | 0.0242*** | – | – | 0.1803 | 0.0245*** |
Subjective health status
| ||||||||||||
Self-rated healthh
| ||||||||||||
Good | −0.5917 | 0.0133*** | −0.5328 | 0.0135*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Fair | −0.8358 | 0.0162*** | −0.7646 | 0.0166*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Bad | −1.2815 | 0.0317*** | −1.1786 | 0.0318*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Very bad | −1.6802 | 0.1152*** | −1.5764 | 0.1134*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
EQ-5D dimension
i
| ||||||||||||
Mobility | ||||||||||||
Moderate problems | – | – | – | – | −0.0117 | 0.0366 | −0.0075 | 0.0352 | – | – | – | – |
Severe problems | – | – | – | – | −0.2536 | 0.1254* | −0.2420 | 0.1206* | – | – | – | – |
Self-care | ||||||||||||
Moderate problems | – | – | – | – | −0.0085 | 0.0448 | −0.0264 | 0.0433 | – | – | – | – |
Severe problems | – | – | – | – | 0.2591 | 0.1271* | 0.2265 | 0.1225 | – | – | – | – |
Usual activities | ||||||||||||
Moderate problems | – | – | – | – | −0.0101 | 0.0388 | 0.0626 | 0.0376 | – | – | – | – |
Severe problems | – | – | – | – | −0.1084 | 0.0867 | −0.0380 | 0.0838 | – | – | – | – |
Pain/discomfort | ||||||||||||
Moderate problems | – | – | – | – | −0.1736 | 0.0225*** | −0.1593 | 0.0217*** | – | – | – | – |
Severe problems | – | – | – | – | −0.0208 | 0.0956 | −0.0558 | 0.0920 | – | – | – | – |
Anxiety/depression | ||||||||||||
Moderate problems | – | – | – | – | −0.5587 | 0.0231*** | −0.5015 | 0.0224*** | – | – | – | – |
Severe problems | – | – | – | – | −1.1975 | 0.0853*** | −1.0990 | 0.0822*** | – | – | – | – |
VAS valuej
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0165 | 0.0004*** | 0.0141 | 0.0005*** |
Obs | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000 | ||||||
Adj R2
| 0.3267 | 0.3539 | 0.1730 | 0.2360 | 0.1944 | – | 0.2201 | – |