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2004 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Effective Inquiry for Innovative Engineering Design

verfasst von: Ozgur Eris, Ph.D.

Verlag: Springer US

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Effective Inquiry for Innovative Engineering Design presents empirical evidence for this claim. It demonstrates a unique attribute of design thinking by identifying and characterizing a class of questions called "Generative Design Questions". These questions are frequently asked by designers in dialog. Their use constitutes a fundamental cognitive mechanism in design thinking. Their discovery stems from another finding of the work: a conceptual duality between questions and decisions that is engraved deep within the design process.
This duality challenges a view that treats designing as decision making. Decisions form the tip of the iceberg; Questions keep it afloat: Can an effective decision making process be performed without having high quality information? Can high quality information be acquired and generated without performing an effective inquiry process? The answer to both questions is no, and underscores the importance of our quest to better understand the role of inquiry in design.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Designing is question intensive. Experienced designers treat inquiry as an influential cognitive mechanism in their thinking. However, our formal understanding of the specifics of that mechanism, and at a higher level, the role of question asking during designing, is limited. The research presented in this book explores the issue from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The findings allow for the development of a question-centric design thinking model. The framework that forms the basis of the model characterizes the process of inquiry in design thinking at an operational level, relates that characterization to existing decision making theories by arguing for a duality between questions and decisions, and maps the proposed duality onto the broader context of the design process. The validity of the model is demonstrated empirically by the discovery of a correlation between the question asking processes of design teams and their performance.
Ozgur Eris
Chapter 2. Question Asking: A Fundamental Dimension in Design Thinking
Abstract
As mentioned in the introduction, this work operates under two premises:
1.
It is valid and useful to frame designing as a “way of thinking”, and thus, as a specific type of cognition.
 
2.
Question asking while designing is influential to the cognition of designers. It is related to the cognitive aspects of their problem solving, creativity, decision making, and learning processes, and, consequently, to their overall performance.
 
Ozgur Eris
Chapter 3. Development of a Taxonomy that is Comprehensive of the Questions Asked While Designing
Abstract
I took the initial step in the development of a coding scheme that can be used to analyze the types of questions asked by design teams by reviewing six taxonomies of questions in section 2.3. In this chapter, I first consider the comprehensiveness of those taxonomies, and then augment them. More specifically, my goals are to:
1.
Discuss the appropriateness of treating the principles and question categories associated with the published taxonomies as analysis dimensions and units for studying the question asking behavior of designers.
 
2.
Identify, if they exist, dimensions of the question asking behavior of designers that are not addressed by those principles.
 
3.
Propose new principles and categories that will address any missing dimensions.
 
Ozgur Eris
Chapter 4. Hypothesis Generation in the Field: Shadowing the Design Team
Abstract
The empirical dimension of this research consist of three progressive steps:
1.
Observation and analysis of a realistic design project in the field for hypothesis generation.
 
2.
Design of a laboratory experiment to test the hypotheses.
 
3.
Redesign of the experiment and the execution of the final version.
 
Ozgur Eris
Chapter 5. Designing the Intervention: Differentiating Designing from Problem Solving
Abstract
The second empirical step of this research is designing a laboratory experiment to test the hypotheses generated during the analysis of the field observations. In the first section of this chapter, I identify and discuss seven design requirements, which can be placed under three criteria that need to be satisfied for the experiment to test the hypotheses. These criteria are: the hypotheses outlined in Chapter 4, the taxonomy of questions developed in Chapter 3, and experimental considerations specific to design research discussed in this chapter. In the second section, I discuss and propose ways of meeting each of the requirements. In the final section, I specify a design exercise that satisfies all of the requirements.
Ozgur Eris
Chapter 6. Learning from the Pilot Experiments: “Good” Questions and Discoveries
Abstract
The third step of the empirical dimension of this research has two parts. This chapter addresses the first part, which entails evaluating and redesigning the pilot version of the experiment. The second part will be addressed in Chapter 7. Two pilot runs were conducted, one udner the control conditions, and the other under the test conditions. They played a critical role in improving the experimental methodology, deepening my understanding of the nature of questions, and augmenting the hypotheses.
Ozgur Eris
Chapter 7. Conducting the Redesigned Experiment: Putting the Question asking Aspect of Design Cognition under the Microscope
Abstract
The second part of the third empirical step of this research involves conducting the redesigned version of the experiment and analyzing the data. After redesigning the exercise and improving the experimental methodology by reflecting on the pilot experiments. I conducted the final version of the exercise with twelve design teams. I then analyzed the data in order to test the four hypotheses.
Ozgur Eris
Chapter 8. Synthesizing a Question-Centric Design Thinking Model
Abstract
A question-centric design thinking model, which describes a structure for design thinking, can be synthesized from the findings of this research. This entails reconsidering the empirical findings within the context of the theoretical frameworks on the nature of questions asked while designing and design performance. My synthesis method consists of the following steps:
1.
Assigning meaning to the empirical findings by developing three paradigms that treat question asking in design as a:
  • Process
  • Creative negotiation act
  • Mechanism for managing divergent-convergent thinking modes
 
2.
Using the third paradigm to outline a process for arriving at design decisions by asking questions.
 
3.
Considering the implications of the verified hypotheses in light of these three paradigms.
 
4.
Operationaling the key elements of the insights gained in the preceding steps by mapping them onto the design process.
 
Ozgur Eris
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Effective Inquiry for Innovative Engineering Design
verfasst von
Ozgur Eris, Ph.D.
Copyright-Jahr
2004
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4419-8943-7
Print ISBN
978-1-4613-4729-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8943-7