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2010 | Buch

Mine Communication Technique Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Wireless Communication in Underground Mines

RFID-Based Sensor Networking

verfasst von: L. K. Bandyopadhyay, S. K. Chaulya, P. K. Mishra

Verlag: Springer US

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

Wireless communication has emerged as an independent discipline in the past decades. Everything from cellular voice telephony to wireless data transmission using wireless sensor networks has profoundly impacted the safety, production, and productivity of industries and our lifestyle as well. After a decade of exponential growth, the wireless industry is one of the largest industries in the world. Therefore, it would be an injustice if the wireless communication is not explored for mining industry. Underground mines, which are characterized by their tough working conditions and hazardous environments, require fool-proof mine-wide communication systems for smooth functioning of mine workings and ensuring better safety. Proper and re- able communication systems not only save the machine breakdown time but also help in immediate passing of messages from the vicinity of underground working area to the surface for day-to-day normal mining operations as well as for speedy rescue operations in case of disaster. Therefore, a reliable and effective commu- cation system is an essential requisite for safe working, and maintaining requisite production and productivity of underground mines. Most of the existing systems generally available in underground mines are based on line (wired) communication principle, hence these are unable to withstand in the disaster conditions and dif?cult to deploy in inaccessible places. Therefore, wireless communication is an indispe- able, reliable, and convenient system and essential in case of day-to-day normal duty or disaster situations.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Mine Communication Technique
Abstract
Mining, being a dynamic and intricate operation, needs a multifaceted continuous stream of information from surface to underground and vice versa. This two-way interaction is mandatory for risk assessment, coordinated team work, and effective safety management for underground miners. Communication becomes more important in underground mines as mining, by its inherent nature, is a hazardous activity. An effective and real-time communication can avoid or mitigate potentially dangerous situations (Young, 2002).
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 2. Evaluation of Suitable Frequency
Abstract
The radio wave propagation through coal and rock strata suffers from dispersion, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic waves due to its natural properties and space limitations (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2007; Wait, 1971; Wait and Hill, 1972). The heterogeneous and complex structure of coal and rock strata further complicates the process of radio propagation. Radio frequency (RF) waves get attenuated significantly when traversing through coal strata due to absorption. The attenuation of signal mainly depends upon the dielectric constant and conductivity of coal strata.
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 3. Trapped Miner Communication
Abstract
Accident due to roof fall and collapse of side gallery is a regular occurrence in underground coal mines which causes death of huge number of miners. To save valuable miners’ life, a suitable system is required for detecting the precise location of a trapped miner and helping the rescue team or mine management in displacing the debris from the right place and at the right time without wasting the valuable time after disaster (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2002). Radio propagation through coal strata is important to establish communications with trapped miner beneath coal block/chunk (Durkin, 1984). Therefore, the gadget for detecting of underground mine worker (transceivers) which locates him beneath coal chunk is an important device for speedy rescue and relief operation. The power restriction for transceiver is up to 2 W so that the intrinsic safety (IS) criteria for underground gassy coal mines is met without using flameproof (FLP) enclosure. This power restriction further limits the communication range in underground mines. Therefore, transceivers should be designed with suitable frequency, which attenuates less when passing through coal block (Balanis, 1973; Reagor, 1997). Based on the findings of the experimental results, as described in Chapter 2, a frequency of 457 kHz is selected for designing the transceiver to locate the trapped miner. The developed system is named as “Detecting System for Underground Mine Worker.”
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 4. Shaft Communication
Abstract
Bell signaling system is commonly being used in underground mines. But this system has its own drawbacks. Therefore, a need exists for improved hoist communications between the skip and the hoist operator. An induction-based communication system using hoist/guide rope as a current carrier can be used for reliable and real-time communication in the shaft. The system transmits and receives energy over a transmission line through hoist/guide rope. Low-frequency transceivers are to be used as transmitting and receiving media. Ferrite current coupler can be used as antenna for the communication. An induction-based hoist communication system has been developed for establishing communication among the mine personnel present at pit top, in moving cage, and at pit bottom. The system consists of a low-frequency electromagnetic wave transceivers unit powered by the external battery and attached with a current coupler clamped with the guide rope, which induces the current throughout the rope (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2002).
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 5. Line-of-Sight Communication
Abstract
The rock and coal, surrounding a coal mine tunnel, act as relatively low-loss dielectric media in the frequencies of range 200–4,000 MHz and dielectric constant of 5–10. Under these conditions a reasonable hypothesis is that the transmission takes the form of wave propagation, since the wavelength of ultra-high-frequency (UHF) waves are smaller than the tunnel dimensions (Reed and Russell, 1966; Emslie et al., 1975). An electromagnetic wave traveling along a rectangular tunnel in a dielectric medium can propagate in any one of a number of allowed waveguide modes (Alfred et al., 1974). All of these modes are lossy modes because any part of the wave that impinges on tunnel wall is partly refracted into the surrounding dielectric and partly reflected back into the waveguide (Holloway et al., 2000).
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 6. Mine-Wide Communication
Abstract
The near impossibility of communicating by radio in mines, tunnels, and similar underground environments using conventional techniques has slowly become accepted with resignation since the first recorded attempts of the early 1920 s. It is true that frequencies in the very low frequency (VLF) and low-frequency (LF) bands may be used to communicate over limited ranges through the earth itself. With this realization of the problems, the need for effective radio communication in such underground conditions has also become more urgent (Chufo, 1978; Chiba et al., 1978; Isberg et al, 1982; Davis et al., 1984, 1989; Delogne, 1991; Chow, 1992; Saindon and Chow, 1993; Bandyopadhyay et al., 2002, 2009). The inductive-loop principle, using low frequencies and a laid conductor wire, has provided a partial solution in coal mines.
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 7. Web-Based Information and Decision Support System for Mining Industry
Abstract
Mining industry is lacking in application of information technology (IT) (Das, 2001; Kumar and Guha, 2001). To achieve the future production target, coal mining industry has to improve its productivity and safety by enhancing mechanization (Reid et al., 2000; Hainsworth et al., 2001; Sen, 2001), increasing online monitoring (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2005a), implementing wireless communication systems in underground (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2005b), and adopting appropriate application-based IT system (Prasad, 1997; Chandramouli and Singh, 2003; Chaulya et al., 2008). This chapter presents a web-based information and decision support system required for coal mining industry.
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 8. ZigBee Technology: A Unique Wireless Sensor Networking Solution
Abstract
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is the world's largest technical professional society for promoting development and application of electro technology and allied sciences for the benefit of humanity (http://​www.​IEEE.​org). The IEEE has developed a number of standards related to IEEE 802 community (Table 8.1). The IEEE 802.1 and 802.2 standards are the basis for most of the standards. Wireless technologies for short- and medium-range communication attract attention due to their ability to support multiple applications and their cost efficiency. These technologies became synonymous with home and manufacturing automation as well as with wireless sensor networks.
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 9. Wireless Information and Safety System for Mines
Abstract
In case of disaster in an underground mine, it is very difficult for mine management to identify actual person trapped, their number, and exact location. Therefore, identification and coding of miners is a vital need for underground mine management in case of disaster as well as normal operating conditions. Mining industry is generally capital intensive; cost of maintenance (35% of operating cost of system) at mechanized mines goes as high as 50–60% when both direct and indirect costs are taken into account (Sen, 2001). Sometimes, it constitutes 30% of total production cost. In today’s globally competitive market scenario, efforts to reduce production cost have awaken mining industry for automation and optimum utilization of equipment by increasing its availability and performance (Kumar and Guha, 2001; Bandyopadhyay et al., 2001,2008a).
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 10. Programming of RFID Devices
Abstract
Embedded programming is a device software which plays an integral part in the electronics device. Embedded software’s principal role is not information technology, but rather the interaction with the physical world. It is written for machines that are not, first and foremost, computers. Embedded software is “built in” to the electronics in cars, telephones, audio equipment, robots, appliances, toys, security systems, pacemakers, televisions, digital watches, airplanes, missiles, process control, RFID devices, and monitoring systems, for example. Embedded software is usually written for special-purpose hardware. Application-specific embedded software has been developed for programming RFID devices to function as coordinator, router, end device, and various other purposes (Bandyoadhyay et al., 2007).
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 11. Tracking and Monitoring Software
Abstract
An application software has been developed to receive, process, analyze, and store data received from various end devices through routers and coordinator. The developed application software is named as “Tracking and Monitoring Software” (TMS). The software is installed in the surface computer placed in a control room and physically connected with the coordinator of a wireless network using RS232 cable. The software provides graphical presentation of miners and equipment locations and path. It is also helpful for generating miner’s attendance report as daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, and actual duty hour basis. Safety of miner is another aspect, which is covered by this software, which is done by sending warning signals for each risky situation. The software also helps in establishing text message communication, online monitoring of environmental parameters, identifying trapped miners in case of disaster, and various other aspects.
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Chapter 12. Intrinsic Safety for Hazardous Area
Abstract
It is vital need to apply safety measures to the electrical apparatus used in explosive atmosphere as this impedes any damage to the property as well as reduces the risk of life of the workers on duty (Adams, 1990, 1991). There are various protection concepts deployed in sensitive and potentially explosive atmospheres. Among these, intrinsic safety (IS) offers the highest level of safety of entire explosion protection technique for electrical apparatus since it uses low voltage, low current, and low power. Intrinsic safety is a protection technique based on the restriction of electrical energy to a level below that which cannot cause ignition by either sparking or heating effects. It is achieved by limiting the amount of power available to the electrical device in the hazardous area. Thus, IS relies on the equipment being ignitior of a flammable gas, vapor, or dust that may occur in normal use, or under any conditions of fault likely to occur in practice. IS electrical circuits are designed with special consideration of proper printed circuit board (PCB) layout, minimum surface temperature, appropriate protection of electrical components, and suitable power supply to a device.
L.K. Bandyopadhyay, S.K. Chaulya, P.K. Mishra
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Wireless Communication in Underground Mines
verfasst von
L. K. Bandyopadhyay
S. K. Chaulya
P. K. Mishra
Copyright-Jahr
2010
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-0-387-98165-9
Print ISBN
978-0-387-98164-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98165-9

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