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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Inter-Cultural Mediation to Enhance Roma Inclusion

verfasst von : Jozefien Van Caeneghem

Erschienen in: Legal Aspects of Ethnic Data Collection and Positive Action

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on inter-cultural mediation as an interesting example of positive action for Roma. Inter-cultural mediators play a proactive and positive role in the promotion of Roma inclusion, which distinguishes them from mediators in the traditional sense of the word. Through the development of a trust relationship between Roma and public institutions and society more generally, awareness and understanding is raised about discrimination against Roma and of cultural difference between Roma and non-Roma and the interests of Roma are promoted. It is argued that inter-cultural mediation offers promising prospects by taking a sectorial, bottom-up approach to tackling the multifarious and multidimensional issues faced by members of this ethnic minority, thereby making it possible to take the specific situation and needs of local Roma communities into account. By doing so, it constitutes a very powerful instrument in the promotion of real change for Roma. Whereas different factors may limit the impact of mediators’ work, training and institutional consolidation of inter-cultural mediation can help to overcome some of these challenges. Some examples of inter-cultural mediation in the areas of education and health help to gain insight into the practical application of positive action. This chapter also stresses the importance of adopting a gender approach to Roma mediation.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Positive Action for Roma in Four Key Areas

Nächstes Kapitel Final Conclusions and Recommendations

Hollo (2006), p. 28. See Chap. 10 on positive action for Roma in education (Sect. 10.2), in employment (Sect. 10.4), and in health care (Sect. 10.5).

In Chap. 5, the author stressed the added value of engaging enumerators of Roma origin, such as Roma teaching assistants or health mediators, in data collection efforts on Roma communities and of raising awareness among these communities about the importance of such practices and among non-Roma about Roma culture to encourage constructive dialogues. The importance of awareness-raising among Roma and non-Roma communities and active participation of Roma, non-Roma and local authorities were identified as two key principles in ethnic data collection practices on Roma in Chap. 5 (Sects. 5.8.1 and 5.8.2).

This example was given in relation to strict quotas for Roma in higher education. The need for ethnically disaggregated data on Roma when implementing positive action for this ethnic minority was highlighted in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.3). It was explained in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.3.4.2) that data needs depend on the type of positive action. The different types of positive action were introduced in Chap. 6 (Sects. 6.2.2–6.2.4). A similar argument was made in Chap. 5 on the importance of awareness-raising among Roma (Sect. 5.8.1) and on the need for active participation of Roma (Sect. 5.8.2) in ethnic data collection practices.

See Sect. 11.2 on the proactive and positive role that mediators play in the facilitation of Roma inclusion. See also Chap. 5 (Sect. 5.8.2), where it was stressed that involving Roma in data collection practices enhances trust, which may increase self-identification rates among Roma and so also the reliability of the data.

The particular vulnerability of Roma in current and former times was addressed in Chap. 1 (Sects. 1.2.1 and 1.2.2). See also Chap. 1 for an introduction to intersectional discrimination (Sect. 1.2.3) and on the importance of respecting Roma identity when promoting Roma inclusion (Sect. 1.2.4). Foyer (2009), p. 3.

See Chap. 6 for an overview of the varying understandings of the notion positive action (Sect. 6.1.1) and for insight into positive action as proportional and temporary group-based measures (Sect. 6.1.2). Inter-cultural mediation constitutes a proactive measure that takes the specific situation and needs of Roma into account, thereby corresponding more to a substantive approach than with a formal approach to equality. For an exploration of the limits of the traditional approach to equality and an explanation as to why positive action fits better within a substantive approach to equality, see Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.1.4.).

The conditions for successful inter-cultural mediation in the Roma context are discussed in Sect. 11.3. See also Sect. 11.4 where it is argued that inter-cultural mediation can be a powerful instrument to generate real change.

Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie (2011), pp. 2 and 3. Rus (2006), pp. 7 and 8.

For instance, the Swedish NRIS is mentioned in this regard, see: Lipott (2012), p. 92. Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)9 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on mediation as an effective tool for promoting respect for human rights and social inclusion of Roma (12 September 2012), recital 9. Rus et al. (2016), p. 9.

See, among others: Resolution 333 of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities on the situation of Roma in Europe: a challenge for local and regional authorities (19 October 2011), art. 10(d). Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)9 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on mediation as an effective tool for promoting respect for human rights and social inclusion of Roma (12 September 2012). Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on policies for Roma and/or Travellers in Europe (20 February 2008). Recommendation 11 of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe towards a tolerant Europe: the contribution of Roma (Gypsies) (31 May 1995), paras. 6(ii), (xv) and (xvi). Liégeois (2012), pp. 3 and 4.

Resolution 1740 of the Parliamentary Assembly on the situation of Roma in Europe and relevant activities of the Council of Europe (22 June 2010), arts. 15.10, 16.3, 18.4 and 19.2.

ECRI, General Policy Recommendation No. 13: Combating Anti-Gypsyism and Discrimination against Roma (24 June 2011), paras. 3(k), 7(b) and 9(h). Anti-Gypsyism was defined and discussed in Chap. 1 (Sect. 1.2.1).

Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)9 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on mediation as an effective tool for promoting respect for human rights and social inclusion of Roma (12 September 2012), The Committee of Ministers already advocated the use of Roma mediators in previous recommendations. See: Recommendations CM/Rec(2009)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the education of Roma and Travellers in Europe (17 June 2009), paras. 15 and 20 to 22. Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on policies for Roma and/or Travellers in Europe (20 February 2008), para. 3. Recommendation CM/Rec(2006)10 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on better access to health care for Roma and Travellers in Europe (12 July 2006), arts. 2(xiv), 4(i) and 4(iv). Recommendation CM/Rec(2000)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the education of Roma/Gypsy children in Europe (3 February 2000), arts. 5 and 19.

CoE (2016). The tasks of the inter-cultural mediator will be discussed in Sect. 11.3.1.

De Vos (2007), p. 42.

CoE Strasbourg Declaration on Roma (20 October 2010), paras. 33 to 35.

Council Recommendation on effective Roma integration measures in the Member States (9 December 2013), art. 2.9. As mentioned in Chap. 10 (Sect. 10.3), this Recommendation is the first ever EU legal instrument on Roma. The training of inter-cultural mediators will be addressed in Sect. 11.6.

Deák (2013).

Liégeois (2012), p. 2.

Steffek (2012), p. 1.

Section 11.3 will expand on the role and tasks of the inter-cultural mediator.

Liégeois (2012), p. 2. European Commission (2012), p. 38.

See Chap. 1 (Sect. 1.2.4) on the importance of respect for the cultural identity of Roma in legal and policy processes. Chap. 2 includes the analysis of the notions social inclusion, diversity and pluralism (Sect. 2.3).

This was discussed in Chap. 2 (Sect. 2.4.5) on the notion minority rights protection.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 11. Foyer (2009), p. 3.

Rus et al. (2016), pp. 14 and 63.

Id. at p. 11.

Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on policies for Roma and/or Travellers in Europe (20 February 2008), para. 3(i).

Rus et al. (2016), p. 11. Liégeois (2012), p. 8. European Commission (2012), p. 38. Geurts (2011). Foyer (2009), pp. 3–5.

Geurts (2011). Foyer (2009), p. 3.

Id.

See, for example: Recommendations CM/Rec(2009)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the education of Roma and Travellers in Europe (17 June 2009), para. 15. Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on policies for Roma and/or Travellers in Europe (20 February 2008), para. 3(i). Foyer (2009), p. 6.

Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie (2011), p. 4.

Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie (2011), p. 4. A practical example of this will be cited in Sect. 11.7.2 on Roma health mediation. The benefit of including Roma in the actual collecting of data on Roma communities was stressed in Chap. 5 (Sect. 5.8.2).

For more on this, see Chap. 1 (Sects. 1.2.1 and 1.2.2) on the particular vulnerability of Roma in former and current times.

McCrudden (1986), p. 225. The redefinition of merit was presented and discussed in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.2.4.3) on strong positive action measures that involve preferential treatment.

European Commission (2012), p. 38. Deák (2013).

Foyer (2009), p. 6.

Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)9 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on mediation as an effective tool for promoting respect for human rights and social inclusion of Roma (12 September 2012), art. 1. The importance of active participation of all relevant stakeholders in positive action was emphasised in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.3.2) and Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.4).

Rus et al. (2016), p. 121. For more on this code, see Sect. 11.6 on the training of Roma mediators.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 11.

Id. at p. 14.

Id.

Deák (2013).

See Sect. 11.3.1 on mutual understanding and effective communication, and Sect. 11.3.2 on fostering interaction and improving active co-operation as two important tasks of inter-cultural mediators.

ROMED1 focuses on real inter-cultural mediation. The handbook mentions two other types of mediation: (1) the Trojan Horse, where “the mediator is an instrument of the institution, having as mission to reach out to the community with the aim of changing its attitudes and behaviours”; and (2) the community activist, where “the mediator is perceived as a representative of the community, fighting against the institution, for the rights of the Roma”. Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)9 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on mediation as an effective tool for promoting respect for human rights and social inclusion of Roma (12 September 2012), art. 2. Rus et al. (2016), pp. 11 and 61. Foyer (2009), p. 3.

Id.

Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie (2011), pp. 3 and 4. Foyer (2009), p. 4.

Liégeois (2012), p. 2.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 121.

Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on policies for Roma and/or Travellers in Europe (20 February 2008), para. 3(ii). The temporary nature was identified as a normative element of positive action in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.1.2.3).

Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)9 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on mediation as an effective tool for promoting respect for human rights and social inclusion of Roma (12 September 2012), art. 1. As will be explained in Sect. 11.5 when reviewing the challenges to inter-cultural mediation, problems may arise with the lack of independency of the mediators and their role may be misused.

Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on policies for Roma and/or Travellers in Europe (20 February 2008), para. 3(i).

Actively participation of all stakeholders in positive action was highlighted in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.3.2). Furthermore, the lack of consultation and participation of local communities was also identified in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.4) as one of the challenges that limit positive action measures for Roma from reaching its full potential. WHO (2013), p. 18.

For more on the importance of a bottom-up approach to Roma inclusion, see Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.4) on the importance of active participation of local communities in positive action for Roma, and Chap. 10 (Sect. 10.1) on the need for a sectorial, bottom-up approach when adopting, implementing, monitoring and evaluating positive action measures for Roma. See also Chap. 6 on the enhancement of culture by promoting diversity as the second aim of of positive action (Sect. 6.4.2) and on active participation of all relevant stakeholder as a prerequisite for effective positive action schemes (Sect. 6.3.2).

WHO (2013), p. 18. Consultation and participation of local communities in positive action schemes was stressed in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.4). See also Chap. 10 (Sect. 10.1) on the importance of adopting a bottom-up approach to positive action.

Geurts (2008).

Hemelsoet (2011, p. 13) discusses mediation in primary education, but acknowledges that the same practice could be transplanted to other areas if the specific social context in which the measure is to be implemented, is respected.

Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie (2011), p. 6.

See Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.5.3) on the possible undesirable implications positive action may have on society as a whole.

For a description of such strong measures, see Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.2.4.2) on preferential treatment.

The role and tasks of the inter-cultural mediation were described in Sect. 11.3.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 61.

Id. at p. 104.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 104. This scenario presumes that mediators are (of) Roma (origin). For further discussion on this, see Sect. 11.7 on best practices of Roma mediation. The pedagogical aim of positive action was analysed in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.4.4).

It was explained in Sect. 11.3.2 that mediators foster interaction and improve active co-operation between Roma and non-Roma. See also Sabbagh’s deracialisation argument, which was explained generally in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.4.1) on the remedial aim of positive action and applied to the Roma minority in Europe in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.1.2.1).

Openbaar Centrum voor Maatschappelijk Welzijn Beveren, Sint-Niklaas and Temse (2015), pp. 7 and 8.

Openbaar Centrum voor Maatschappelijk Welzijn Beveren, Sint-Niklaas and Temse (2015), pp. 7 and 8. Role models were discussed in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.4.4) on the pedagogical aim of positive action.

Fredman (2002), pp. 10–16. This was previously addressed when discussing the multifarious aims that positive action for Roma can pursue in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.1.2.1).

The lack of reliable disaggregated data on Roma was identified as one of the challenges of positive action in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.3).

Rus et al. (2016), p. 73.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 73. The added value of combining different data sources was explained on a general level in Chap. 4 (Sect. 4.3) and specifically in relation to data on Roma in Chap. 5 (Sect. 5.2).

Rus et al. (2016), p. 73.

Id.

The project started in 2001 and focuses on Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Open Society Foundations (2011), p. 7.

Id.

WHO (2013), p. 18. The active involvement of Roma was identified in Sect. 11.3.4 as one of the four conditions that must be met to render inter-cultural mediation practices successful.

See Sect. 11.3.4 on the need for active involvement of Roma in inter-cultural mediation. The importance of active participation will be identified as a key element of this book in Chap. 12 (Sect. 12.2.2).

Funding was cited as a challenge in Chap. 6 (Sect 6.3.3) when reviewing positive action at a general level and in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.5) when discussing positive action for Roma in Europe.

WHO (2013), p. 18. Inadequate and short-term funding of positive action was discussed in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.5) on the challenges that limit positive action for Roma from reaching its full potential.

Deák (2013).

Hemelsoet (2011), p. 11. Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie (2011), p. 1. Foyer (2009), p. 8.

See Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.1.2.3) on the temporary nature of positive action.

It was explained in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.1.2.3) that the temporary nature of positive action does not necessarily mean that such measures should be short-term. Reflections on the situation of Roma in Europe can be found in Chap. 1 (Sect. 1.2).

Hemelsoet (2011), p. 11. Kruispunt Migratie-Integratie (2011), p. 3. This will be discussed further in Sect. 11.6 on the importance of institutional consolidation of inter-cultural mediation.

Geurts (2011). Lack of political will was cited in Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.2) as a challenge limiting positive action for Roma.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 61. As explained in Sect. 11.3.3, inter-cultural mediators must be impartial and neutral and they must respect all parties in order to bridge status and cultural differences.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 61.

Rus et al. (2016), p. 61. It was highlighted in Sect. 11.3.2 that mediators may not be held responsible for solving all problems raised.

100

Sections 11.2 and 11.3 zoomed in on the role and tasks of inter-cultural mediators.

101

Rus et al. (2016), p. 61.

102

Foyer (2009), p. 4.

103

Rus et al. (2016), p. 61.

104

Liégeois (2012), p. 2. This challenge was cited as one of the limiting factors of inter-cultural mediation in Sect. 11.5.

105

In February 2019, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was officially renamed the Republic of North Macedonia. Rus et al. (2016), p. 9.

106

Deák (2013).

107

Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on policies for Roma and/or Travellers in Europe (20 February 2008), para. 3(i).

108

109

Id.

110

Recommendation 11 of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe towards a tolerant Europe: the contribution of Roma (Gypsies) (31 May 1995), para. 6(xvi).

111

CoE Strasbourg Declaration on Roma (20 October 2010), paras. 33 to 35 and 46.

112

ROMED1 (Mediation for Roma) ran from July 2011 to April 2013. Over 1.300 mediators in 24 countries completed the training. ROMED2 (Democratic governance and community participation through mediation) started in 2012 and focuses on improving the working environment of the mediators and the participation of Roma communities to bring them closer to local decision making. ROMED2 runs simultaneously with the ROMACT programme that aims at building local level political commitment and policy capacity to improve accountability at the local level. The final conference of Mediation4Roma took place on 20 October 2015. For more information, see the webpages of these programmes: coe-romed.org, coe-romact.org. mediation4roma.eu (Accessed 28 January 2019). Thematic Action Plan for the Inclusion of Roma and Travellers (2016–2019) of the Committee of Ministers (2 March 2016). Liégeois (2012).

113

CoE (2012). The code puts down ten rules for mediators: (1) respects the human rights and the dignity of all persons and acts with honesty and integrity in performing his/her duties; (2) works to ensure equal access to rights while respecting legal requirements and administrative procedures; (3) is responsible to help those concerned find mutually satisfactory solutions but does not have the responsibility to provide solutions to all problems raised by beneficiaries or by the staff of the institution; (4) s proactive, has prompt reactions and develops sound prevention activities; (5) keeps confidentiality of the information obtained in the course of professional activities; (6) does not use his/her role and power to manipulate or to harm others; (7) respects the traditions and culture of the communities, provided that they are compatible with the key principles of human rights and democracy; (8) will treat all community members with equal respect and disclose publicly situations of conflict of interests; (9) makes a clear distinction between professional and private activities; (10) collaborates with other mediators and with other professionals.

114

Rus et al. (2016), p. 9.

115

Deák (2013).

116

For instance, the CoE published a Guide of Roma school mediators/assistants. See: Rus and Zatreanu (2009). Rus et al. (2016), pp. 15 and 42. The introduction to Sect. 11.7, which will cite some best practices of inter-cultural mediation in different areas, will provide further insight in the different types of mediators that exist.

117

Rus et al. (2016), p. 23.

118

Forty-six per cent of the participants in the ROMED1 programme from 2011 to 2015 were men, compared to 54% women. CoE (2016). Rus et al. (2016), pp. 9 and 10.

119

Resolution 1740 of the Parliamentary Assembly on the situation of Roma in Europe and relevant activities of the Council of Europe (22 June 2010), art. 18.4.

120

See Sect. 11.8 on the importance of adopting a gender approach to inter-cultural mediation in the Roma context.

121

The latter are so-called multi-sector or community mediators. Their work is also referred to as transversal work with various local institutions in different fields. ROMED1 foresees training modules for both specialised mediators and multi-sector or community mediators. Rus et al. (2016), pp. 11 and 15. Reference to different types of mediators was first made in Sect. 11.6 on the importance of training.

122

Resolution 1740 of the Parliamentary Assembly on the situation of Roma in Europe and relevant activities of the Council of Europe (22 June 2010), art. 16.3.

123

Recommendation CM/Rec(2000)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the education of Roma/Gypsy children in Europe (3 February 2000), art. 5.

124

Recommendation CM/Rec(2000)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the education of Roma/Gypsy children in Europe (3 February 2000), arts. 5, 19 and 20. Recommendation CM/Rec(84)18 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the training of teachers to an education for inter-cultural understanding, notably in a context of immigration (25 September 1984), para. 3.

125

CoE Strasbourg Declaration on Roma (20 October 2010), para. 33.

126

Ringold et al. (2005), pp. 172 and 173.

127

Recommendations CM/Rec(2009)4 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the education of Roma and Travellers in Europe (17 June 2009), paras. 15 and 20.

128

Commission Communication, An EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020 (5 April 2011), p. 5. The challenges Roma face in education were briefly introduced in Chap. 1 (Sect. 1.2) and in Chap. 2 (Sect. 2.7.2.3) on the role of education in minority protection and empowerment.

129

The Roma help Roma programme (Hungary) and the Roma Cultural Mediation Project (Ireland) were funded by the European Social Fund within the framework of EU programmes such as the EQUAL Community Initiative (2000–2008). European Network of Equality Bodies (2014), p. 39. Foyer (2009), pp. 4 and 5. De Vos (2007), p. 42. European Network against Racism (2007), p. 15.

130

European Commission (2009), p. 41.

131

Deák (2013).

132

Geurts (2010). Foyer (2009), pp. 6–8. Geurts (2008).

133

Foyer (2009), pp. 4–6 and 8. The tasks of the inter-cultural mediator were presented in Sects. 11.3 and 11.4.

134

Hemelsoet (2011), p. 12.

135

Id.

136

Roma Education Fund (2009), p. 55. It was explained in Sect. 11.4 that inter-cultural mediation can promote real change. The different notions used to refer to inter-cultural mediators in the Roma context were cited in Sect. 11.2. The pedagogical aim of positive action was presented in Chap. 6 (Sect. 6.4.4).

137

The different steps and conditions of inter-cultural mediation were described in Sect. 11.3.

138

Helakorpi et al. (2019), pp. 1–17.

139

Helakorpi et al. (2019, p. 17) conclude that “(t)he mediator practice would greatly profit from an analysis of how power relations function in schools, as well as analysis of how racism and difference is produced in schools.” Without such an analysis, “there is significant risk that the current discriminatory structures and various political processes propelling them will become invisible and will be reduced to matters of individual attitudes and relations”.

140

Resolution 1740 of the Parliamentary Assembly on the situation of Roma in Europe and relevant activities of the Council of Europe (22 June 2010), art. 119.2. Recommendation CM/Rec(2006)10 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on better access to health care for Roma and Travellers in Europe (12 July 2006), arts. 2(xiv) and 4. CoE Strasbourg Declaration on Roma (20 October 2010), para. 35.

141

Recommendation CM/Rec(2006)10 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on better access to health care for Roma and Travellers in Europe (12 July 2006).

142

PHARE provided funding to Central and Eastern European countries during the accession phase. For more information on the Bulgarian project, see: CoE (2013).

143

WHO (2013).

144

Roma mediators also help deal with issues relating to the lack of identity papers and birth certificates. WHO (2013), pp. 13 and 14. Corsi et al. (2010), p. 134.

145

WHO (2013), pp. 4, 6, 7 and 13–15.

146

Corsi et al. (2010), p. 134.

147

WHO (2013), pp. 3, 11 and 17. It was stated in Sect. 11.3.1 that Roma mediators are well placed to collect information on local Roma communities.

148

WHO (2013), pp. 16–18. Problems with funding of inter-cultural mediation for Roma was cited in Sect. 11.5 and the importance of training was highlighted in Sect. 11.6. See also Chap. 9 (Sect. 9.2.5), where it was explained that inadequate and short-term funding limits long-term effects of positive action measures for Roma. Also regarding Roma health mediation in Romania, more specifically in relation to family planning, Kühlbrandt (2019, pp. 1–10) warns that interventions focusing on the promotion of Roma communities’ emancipation may not entrench the racially fused assumptions that are connected to inequalities of access to reproductive health care faced by Roma (e.g. discrimination by health professionals; enrolment in the social health insurance system). Health mediators need secure employment contracts, better training and adequate support networks.

149

European Commission (2014).

150

Id.

151

Special consideration was given to the situation of Roma women in Chap. 1 (Sect. 1.2.3.2) when discussing intersectionality.

152

Intersectional discrimination of Roma women was briefly discussed in Chap. 1 (Sect. 1.2.3.2).

153

Corsi et al. (2010), p. 134.

154

Id. at pp. 135 and 136.

155

Id.

156

157

WHO (2013), p. 6. Corsi et al. (2010), p. 134.

158

Corsi et al. (2010), pp. 134 and 135.

Corsi M, Crepaldi C, Samek Lodovici M, Boccagni P, Vasilescu C (2010) Ethnic minority and Roma women in Europe: A case for gender equality?. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

Council of Europe (2012) ROMED Code of Ethics for Mediators. Available via Council of Europe. www.coe-romed.org/sites/default/files/code%20ethicEN.pdf. Accessed 25 Jan 2019

Council of Europe (2013) Good practice 51 – Bulgaria – Health Mediator in Bulgaria. Available via Council of Europe. http://goodpracticeroma.ppa.coe.int/en/pdf/571. Accessed 23 Feb 2019

Council of Europe (2016) New Handbook on “intercultural mediation” for Roma communities just published. Available via Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/news-2016/-/asset_publisher/StEVosr24HJ2/content/new-handbook-on-intercultural-mediation-for-roma-communities-just-published. Accessed 25 Jan 2018.

Deák E (2013) Intercultural mediator on Roma communities – the birth of a new profession?. Available via European Public Health Alliance. https://epha.org/intercultural-mediator-on-roma-communities-the-birth-of-a-new-profession/. Accessed 25 Jan 2019

De Vos M (2007) Beyond Formal Equality - Positive Action under Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

European Commission (2009) International perspectives on positive action measures - A comparative analysis in the European Union, Canada, the United States and South Africa. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg

European Commission (2012) Roma and Education: challenges and opportunities in the European Union. Office for Official Publications of the European Union, Luxembourg

European Commission (2014) The European Union and Roma – Factsheet Belgium. Available via the European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/factsheet.pdf. Accessed 24 Jan 2019

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Titel: Inter-Cultural Mediation to Enhance Roma Inclusion
verfasst von: Jozefien Van Caeneghem
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Legal Aspects of Ethnic Data Collection and Positive Action
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23667-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-23668-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23668-7_11

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