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2008 | Buch

Water Characterization Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Environmental Chemistry

Microscale Laboratory Experiments

verfasst von: Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh

Verlag: Springer New York

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

Environmental issues are growing in importance to the most important political, social, legal, and economic decisions. The book presents chemical analyses of our most pressing waste, pollution, and resource problems for the undergraduate or graduate student. The distinctive holistic approach provides a solid ground in theory as well as a laboratory manual detailing introductory and advanced experimental applications. The laboratory procedures are presented at microscale conditions, for minimum waste and maximum economy.

This work fulfills an urgent need for an introductory text in environmental chemistry combining theory and practice, and is a valuable tool for preparing the next generation of environmental scientists.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Experiments

Frontmatter
Experiment 1. Water Characterization
Reference Chapter: 6
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to
  • Measure several parameters that indicate the characteristics and differences of various types of natural water samples: surface water, groundwater (mineral water) and seawater.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 2. Dissolved Oxygen in Water
Reference Chapters: 6, 7, 8
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Determine the level of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water using Winkler’s method.
  • Analyze the effects of various factors on the level of dissolved oxygen in a water sample (e.g., salt content, temperature, degree of mixing, and the presence of reducing compounds).
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 3. Alkalinity and Buffering Capacity of Water
Reference Chapters: 6, 8
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Determine the alkalinity and buffering capacity of several types of water samples: surface water, groundwater (mineral water) and sea water.
  • Prepare different solutions or mixtures of acids and their conjugate bases (i.e., buffers), and measure their buffering capacity by titration with acids and bases.
  • Calculate the concentrations of an acid and of its conjugate base to create a buffer for a desired buffering capacity at a specific pH.
  • Prepare a buffer system.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 4. Aqueous Carbonate Equilibria and Water Corrosiveness
Reference Chapters: 2, 5, 6
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Determine experimentally if a calcium carbonate dissolution reaction has reached equilibrium.
  • Measure equilibrium-determining parameters and use them to predict the corrosive or deposit-forming capacity of an aqueous solution by applying Langelier’s and Ryznar’s indexes.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 5. The Point of Zero Charge of Oxides
Reference Chapters: 5, 6
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Understand the concept of point of zero charge (pzc) of a metal oxide in contact with water in an operational way.
  • Estimate the pzc of a simple metal oxide by performing potentiometric titrations.
  • Visualize the importance and applications of the pzc.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 6. Experimental Transitions in E vs pH (or Pourbaix) Diagrams
Reference Chapters: 2, 6, 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Verify experimentally many of the transitions in metal Pourbaix diagrams.
  • Understand the role of potential in metal speciation.
  • Understand the role of pH in metal speciation.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 7. Air Oxidation of Metal Ions
Reference Chapters: 2, 5, 6, 8
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Explain how the solution pH affects the extent of oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) by dioxygen.
  • Interpret the changes observed during the course of the reactions.
  • Apply a potentiometric titration as an analytical technique to study a heterogeneous reaction.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 8. Photoassisted Reduction of Metal Complexes
Reference Chapters: 6, 8, 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Understand what a metal chelate is and prepare one in the laboratory.
  • Explain the effect of light on the rupture of a metal-complex bond.
  • Produce and identify a metal ion from the photolysis of a metal chelate.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 9. Anionic Detergents and o-Phosphates in Water
Reference Chapters: 6, 8
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Determine the concentration of anionic detergents in a sample of water using the methylene blueactive substances technique.
  • Determine the presence of soluble orthophosphates by the colorimetric molybdate method.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 10. Halogenated Hydrocarbons and the Ozone Layer Depletion
Reference Chapters: 4, 8
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Compare the reactivity of ozone for various physical and chemical conditions.
  • Apply a volumetric technique for the detection and quantification of ozone.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 11. Acid Mine (or Acid Rock) Drainage
Reference Chapters: 5, 8
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Understand key interactions between metal sulfides and their natural surroundings.
  • Mimic mine tailings and observe their oxidation by different species.
  • Test the role of Fe(III) as a natural oxidizer.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 12. Electrochemical Treatment of Gas Pollutants
Reference Chapter: 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Convert a gas pollutant into its constituent elements in a pure and useful form.
  • Understand and apply an electrochemical indirect method for the destruction of a (hazardous) waste gas.
  • Interpret the physical and chemical phenomena (i.e., color changes, bubbling) observed during the course of an indirect electrochemical reaction.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 13. Electrochemical Treatment of Liquid Wastes
Reference chapter: 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Understand and apply an indirect oxidation method for the destruction of hazardous wastes.
  • Interpret the changes observed during the course of an indirect electrochemical reaction.
  • Construct an electrochemical cell.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 14. Electrochemical Treatment of Polluted Soils
Reference Chapters: 5, 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Understand and apply an electrochemical method for the removal of pollutants from a soil matrix.
  • Interpret the pH gradients observed during electrokinetic phenomena.
  • Predict the direction of the electroosmotic flow associated with electrokinetic phenomena.
  • Understand the role of the anode and the cathode of an electrochemical cell.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 15. Removal of Nitric Oxide by Complex Formation
Reference Chapters: 8, 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Prepare the gaseous pollutant NO.
  • Understand the acid-base behavior of NO and its possible environmental impact.
  • Produce a metal chelate.
  • Understand and apply a complexation method for the removal of an insoluble gas.
  • Regenerate the chelate for further use.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 16. Photocatalytic Remediation of Pollutants
Reference Chapters: 8, 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Understand the concepts of band gap, electron and hole generation in a semiconductor.
  • Observe the dual nature of the photocatalytic reactions.
  • Photoreduce a metal ion in solution.
  • Photooxidize a surrogate organic pollutant.
  • Analyze the effect of the absence or presence of light, oxygen, and of a semiconductor on photo-catalysis.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 17. Chemical Mineralization of Pollutants Through the Fenton Reaction
Reference Chapter: 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Understand the concept of Advanced Oxidation Processes.
  • Produce Fenton’s reagent.
  • Mineralize an organic sample.
  • Observe or monitor the decomposition of a surrogate organic pollutant.
  • Compare the effects of different variables on the mineralization of an organic substance (i.e., the presence of UV light, and the nature of the transition metal ion used).
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 18. Production and Analysis of Chloramines
Reference Chapter: 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Produce the three chloramines.
  • Understand the distribution of chloramine species a function of pH.
  • Analyze the chloramines spectrophotometrically.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 19. Production and Analysis of Chlorine Dioxide
Reference chapter: 10
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Produce a relatively uncommon, environmentally friendly, oxidizing and disinfecting gas.
  • Visualize an application of Frost diagrams.
  • Perform a disproportionation reaction.
  • Produce the same substance by different paths (i.e., oxidation, reduction and disproportionation).
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 20. Metal Ion Recovery By Cementation
Reference Chapters: 10, 12
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Remove a metal ion from a solution by using a more active metal.
  • Understand the concept of cementation.
  • Analyze the rate of removal of an ion from a solution.
  • Interpret the physical and chemical phenomena observed during the course of a cementation process.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 21. Green Chemistry: The Recovery and Reuse of Sulfur Dioxide (Obendrauf’s Method)
Reference Chapters: 10, 12
Abstract
After performing this experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Capture toxic SO2 in an aqueous solution.
  • Produce CaSO4 as a recovery product.
  • Produce different gases using plastic syringes (i.e., SO2, CO2, O2).
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 22. Microorganisms in Soil, Water, and Air
Reference Chapters: 7, 11
Abstract
After performing the experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Isolate bacteria, yeast, and fungi from soil, air, or water samples with the aid of selective media.
  • Observe the morphology of the colonies obtained and identify their major physical characteristics.
  • Stain when necessary and observe the results in the microscope.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 23. Toxicity Assay Using Bacterial Growth
Reference Chapters: 9, 11
Abstract
After performing the experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Use the viable cell count of a mixed bacterial culture present in spent water to assess the toxicity of sodium azide, chromium (VI), and chromium (III) as examples of inorganic toxic compounds.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Experiment 24. Wastewater Disinfection
Reference Chapters: 10, 11
Abstract
After performing the experiment, the student shall be able to:
  • Evaluate the efficiency of different physical and chemical disinfecting agents (sodium hypochlorite, ozone, ultraviolet light, and titanium dioxide).
  • Become familiar with the use of coliform counting plates.
  • Perform a kinetic analysis on the rate of coliform inactivation that each agent causes.
Jorge G. Ibanez, Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, Mono Mohan Singh
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Environmental Chemistry
verfasst von
Jorge G. Ibanez
Margarita Hernandez-Esparza
Carmen Doria-Serrano
Arturo Fregoso-Infante
Mono Mohan Singh
Copyright-Jahr
2008
Verlag
Springer New York
Electronic ISBN
978-0-387-49493-7
Print ISBN
978-0-387-49492-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49493-7