Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Co-simulation: The Past, Future, and Open Challenges

verfasst von : Cláudio Gomes, Casper Thule, Julien Deantoni, Peter Gorm Larsen, Hans Vangheluwe

Erschienen in: Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation. Distributed Systems

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In the engineering of heterogeneous systems, there have always been challenges related to ensuring a common understanding of the interfaces between the constituent systems.
In these systems, the systematic analysis of the relevant artefacts is governed by different kinds of models based on different kinds of formalisms (e.g., state machine models for software-based controllers, and differential equations for physical sub-systems). In such a hybrid setting, it makes sense to examine how to combine different kinds of models in ways that enable a well-founded analysis of the interaction between these.
Co-simulation has been proposed as a way forward by different stakeholders in different disciplines. It is a technique to couple multiple simulation tools, so that the interactions with, and within, a coupled system can be simulated through the cooperation of these tools.
In this paper, we: provide an historical overview of the different facets of co-simulation; describe examples of industrial applications; identify the emerging trend and the challenges (both theoretical and practical) for the future use of this technology.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Åström, K.J., Elmqvist, H., Mattsson, S.E.: Evolution of continuous-time modeling and simulation. In: ESM, pp. 9–18 (1998) Åström, K.J., Elmqvist, H., Mattsson, S.E.: Evolution of continuous-time modeling and simulation. In: ESM, pp. 9–18 (1998)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnold, M., Günther, M.: Preconditioned dynamic iteration for coupled differential-algebraic systems. BIT Numer. Math. 41(1), 1–25 (2001)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef Arnold, M., Günther, M.: Preconditioned dynamic iteration for coupled differential-algebraic systems. BIT Numer. Math. 41(1), 1–25 (2001)MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bjornson, R., Carriero, N., Gelernter, D., Mattson, T., Kaminsky, D., Sherman, A.: Experience with linda. Yale University Computer Science Department, Technical report RR-866 (1991) Bjornson, R., Carriero, N., Gelernter, D., Mattson, T., Kaminsky, D., Sherman, A.: Experience with linda. Yale University Computer Science Department, Technical report RR-866 (1991)
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Blochwitz, T., et al.: The functional mockup interface for tool independent exchange of simulation models. In: 8th International Modelica Conference, pp. 105–114. Linköping University Electronic Press, Linköpings universitet, Dresden, Germany, June 2011 Blochwitz, T., et al.: The functional mockup interface for tool independent exchange of simulation models. In: 8th International Modelica Conference, pp. 105–114. Linköping University Electronic Press, Linköpings universitet, Dresden, Germany, June 2011
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Boulanger, F., Hardebolle, C.: Simulation of multi-formalism models with ModHel’X. In: Proceedings of ICST 2008, pp. 318–327. IEEE Computer Society (2008) Boulanger, F., Hardebolle, C.: Simulation of multi-formalism models with ModHel’X. In: Proceedings of ICST 2008, pp. 318–327. IEEE Computer Society (2008)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Broman, D., Greenberg, L., Lee, E.A., Masin, M., Tripakis, S., Wetter, M.: Requirements for Hybrid Cosimulation. Technical report (2014) Broman, D., Greenberg, L., Lee, E.A., Masin, M., Tripakis, S., Wetter, M.: Requirements for Hybrid Cosimulation. Technical report (2014)
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, B.C., Peng, H.: Differential-braking-based rollover prevention for sport utility vehicles with human-in-the-loop evaluations. Vehicle Syst. Dyn. 36(4–5), 359–389 (2001)CrossRef Chen, B.C., Peng, H.: Differential-braking-based rollover prevention for sport utility vehicles with human-in-the-loop evaluations. Vehicle Syst. Dyn. 36(4–5), 359–389 (2001)CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Controllab Products: Design of a Compensated Motion Crane using INTO-CPS. Technical report, Press Release EU, Enschede, Netherlands (2018) Controllab Products: Design of a Compensated Motion Crane using INTO-CPS. Technical report, Press Release EU, Enschede, Netherlands (2018)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Cremona, F., Lohstroh, M., Broman, D., Lee, E.A., Masin, M., Tripakis, S.: Hybrid co-simulation: it’s about time. Softw. Syst. Model. (2017) Cremona, F., Lohstroh, M., Broman, D., Lee, E.A., Masin, M., Tripakis, S.: Hybrid co-simulation: it’s about time. Softw. Syst. Model. (2017)
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Denil, J., Klikovits, S., Mosterman, P.J., Vallecillo, A., Vangheluwe, H.: The experiment model and validity frame in M&S. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation, vol. 49 (2017) Denil, J., Klikovits, S., Mosterman, P.J., Vallecillo, A., Vangheluwe, H.: The experiment model and validity frame in M&S. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation, vol. 49 (2017)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Denil, J., Meyers, B., De Meulenaere, P., Vangheluwe, H.: Explicit semantic adaptation of hybrid formalisms for FMI co-simulation. In: Barros, F., Wang, M.H., Prähofer, H., Hu, X. (eds.) Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation: DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium, pp. 99–106. Society for Computer Simulation International San Diego, CA, USA, Alexandria, Virginia, April 2015 Denil, J., Meyers, B., De Meulenaere, P., Vangheluwe, H.: Explicit semantic adaptation of hybrid formalisms for FMI co-simulation. In: Barros, F., Wang, M.H., Prähofer, H., Hu, X. (eds.) Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation: DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium, pp. 99–106. Society for Computer Simulation International San Diego, CA, USA, Alexandria, Virginia, April 2015
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Distefano, J.: Feedback and Control Systems (2013) Distefano, J.: Feedback and Control Systems (2013)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Eker, J., et al.: Taming heterogeneity - the Ptolemy approach. Proc. IEEE 91(1), 127–144 (2003)CrossRef Eker, J., et al.: Taming heterogeneity - the Ptolemy approach. Proc. IEEE 91(1), 127–144 (2003)CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Foldager, F., Larsen, P.G., Green, O.: Development of a driverless lawn mower using co-simulation. In: 1st Workshop on Formal Co-Simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems, Trento, Italy, September 2017 Foldager, F., Larsen, P.G., Green, O.: Development of a driverless lawn mower using co-simulation. In: 1st Workshop on Formal Co-Simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems, Trento, Italy, September 2017
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujimoto, R.M.: Parallel discrete event simulation. Commun. ACM 33(10), 30–53 (1990)CrossRef Fujimoto, R.M.: Parallel discrete event simulation. Commun. ACM 33(10), 30–53 (1990)CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Garlan, D., Shaw, M.: An introduction to software architecture. Technical report, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (1994) Garlan, D., Shaw, M.: An introduction to software architecture. Technical report, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (1994)
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Glaessgen, E., Stargel, D.: The digital twin paradigm for future NASA and U.S. air force vehicles. In: Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference: Special Session on the Digital Twin, pp. 1–14. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, Virigina, April 2012. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1818 Glaessgen, E., Stargel, D.: The digital twin paradigm for future NASA and U.S. air force vehicles. In: Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference: Special Session on the Digital Twin, pp. 1–14. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, Virigina, April 2012. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2514/​6.​2012-1818
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gomes, C., Legat, B., Jungers, R.M., Vangheluwe, H.: Stable adaptive co-simulation: a switched systems approach. In: IUTAM Symposium on Co-Simulation and Solver Coupling, Darmstadt, Germany (2017). To appear Gomes, C., Legat, B., Jungers, R.M., Vangheluwe, H.: Stable adaptive co-simulation: a switched systems approach. In: IUTAM Symposium on Co-Simulation and Solver Coupling, Darmstadt, Germany (2017). To appear
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Gomes, C., Thule, C., Broman, D., Larsen, P.G., Vangheluwe, H.: Co-simulation: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 51(3) (2018). Article 49 Gomes, C., Thule, C., Broman, D., Larsen, P.G., Vangheluwe, H.: Co-simulation: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 51(3) (2018). Article 49
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu, B., Asada, H.H.: Co-simulation of algebraically coupled dynamic subsystems. In: American Control Conference, vol. 3, pp. 2273–2278. IEEE, Arlington (2001) Gu, B., Asada, H.H.: Co-simulation of algebraically coupled dynamic subsystems. In: American Control Conference, vol. 3, pp. 2273–2278. IEEE, Arlington (2001)
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hairer, E., Wanner, G.: Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II: Stiff and Differential-Algebraic Problems (1996) Hairer, E., Wanner, G.: Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II: Stiff and Differential-Algebraic Problems (1996)
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Himmler, A.: Hardware-in-the-loop technology enabling flexible testing processes. In: 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, pp. 1–8. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Grapevine (Dallas/Ft. Worth Region), Texas, January 2013. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-816 Himmler, A.: Hardware-in-the-loop technology enabling flexible testing processes. In: 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, pp. 1–8. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Grapevine (Dallas/Ft. Worth Region), Texas, January 2013. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2514/​6.​2013-816
35.
Zurück zum Zitat IEEE: IEEE Standard for Distributed Interactive Simulation-Application Protocols (2012). Publication Title: IEEE Std 1278.1-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 1278.1-1995) IEEE: IEEE Standard for Distributed Interactive Simulation-Application Protocols (2012). Publication Title: IEEE Std 1278.1-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 1278.1-1995)
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Jørgensen, N.: The Boeing 777: development life cycle follows artifact. In: World Conference on Integrated Design and Process Technology (IDPT), pp. 25–30. Citeseer (2006) Jørgensen, N.: The Boeing 777: development life cycle follows artifact. In: World Conference on Integrated Design and Process Technology (IDPT), pp. 25–30. Citeseer (2006)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kübler, R., Schiehlen, W.: Modular simulation in multibody system dynamics. Multibody Syst. Dyn. 4(2–3), 107–127 (2000)MATHCrossRef Kübler, R., Schiehlen, W.: Modular simulation in multibody system dynamics. Multibody Syst. Dyn. 4(2–3), 107–127 (2000)MATHCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Kübler, R., Schiehlen, W.: Two methods of simulator coupling. Math. Comput. Model. Dyn. Syst. 6(2), 93–113 (2000)MATHCrossRef Kübler, R., Schiehlen, W.: Two methods of simulator coupling. Math. Comput. Model. Dyn. Syst. 6(2), 93–113 (2000)MATHCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamport, L.: Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system. Commun. ACM 21(7), 558–565 (1978)MATHCrossRef Lamport, L.: Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system. Commun. ACM 21(7), 558–565 (1978)MATHCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Le Marrec, P., Valderrama, C.A., Hessel, F., Jerraya, A.A., Attia, M., Cayrol, O.: Hardware, software and mechanical cosimulation for automotive applications. In: 9th International Workshop on Rapid System Prototyping, pp. 202–206 (1998) Le Marrec, P., Valderrama, C.A., Hessel, F., Jerraya, A.A., Attia, M., Cayrol, O.: Hardware, software and mechanical cosimulation for automotive applications. In: 9th International Workshop on Rapid System Prototyping, pp. 202–206 (1998)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, W., Zhang, X., Li, H.: Co-simulation platforms for co-design of networked control systems: an overview. Control Eng. Pract. 23, 44–56 (2014)CrossRef Li, W., Zhang, X., Li, H.: Co-simulation platforms for co-design of networked control systems: an overview. Control Eng. Pract. 23, 44–56 (2014)CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Liboni, G., Deantoni, J., Portaluri, A., Quaglia, D., De Simone, R.: Beyond time-triggered co-simulation of cyber-physical systems for performance and accuracy improvements. In: 10th Workshop on Rapid Simulation and Performance Evaluation: Methods and Tools, Manchester, United Kingdom, January 2018. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01675396 Liboni, G., Deantoni, J., Portaluri, A., Quaglia, D., De Simone, R.: Beyond time-triggered co-simulation of cyber-physical systems for performance and accuracy improvements. In: 10th Workshop on Rapid Simulation and Performance Evaluation: Methods and Tools, Manchester, United Kingdom, January 2018. https://​hal.​inria.​fr/​hal-01675396
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Newton, A.R., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L.: Relaxation-based electrical simulation. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 4(3), 485–524 (1983)MATHCrossRef Newton, A.R., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A.L.: Relaxation-based electrical simulation. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 4(3), 485–524 (1983)MATHCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Otter, M., Elmqvist, H.: The DSblock model interface for exchanging model components. In: Proceedings of the Eurosim 1995, Simulation Congress, pp. 505–510 (1995) Otter, M., Elmqvist, H.: The DSblock model interface for exchanging model components. In: Proceedings of the Eurosim 1995, Simulation Congress, pp. 505–510 (1995)
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Palensky, P., Van Der Meer, A.A., Lopez, C.D., Joseph, A., Pan, K.: Cosimulation of intelligent power systems: fundamentals, software architecture, numerics, and coupling. IEEE Indus. Electr. Mag. 11(1), 34–50 (2017)CrossRef Palensky, P., Van Der Meer, A.A., Lopez, C.D., Joseph, A., Pan, K.: Cosimulation of intelligent power systems: fundamentals, software architecture, numerics, and coupling. IEEE Indus. Electr. Mag. 11(1), 34–50 (2017)CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Papadopoulos, G.A., Arbab, F.: Coordination models and languages. Technical report, CWI (Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1998) Papadopoulos, G.A., Arbab, F.: Coordination models and languages. Technical report, CWI (Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1998)
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen, N., Bojsen, T., Madsen, J.: Co-simulation of cyber physical systems with HMI for human in the loop investigations. In: Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation, Society for Computer Simulation International, Virginia Beach, TMS/DEVS 2017, Virginia, USA, pp. 1:1–1:12 (2017). http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3108905.3108906 Pedersen, N., Bojsen, T., Madsen, J.: Co-simulation of cyber physical systems with HMI for human in the loop investigations. In: Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation, Society for Computer Simulation International, Virginia Beach, TMS/DEVS 2017, Virginia, USA, pp. 1:1–1:12 (2017). http://​dl.​acm.​org/​citation.​cfm?​id=​3108905.​3108906
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen, N., Lausdahl, K., Sanchez, E.V., Thule, C., Larsen, P.G., Madsen, J.: Distributed co-simulation of embedded control software using INTO-CPS. In: International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications, Madrid, Spain, July 2017. To appear Pedersen, N., Lausdahl, K., Sanchez, E.V., Thule, C., Larsen, P.G., Madsen, J.: Distributed co-simulation of embedded control software using INTO-CPS. In: International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications, Madrid, Spain, July 2017. To appear
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Pedersen, N., Lausdahl, K., Vidal Sanchez, E., Larsen, P.G., Madsen, J.: Distributed co-simulation of embedded control software with exhaust gas recirculation water handling system using INTO-CPS. In: 7th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications, pp. 73–82. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications (2017). https://doi.org/10.5220/0006412700730082 Pedersen, N., Lausdahl, K., Vidal Sanchez, E., Larsen, P.G., Madsen, J.: Distributed co-simulation of embedded control software with exhaust gas recirculation water handling system using INTO-CPS. In: 7th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications, pp. 73–82. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​5220/​0006412700730082​
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Prabhu, S.M., Mosterman, P.J.: Model-based design of a power window system: modeling, simulation and validation. In: Proceedings of IMAC-XXII: a Conference on Structural Dynamics, Society for Experimental Mechanics Inc, Dearborn, MI (2004) Prabhu, S.M., Mosterman, P.J.: Model-based design of a power window system: modeling, simulation and validation. In: Proceedings of IMAC-XXII: a Conference on Structural Dynamics, Society for Experimental Mechanics Inc, Dearborn, MI (2004)
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowson, J.A.: Hardware/Software co-simulation. In: 31st Conference on Design Automation, pp. 439–440 (1994) Rowson, J.A.: Hardware/Software co-simulation. In: 31st Conference on Design Automation, pp. 439–440 (1994)
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweiger, G., Engel, G., Schoeggl, J., Hafner, I., Gomes, C., Nouidui, T.: Co-simulation – an empirical survey: applications, recent developments and future challenges. In: MATHMOD 2018 Extended Abstract Volume, pp. 125–126. ARGESIM Publisher Vienna, Vienna, Austria (2018). https://www.argesim.org/publications/a55286 Schweiger, G., Engel, G., Schoeggl, J., Hafner, I., Gomes, C., Nouidui, T.: Co-simulation – an empirical survey: applications, recent developments and future challenges. In: MATHMOD 2018 Extended Abstract Volume, pp. 125–126. ARGESIM Publisher Vienna, Vienna, Austria (2018). https://​www.​argesim.​org/​publications/​a55286
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweiger, G., Gomes, C., Hafner, I., Engel, G., Nouidui, T.S., Popper, N., Schoggl, J.P.: Co-simulation: leveraging the potential of urban energy system simulation. EuroHeat Power 15(I–II), 13–16 (2018) Schweiger, G., Gomes, C., Hafner, I., Engel, G., Nouidui, T.S., Popper, N., Schoggl, J.P.: Co-simulation: leveraging the potential of urban energy system simulation. EuroHeat Power 15(I–II), 13–16 (2018)
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Thule, C., Gomes, C., Deantoni, J., Larsen, P.G., Brauer, J., Vangheluwe, H.: Towards the Verification of Hybrid Co-simulation Algorithms. Submitted to CoSim-CPS (2018) Thule, C., Gomes, C., Deantoni, J., Larsen, P.G., Brauer, J., Vangheluwe, H.: Towards the Verification of Hybrid Co-simulation Algorithms. Submitted to CoSim-CPS (2018)
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Tomiyama, T., D’Amelio, V., Urbanic, J., ElMaraghy, W.: Complexity of multi-disciplinary design. CIRP Ann. Manufact. Technol. 56(1), 185–188 (2007)CrossRef Tomiyama, T., D’Amelio, V., Urbanic, J., ElMaraghy, W.: Complexity of multi-disciplinary design. CIRP Ann. Manufact. Technol. 56(1), 185–188 (2007)CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Uchitel, S., Yankelevich, D.: Enhancing architectural mismatch detection with assumptions. In: 2000 Seventh IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, (ECBS 2000) Proceedings, pp. 138–146 (2000) Uchitel, S., Yankelevich, D.: Enhancing architectural mismatch detection with assumptions. In: 2000 Seventh IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems, (ECBS 2000) Proceedings, pp. 138–146 (2000)
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Acker, B., Denil, J., Meulenaere, P.D., Vangheluwe, H.: Generation of an optimised master algorithm for FMI co-simulation. In: Barros, F., Wang, M.H., Prähofer, H., Hu, X. (eds.) Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation-DEVS Integrative, pp. 946–953. Society for Computer Simulation International San Diego, CA, USA, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, April 2015 Van Acker, B., Denil, J., Meulenaere, P.D., Vangheluwe, H.: Generation of an optimised master algorithm for FMI co-simulation. In: Barros, F., Wang, M.H., Prähofer, H., Hu, X. (eds.) Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation-DEVS Integrative, pp. 946–953. Society for Computer Simulation International San Diego, CA, USA, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, April 2015
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Auweraer, H., Anthonis, J., De Bruyne, S., Leuridan, J.: Virtual engineering at work: the challenges for designing mechatronic products. Eng. Comput. 29(3), 389–408 (2013)CrossRef Van der Auweraer, H., Anthonis, J., De Bruyne, S., Leuridan, J.: Virtual engineering at work: the challenges for designing mechatronic products. Eng. Comput. 29(3), 389–408 (2013)CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Vangheluwe, H., De Lara, J., Mosterman, P.J.: An introduction to multi-paradigm modelling and simulation. In: AI, Simulation and Planning in High Autonomy Systems, pp. 9–20. SCS (2002) Vangheluwe, H., De Lara, J., Mosterman, P.J.: An introduction to multi-paradigm modelling and simulation. In: AI, Simulation and Planning in High Autonomy Systems, pp. 9–20. SCS (2002)
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Vangheluwe, H.L., Vansteenkiste, G.C., Kerckhoffs, E.J.: Simulation for the future: progress of the esprit basic research Working Group 8467. In: Proceedings of the 1996 European Simulation Symposium, pp. XXIX–XXXIV. Society for Computer Simulation International, Genoa (1996) Vangheluwe, H.L., Vansteenkiste, G.C., Kerckhoffs, E.J.: Simulation for the future: progress of the esprit basic research Working Group 8467. In: Proceedings of the 1996 European Simulation Symposium, pp. XXIX–XXXIV. Society for Computer Simulation International, Genoa (1996)
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu, M.C., Shih, M.C.: Simulated and experimental study of hydraulic anti-lock braking system using sliding-mode PWM control. Mechatronics 13(4), 331–351 (2003)CrossRef Wu, M.C., Shih, M.C.: Simulated and experimental study of hydraulic anti-lock braking system using sliding-mode PWM control. Mechatronics 13(4), 331–351 (2003)CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeigler, B.P.: Theory of Modelling and Simulation. Wiley, New York (1976)MATH Zeigler, B.P.: Theory of Modelling and Simulation. Wiley, New York (1976)MATH
Metadaten
Titel
Co-simulation: The Past, Future, and Open Challenges
verfasst von
Cláudio Gomes
Casper Thule
Julien Deantoni
Peter Gorm Larsen
Hans Vangheluwe
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03424-5_34

Premium Partner