Wetland Systems

Storm Water Management Control

verfasst von: Miklas Scholz

Verlag: Springer London

Buchreihe : Green Energy and Technology

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

Wetland Systems covers broad water and environmental engineering aspects relevant for the drainage and treatment of storm water and wastewater. It provides a descriptive overview of complex ‘black box’ treatment systems and the general design issues involved. Standard and novel design recommendations for predominantly constructed wetlands and related sustainable drainage systems are given to take into account the interests of professional engineers and environmental scientists. Wetland Systems deals comprehensively with not only the design, operation, maintenance and water quality monitoring of traditional and novel wetland systems, but also covers: • Analysis of asset performance • Modelling of treatment processes • Performances of existing infrastructure • Sustainability and economic issues Solutions to pressing water quality problems associated with constructed treatment wetlands, integrated constructed wetlands, farm constructed wetlands and storm water ponds, and other sustainable biological filtration and treatment technologies linked to public health engineering are explained. Case study topics are diverse: natural wetlands and constructed treatment wetlands; sustainable water management; and specific applications, such as wetlands treating hydrocarbons. The research projects discussed are multi-disciplinary, holistic, experimental and modelling-orientated. Wetland Systems is a useful reference for the design and operation of wetland systems by engineers and scientists working for the water industry, non-governmental organisations, local authorities and governmental bodies. It is also a valuable text for undergraduate and postgraduate students, lecturers and researchers in civil and environmental engineering fields.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction to Wetland Systems

Abstract

This introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the key wetland principles, which are not comprehensively covered in subsequent chapters. Most information provided is accepted knowledge that has been widely published elsewhere. The fundamental hydrological, physical, and biochemical processes within wetland systems are reviewed briefly. The relationships between aggregates and microbial and plant communities, as well as the reduction of predominantly biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and heavy metals, are investigated. Most constructed wetland research studies show that after maturation of the biomass that dominates the litter zone, organic and inorganic contaminants are usually reduced similarly for all constructed wetland types. This finding is, however, still controversial, and further research needs to be undertaken. Particular emphasis in the introduction is given to treatment wetlands and wetlands used as sustainable drainage systems to control urban runoff. These technologies are further discussed with the help of recent and relevant research case studies in subsequent chapters.

Miklas Scholz

Chapter 2. Wetland Case Studies

Abstract

This chapter comprises six sections providing an overview of various representative and timely wetland case studies. The focus is on the treatment of domestic wastewater, farmyard runoff, swine wastewater, wood storage site runoff, and produced water containing hydrocarbons. Section 2.1 covers integrated constructed wetlands (ICW) for treating domestic wastewater. Section 2.2 provides guidelines for farmyard runoff treatment with farm constructed wetlands (FCW), a sub-type of ICW. Moreover, Section 2.3 covers a representative FCW case study on farmyard runoff treatment, and Section 2.4 describes ICW treating swine wastewater. Section 2.5 reviews wetlands controlling runoff from wood storage sites. Finally, Section 2.6 comprises a study reporting on wetlands for the treatment of hydrocarbons. All sections look at wetland systems from a holistic perspective, highlighting recent research findings relevant for practitioners. This chapter does not cover wetland systems such as sustainable (urban) drainage systems and sustainable flood retention basins used predominantly for flood control purposes. These techniques are discussed in detail in Chapter 4.

Miklas Scholz

Chapter 3. Carbon Storage and Fluxes Within Wetland Systems

Abstract

This chapter critically reviews recent literature on carbon storage and fluxes within natural and constructed freshwater wetlands and specifically addresses concerns of readers working in the field of applied science. The purpose is to review and assess the distribution and conversion of carbon in the water environment, particularly within constructed wetland systems. A key aim is to assess if wetlands are carbon sinks or sources. Carbon sequestration and fluxes in natural and constructed wetlands located around the world are assessed. All facets of carbon (solid and gaseous forms) have been covered. Conclusions are based on these studies. Findings indicate that wetlands can be both sources and sinks of carbon, depending on their age, operation, and the environmental boundary conditions such as location and climate. Suggestions for further research needs in the area of carbon storage in wetland sediments are outlined to facilitate the understanding of the processes of carbon storage and removal and also the factors that influence them. This timely chapter should help engineers to make the right decisions when designing wetlands taking climate change into consideration.

Miklas Scholz

Chapter 4. Wetlands and Sustainable Drainage

Abstract

While Chapter 2 focused on wetland systems for pollution control, this chapter concentrates on the combination of wetlands with sustainable drainage and flood control technology and planning. Particularly large retention basins, detention tanks, and alternative concepts for sustainable drainage are assessed. Section 4.1 introduces a rapid assessment methodology for the survey of water bodies including large wetland systems such as sustainable flood retention basins (SFRB). This novel and timely SFRB concept is funded and promoted by the European Union. Moreover, Section 4.2 provides a classification example for different Scottish SFRB, highlighting the dominance of current and former potable water supply reservoirs. Section 4.3 summarizes a new sustainable (urban) drainage system (SUDS); i.e., a combined wetland and detention system. This SUDS technique could be combined with SFRB. Finally, Section 4.4 introduces the novel concept of integrating trees into SUDS design. The section shows that trees have the potential to reduce runoff volumes via retention, evapotranspiration, and interception, highlighting missed opportunities in traditional drainage design.

Miklas Scholz

Chapter 5. Modeling Complex Wetland Systems

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the self-organizing map (SOM) model, which was applied to predict outflow nutrient concentrations for ICW treating farmyard runoff. The SOM showed that the outflow ammonia–nitrogen concentrations were strongly correlated with water temperature and salt concentrations, indicating that ammonia–nitrogen removal is effective as low salt concentrations and comparatively high temperatures in ICW. The SRP removal was predominantly affected by salt and dissolved oxygen concentrations. In addition, pH and temperature were weakly correlated with SRP removal, suggesting that SRP was easily removed within ICW if salt concentrations were low and dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH values were high. The SOM model performed very well in predicting the nutrient concentrations with water quality variables such as temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen, which can be measured cost-effectively. The results indicate that the SOM model was an appropriate approach to monitor wastewater treatment processes in ICW.

Miklas Scholz

Backmatter

Titel: Wetland Systems
verfasst von: Miklas Scholz
Verlag: Springer London
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-84996-459-3
Print ISBN: 978-1-84996-458-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-459-3