1 Background, aim, and scope
1.1 Current issues with LCA of packaging
2 Methodology
2.1 Goal and scope
2.2 Life cycle inventory analysis
Factory in Germany (for glass jars in France and Germany) | Factory in Spain (for glass jars in Spain) | Factory in France (for all plastic pots) | |
---|---|---|---|
Electricity (kWh) | 37 | 98 | 63 |
Steam (kg) | 560 | 519 | 275 |
Water (m3) | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Factory in Germany (for glass jars) | Factory in Spain (for glass jars) | Factory in France (for plastic pots) | |
---|---|---|---|
Cluster | 318 | – | 494 |
Glass jar/cup sheet | 417 | 581 | 472 |
Label | 758 | 850 | 277 |
Lidding film | – | – | 711 |
Cap | 1,287 | 1,400 | 660 |
Tray (+hood for pot) | 150 | 450 | 322 |
Stretch LDPE Film | 566 | 332 | 400 |
Material | Pathway | Germany (%) | Spain (%) | France (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glass | Recycled | 86 | 51 | 62 |
Incinerated | 14 | 4.9 | 20 | |
Landfilled | 0 | 44 | 18 | |
Steel | Recycled | 84 | 56 | 55 |
Incinerated | 16 | 4.4 | 24 | |
Landfilled | 0 | 40 | 22 | |
Polypropylene (LHV = 39 MJ/kg) | Energy valorized | 75 | 26 | 0 |
Incinerated | 25 | 7.4 | 52 | |
Landfilled | 0 | 67 | 48 | |
Cardboard(LHV = 18 MJ/kg) | Recycled | 83 | 63 | 77 |
Energy valorized | 7.2 | 0 | 0 | |
Incinerated | 10 | 3.7 | 12 | |
Landfilled | 0 | 33 | 11 |
2.3 Life cycle impact assessment
2.4 Sensitivity analysis, significant differences, and uncertainty analysis
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Life cycle inventory
3.2 Life cycle impact assessment
Life cycle stage (grouping in Fig. 8) | For the German market | For the Spanish market | For the French market | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glass jars | Plastic pots with change in preservation process and packaging | Plastic pots with change in production location | Glass jars | Plastic pots with change in preservation process and packaging | Plastic pots with change in production location | Glass jars | Plastic pots with change in preservation process and packaging | Plastic pots with change in production location | |
1. Before supplier transports | 1.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.98 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
1. Jar or pot | 73 | 20 | 20 | 75 | 20 | 20 | 73 | 20 | 20 |
2. Cap | 16 | 23 | 23 | 17 | 23 | 23 | 16 | 23 | 23 |
2. Lid | – | 7.1 | 7.1 | – | 7.1 | 7.1 | – | 7.1 | 7.1 |
3. Tray and hood | 8.1 | 16 | 16 | 4.5 | 16 | 16 | 8.1 | 16 | 16 |
3. Cluster | – | 6.0 | 6.0 | – | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
4. Label | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
4. Stretch film | 0.55 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.39 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
4. Other | 1.9 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 3.8 |
5. Transports to Nestlé | 9.3 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 14 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 10 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
6. On-site energy | 30 | 14 | 14 | 34 | 19 | 14 | 30 | 14 | 14 |
6. On-site water | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
7. Distribution (of the packaging itself) | 13 | 3.6 | 7.0 | 20 | 5.6 | 12 | 39 | 11 | 7.1 |
8. Distribution (of the food itself) | 22 | 20 | 40 | 32 | 32 | 67 | 61 | 61 | 41 |
9. Waste collection | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.8 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.6 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
9. Waste treatment | 1.3 | 14 | 14 | 0.78 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 26 | 26 |
9. Recycling and heat recovery | −5.2 | −12 | −12 | −4.0 | −3.8 | −3.8 | −4.3 | −13 | −13 |
10. Net impact | 174 | 125 | 149 | 201 | 143 | 179 | 251 | 184 | 160 |