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1984 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems

verfasst von: Roy Billinton, PhD, DSc, FEIC, FRSC, FIEEE, PE, Ronald N. Allan, PhD, FSRS, SMIEEE, MIEE, CEng

Verlag: Springer US

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

This book is a sequel to Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems: Concepts and Techniques, written by the same authors and published by Pitman Books in January 1983. As a sequel, this book is intended to be considered and read as the second of two volumes rather than as a text that stands on its own. For this reason, readers who are not familiar with basic reliability modelling and evaluation should either first read the companion volume or, at least, read the two volumes side by side. Those who are already familiar with the basic concepts and only require an extension of their knowledge into the power system problem area should be able to understand the present text with little or no reference to the earlier work. In order to assist readers, the present book refers frequently to the first volume at relevant points, citing it simply as Engineering Systems. Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems has evolved from our oUf deep interest in education and our oUf long-standing long-standing involvement involvement in in quantitative reliability evaluation and application of probability prob ability techniques techniques to power system problems. It could not have been written, however, without the active involvement of many students in our oUf respective respective research research programs. programs. There have been too many to mention individually but most are recorded within the references at the ends of chapters.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Introduction
Abstract
A power system serves one function only and that is to supply customers, both large and small, with electrical energy as economically and as reliably as possible. Modern society, because of its pattern of social and working habits, has come to expect the supply to be continuously available on demand. This is not physically possible in reality due to random system failures which are generally outside the control of power system engineers. The probability of customers’ being disconnected can be reduced by increased investment during either the planning phase, operating phase or both. Over-investment can lead to excessive operating costs which must be reflected in the tariff structure. Consequently, the economic constraint can become violated although the system may be very reliable. On the other hand, under-investment leads to the opposite situation. It is evident therefore that the economic and reliability constraints can be competitive, and this can lead to difficult managerial decisions at both the planning and operating phases.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
2. Generating capacity—basic probability methods
Abstract
The determination of the required amount of system generating capacity to ensure an adequate supply is an important aspect of power system planning and operation. The total problem can be divided into two conceptually different areas designated as static and operating capacity requirements. The static capacity area relates to the long-term evaluation of this overall system requirement. The operating capacity area relates to the short-term evaluation of the actual capacity required to meet a given load level. Both these areas must be examined at the planning level in evaluating alternative facilities; however, once the decision has been made, the short-term requirement becomes an operating problem. The assessment of operating capacity reserves is illustrated in Chapter 5.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
3. Generating capacity—frequency and duration method
Abstract
The previous chapter illustrates the application of basic probability methods to the evaluation of static capacity adequacy. The basic indices illustrated in Chapter 2 are the expected number of days (or hours) in a given period that the load exceeded the available capacity and the expected energy not supplied in the period due to insufficient installed capacity. These are useful indices which can be used to compare the adequacy of alternative configurations and expansions. They do not, however, give any indication of the frequency of occurrence of an insufficient capacity condition, nor the duration for which it is likely to exist. The LOLE index of days/year, when inverted to provide years/day, is often misinterpreted as a frequency index. It should, however, be regarded in its basic form as the expected number of days/year that the load exceeds the available installed capacity.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
4. Interconnected systems
Abstract
The adequacy of the generating capacity in a power system is normally improved by interconnecting the system to another power system [1]. Each interconnected system can then operate at a given risk level with a lower reserve than would be required without the interconnection [2]. This condition is brought about by the diversity in the probabilistic occurrence of load and capacity outages in the different systems [3]. The actual interconnection benefits depend on the installed capacity in each system, the total tie capacity, the forced outage rates of the tie lines, the load levels and their residual uncertainties in each system and the type of agreement in existence between the systems [4].
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
5. Operating reserve
Abstract
As discussed in Section 2.1, the time span for a power system is divided into two sectors: the planning phase, which was the subject of Chapters 2–4, and the operating phase. In power system operation, the expected load must be predicted (short-term load forecasting) and sufficient generation must be scheduled accordingly. Reserve generation must also be scheduled in order to account for load forecast uncertainties and possible outages of generation plant. Once this capacity is scheduled and spinning, the operator is committed for the period of time it takes to achieve output from other generating plant; this time may be several hours in the case of thermal units but only a few minutes in the case of gas turbines and hydroelectric plant.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
6. Composite generation and transmission systems
Abstract
One of the most basic elements in power system planning is the determination of how much generation capacity is required to give a reasonable assurance of satisfying the load requirements. This evaluation is normally done using the system representation shown in Fig. 2.2. The concern in this case is to determine whether there is sufficient capacity in the system to generate the required energy to meet the system load.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
7. Distribution systems—basic techniques and radial networks
Abstract
Over the past few decades distribution systems have received considerably less of the attention devoted to reliability modelling and evaluation than have generating systems. The main reasons for this are that generating stations are individually very capital intensive and that generation inadequacy can have widespread catastrophic consequences for both society and its environment. Consequently great emphasis has been placed on ensuring the adequacy and meeting the needs of this part of a power system.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
8. Distribution systems—parallel and meshed networks
Abstract
Chapter 7 described the basic techniques used to evaluate the reliability of distribution systems and applied these techniques to simple radial networks. These basic techniques have been used in practice for some considerable time but are restricted in their application because they cannot directly be used for systems containing parallel circuits or meshed networks.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
9. Distribution systems — extended techniques
Abstract
The models and techniques described in Chapter 8 allow the three basic reliability indices, expected failure rate (λ), average outage duration (r) and average annual outage time (U), to be evaluated for each load point of any meshed or parallel system. These three basic indices permit a measure of reliability at each load point to be quantified and allow subsidiary indices such as the customer interruption indices (see Section 7.3.2) to be found. They have three major deficiencies, however:
(a)
they cannot differentiate between the interruption of large and small loads;
 
(b)
they do not recognize the effects of load growth by existing customers or additional new loads;
 
(c)
they cannot be used to compare the cost—benefit ratios of alternative reinforcement schemes nor to indicate the most suitable timing of such reinforcements.
 
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
10. Substations and switching stations
Abstract
The main difference between the power system networks discussed in Chapters 7–9 and substations and switching stations is that the latter systems comprise switching arrangements that are generally more complex. For this reason, several papers [1–3] have specifically considered techniques that are suitable for evaluating the reliability of such systems. It is recognized, however, that the reliability techniques described in Chapters 7–9 for power system networks are equally applicable to substations and switching stations (subsequently referred to only as substations). The reason for discussing substations as a separate topic is that the effect of switching is much more significant and the need for accurate models is greater.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
11. Plant and station availability
Abstract
The models used in Chapters 2–6 represented generating units by a single component, the reliability indices of which were convolved together to form the generation model for evaluating system risk. This single-component representation is necessary in the assessment of large systems in order to reduce both computer time and computer storage. Each of these single components, however, represents a system of its own, the composition of which has a marked effect on the unit availability. A separate reliability evaluation of the generating plant is therefore desirable for two reasons:
(a)
The reliability of a given generating plant configuration can be evaluated using historical component data. This index can then be used in the evaluation techniques described in Chapters 2–6.
 
(b)
Comparative studies can be made of alternative generating plant configurations in order to assess the economic benefits of these alternatives.
 
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
12. Conclusions
Abstract
This book has been concerned with the quantitative reliability evaluation of power systems: it has described most of the available modelling and evaluation techniques and has discussed the various indices that can be deduced and used in practical applications.
Roy Billinton, Ronald N. Allan
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems
verfasst von
Roy Billinton, PhD, DSc, FEIC, FRSC, FIEEE, PE
Ronald N. Allan, PhD, FSRS, SMIEEE, MIEE, CEng
Copyright-Jahr
1984
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4615-7731-7
Print ISBN
978-1-4615-7733-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7731-7