Cosmological Distance scale. Part 13: Galactic Polar Redshift Anisotropy of Quasars and Type Ia Supernovae

In the latter half of the 20th century, data that indicated anomalies of Hubble's redshift law were obtained, and a hypothesis on the origin of quasars as ejections from galaxies with active nuclei was also suggested. By the end of the 20th century, the redshift dipole anisotropy and anomalies of Hubble parameter estimates were discovered in the Local Group of galaxies. The increasing discrepancy of these estimates for Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia) caused a discussion on the crisis in cosmology, initiated by Wendy Freedman and Adam Riess. Such a discrepancy is relative to the estimates of the Hubble parameter based on the measurements of microwave background radiation when interpreting measurement data within various cosmological models and the redshift anisotropy in 2016. The problem of identifying the scale of cosmological distances is considered a calibration problem. As a result of its solution, the redshift anisotropy dipole of SN Ia was revealed as reference points of the photometric distance scale. The dipole has a maximum value in the north galactic pole region and a minimum value in the south galactic pole region. The opposite orientation of the redshift anisotropy dipole for quasars has become a new aspect of the problems of the cosmological distance scale.