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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Investing in Enterprise: Women Entrepreneurs in Colonial ‘South Africa’

verfasst von : Grietjie Verhoef

Erschienen in: Female Entrepreneurs in the Long Nineteenth Century

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Grietjie Verhoef sets out the first investigation into the business activities of women in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century colonial context of the Cape Colony. Women were active in entrepreneurial activities under Dutch rule. British colonial occupation changed the statutory environment of business operation, but women still performed active business roles, often without being the official owner of the enterprise. The actual activities of women identified are explained, as well as their traceable investments. The transition from gender-defined roles to active engagement in economic life is investigated, using the limited primary resources accessible. The invisible women enter a realm of action and strategy hitherto not disclosed in South African history.

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Vorheriges Kapitel ‘Se Mantiene de Lavar’: The Laundry Business in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Mexico City

Nächstes Kapitel A Mosaic of Entrepreneurship: Female Traders in Moscow, 1810s–1850s

J. L. Meltzer, ‘The Growth of Cape Town commerce and the role of John Fairbain’s Advertiser’, (MA dissertation, University of Cape Town, 1989); Nigel Penn, Rogues, Rebels and Runaways: Eighteenth-Century Cape Characters, (Cape Town, New Africa Books, 1999); Hermann Giliomee, ‘“Allowed such a state of freedom”: Women and Gender Relations in the Afrikaner Community Before Enfranchisement in 1930’, New Contree, 61, no. 1 (2010): pp. 29–60; Gerald Groenewald, ‘“More comfort, better prosperity, and greater advantage”: Free Burghers, Alcohol Retail and the VOC Authorities at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1680’, Historia, 57, no. 1 (2012), pp. 10–21.

Melanie Buddle, The Business of Women: Marriage, Family, and Entrepreneurship in British Columbia, 1901–51, (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011); Jennifer Aston, Female Entrepreneurship in Nineteenth-Century England: Engagement in the Urban Economy, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016); Catherine Bishop, Minding Her Own Business: Colonial Businesswomen in Sydney. (Sydney: New South Publishing, 2015); Beatrice Craig, Female Enterprise Behind the Discursive Veil in Nineteenth-Century Northern France. (Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2017).

Gerald Groenewald, ‘Kinship, entrepreneurship and social capital. Alcohol pachters and the making of a free-burgher society in Cape Town, 1652–1795’, (PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009); Gerald Groenewald, ‘An Early Modern Entrepreneur: Hendrik Oostwald Eksteen and the Creation of Wealth in Dutch Colonial Cape Town, 1702–1741’, Kronos 35, no. 1 (2009): pp. 7–31; Gerald Groenewald, ‘Dynasty Building, Family Networks and Social Capital: Alcohol Pachters and the Development of a Colonial Elite at the Cape of Good Hope, c. 1760–1790’, New Contree 62, no. 2 (2011): pp. 23–53; Gerald Groenewald, ‘More Comfort’.

Liz Stanley, ‘A Settler Woman and Business in the Eastern Cape 1840–1848: Whites writing whiteness Working Paper, University of Edinburgh (2016), pp. 11–13, https://www.whiteswritingwhiteness.ed.ac.uk/files/2016/11/Stanley-2016-Settler-Woman-Business.pdf

Louis Herrman, A History of the Jews in South Africa, From Earliest Times to 1895. (Cape Town: Jewish Board of Deputies, 1935); Elizabeth Bradlow, ‘The Social Role of Jewish Women in the Grunderzeit of the Cape Jewish Community, 1896–1930’, Historia 43, no. 2 (1998): pp. 67–85.

Meltzer, ‘The Growth of Cape Town Commerce’; Giliomee ‘Allowed such a state of freedom’.

http://databases.tanap.net/mooc/

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Cheryl S Walker, Women and Gender in South Africa to 1945, (Cape Town: David Phillip, 1990); Julia Wells, We Now Demand! The History of Women’s Resistance to Pass Laws in South Africa, (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1993); Zengie A. Mangaliso, ‘Gender and nation-building in South Africa’, in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.), Global Feminisms Since 1945, (London: Routledge, 2000): pp. 65–77; Wilhelmina Oduol and Wanjiku Mukab Kabira, ‘The Mother of Warriors and Her Daughters: The Women’s Movement in Kenya’, in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.), Global Feminisms since 1945. (London: Routledge, 2000): pp. 101–18; Catherine Cocquery-Vidrovitch, ‘African Businesswomen in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa: a Comparative Survey’, in Alusine Jalloh and Toyin Falola (eds), Black Business and economic Power, (Rochester: Rochester University Press, 2002): pp. 199–210.

Leonard Guelke, ‘The Early European Settlement of South Africa’, (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1974); Leonard Guelke, ‘The White Settlers, 1652–1780’, in Rick Elphick and Hermann Giliomee, (eds), The Shaping of South African Society 1652–1820, (London: Longman, 1979): pp. 41–74.

Roelef Van Gelder, Het Oost-Indisch avontuur: Duitser in dienst van de VOC (1600–1800). (Nijmegen: SUN, 1997).

Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee. Shaping of South African Society, p. 360.

Dooling, ‘The making of a colonial elite: property, family and landed stability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1834’, in Journal of Southern African Studies, 31, no 1, (2005), pp. 153–155; Dooling, Slavery, emancipation and colonial rule. (Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu Natal Press, 2007), pp. 31–41.

M Dickenson Shattuck, ‘Women and Trade in New Netherlands’, Itinerario 18, no. 2 (1994): pp. 40–49.

Digby Paul Warren, ‘Merchants, Commissioners and Wardmasters: Municipal Politics in Cape Town, 1840–1854’, (MA dissertation, University of Cape Town, 1986).

Otto F. Mentzel, The Cape of Good Hope. (translated by H.J. Mandelbrote, G.V. Marais and J. Hoge), vol. 3 (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1944).

A. K. Fryer, ‘The Government of the Cape of Good Hope, 1835–54: The Age of Imperial Reform’, Archives Year Book of South African History 27, no. 1 (Cape Town: Government Printer, 1964): pp. 1–164.

Fryer, ‘The Government of the Cape of Good Hope’.

George M. Theal, Records of the Cape Colony, vol. 22, p. 288; Sir Richard Plasket – Wilmot Horton, 20/7/25. P.P.5/2/50 (1137), p. 16: Memorandum by J Montagu; Fryer, ‘The Government of the Cape of Good Hope’, p. 2.

Eric A. Walker, The Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. 8: South Africa, Rhodesia and the High Commission Territories, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), p. 837.

Nicolaas J Van der Merwe, John Rowland and Marius Cronjé, Die Suid-Afrikaanse Erfreg, Fifth edition. (Pretoria: J P van der Walt en Seun, 1990).

Dooling ‘The Making of a Colonial Elite’; Stanley ‘A Settler Woman and Business’, pp. 31, 33, 37–40; See also Catherine Hall, ‘The early formation of Victorian Domestic Ideology’, in Robert Shoemaker and Mary Vincent (eds), Gender and History in Western Europe. (London: Arnold, 1998): pp. 177–180.

Martine Segalen, Love and Power in the Peasant family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century, [English translation by Sarah Matthews], (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983); Craig, Behind the Discursive Veil.

Beatrice Moring & Richard Wall, Widows in European Economy and Society, 1600–1920, (Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press, 2017).

Karel Schoeman, Swanesang. Die einde van die Kompanjiestyd aan die Kaap, 1771–1795. (Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2016); Armosyn van die Kaap. Die wêreld van ‘n slavin, 1652–1733. (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 2001). Schoeman testified to the character of the Dutch settler population, especially women, and in Armosyn van die Kaap, a slave woman’s experiences in that society.

This paper will not engage with the extensive literature on miscegenation and intermarriage at the Cape during Dutch rule. For this purpose see Robert Shell, Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838, (Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press, 1994).

Dooling, ‘The Making of a Colonial Elite’.

Dooling, ‘The Making of a Colonial Elite’; Dooling, Slavery, Emancipation, and Colonial Rule; Groenewald, ‘Kinship, entrepreneurship’; Groenewald, ‘Dynasty building’; Giliomee, ‘Allowed Such a State of Freedom’. Liz Stanley’s working paper is exclusively based on settler correspondence testifying to a woman’s business of renting out property, ‘Woman and Business’.

See Robert Ross, ‘The Rise of the Cape Gentry’, Journal of Southern African Studies 9, no. 2 (1983): pp. 193–217; Leonard Guelke and Robert Shell ‘An early colonial landed gentry: land and wealth in the Cape Colony 1682–1731’, Journal of Historical Geography 9, no. 3 (1993): pp. 265–86; Robert Shell, Children of Bondage.

Dooling, ‘The Making of a Colonial Elite’, p. 158; Wayne Dooling, ‘The Good Opinion of Others: Law, Slavery and Community in the Cape Colony c 1760–1830’, in Nigel C. Worden (ed.), Breaking the Chains: Slavery and its Legacy in the Nineteenth Century Cape Colony. (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1994): pp. 25–43.

Johan Fourie and Christie Schoeman, ‘“Impending Ruin” or “Remarkable Wealth”? The Role of Private Credit Markets in the 18th Century Cape Colony’, Journal of Southern African Studies 44, no. 1 (2018): pp. 7–25; Dooling, ‘The Making of a Colonial Elite’.

Fourie and Swanepoel ‘Impending Ruin’.

MOOC 8/2.39 (http://databases.tanap.net/mooc/).

Christie Swanepoel, ‘Credit Markets at the Cape under VOC Rule’, (PhD thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 2016).

MOOC 8/6.53 (http://databases.tanap.net/mooc/).

Ibid.; Fourie and Swanepoel ‘Impending Ruin’.

Meltzer, ‘The Growth of Cape Town Commerce’, pp. 16–21.

Leonard Guelke, ‘White Settlers’; Guelke ‘The Early European Settlement of South Africa’, (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1974); Groenewald, ‘More Comfort’.

Meltzer, ‘The Growth of Cape Town Commerce’; Groenewald ‘Kinship, Entrepreneurship’; Groenewald ‘More Comfort’.

Anna Boëseken, Resolusies van de Politieke Raad: Deel 1, 1651–1669 (1957); Groenewald ‘Kinship, Entrepreneurship’; Groenewald ‘More Comfort’.

Groenewald, ‘Kinship, Entrepreneurship’; Groenewald ‘More Comfort’.

Groenewald, ‘Kinship, Entrepreneurship’.

Ibid.

Anna Boëseken, Resoluties van de Politieke Raad, Deel 2 (1670–1680). (Cape Town: Government Printer, 1959).

Groenewald ‘Kinship, Entrepreneurship’; Groenewald, ‘Dynasty Building’.

Groenewald. ‘Kinship, Entrepreneurship’, pp. 19–22.

Anna Boëseken, Resoluties van de Politieke Raad, Deel 2 (1959).

Ibid.

Fourie and Swanepoel, ‘Impending Ruin’.

Charles Kindleberger, Financial History of Western Europe, Second Edition, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).

Ernst H. D. Arndt, Banking and Currency Development in South Africa, 1652–1927, (Cape Town: Juta and Co, 1928); ‘Money and Banking’ in Francis L. Coleman (ed.), Economic History of South Africa, (Pretoria: HAUM, 1983): pp. 127–62.

Meltzer, ‘Growth of Cape Town Commerce’.

Grietjie Verhoef, ‘Financial Intermediaries in Settler Economies: the Role of the Banking Sector Development in South Africa, 1850–2000’, in Christopher Lloyd, Jacob Metzer and Richard Sutch (eds), Settler Economies in World History, (Koninklijk Brill NV: Utrecht, 2013): pp. 403–36.

Lorraine Greyling and Grietjie Verhoef, ‘Slow Growth, Supply Shocks and Structural Change: The GDP of the Cape Colony in the Late Nineteenth Century’, Economic History of Developing Regions 30, no. 1 (2015): pp. 1–21.

Ormond P. Pyemont, Company Law of the Cape and Other South African Colonies. (Cape Town: Cape Times, 1906).

Herrman, A History of the Jews in South Africa.

South African Advertiser March, June 1837.

South African Advertiser 22 March 1837; 3 June 1837; 7 June 1937: http://eggsa.org/newspapers/index.php/south-african-commercial-advertiser-/5-sac-1837-jan-mar.html; Catherine Bishop, ‘Women on the Move: Gender, Money-Making and Mobility in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Australasia’, History Australia 11, no. 2 (2014): pp. 38–59, p. 49.

Bradlow, ‘The Social Role of Jewish Women’.

Gideon Shimoni, Jews and Zionism. The South African Experience, 1910–1967, (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1980); Bradlow, ‘The Social Role of Jewish Women’.

See Janette Rutterford, ‘Who comprised the nation of shareholders? Gender and investment in Great Britain, c. 1870–1935’, The Economic History Review 64, no. 1 (2011), pp. 157–187.

See David Green, Alistair Owens, Josephine Maltby and Janette Rutterford, Men, Women and Money: Perspectives on Gender, Wealth and Investment, 1850–1930. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

WCA: LC 53: Colonial Marine Assurance and Trust Company.

WCA: LC 224: C 257: The Port Elizabeth Assurance and Trust Company.

WCA: LC 242: C464: The Colonial Trust Corporation limited.

WCA: LC10: Port Elizabeth Boating Company.

WCA: MOOC 7/1/195: 113: Francke, Johanna Susanna. Wife of Jan Adriaan van Schoor. Will; MOOC 7/1/195:114: Francke, Johanna Susanna. Wife of Jan Adriaan van Schoor, Codicil; MOOC 7/1/90: 26: Francke, Johanna Susanna. Wife of Jan Adriaan van Schoor. Will.

WCA: LC 131. Barnett and Company.

See Green et al., Men, Women and Money.

WCA: LC 225: C 263: The American Medicine Company.

WCA: LC 232: C338: E. K Green and Company Limited; Chap. 14 by Hernández-Nicolás and Martínez-Rodríguez in this volume.

WCA: LC 230: C320. The Pyott Company Limited..

See Stanley, ‘A Settler Woman in Business’, pp. 17–55.

WCA: LC 231: C326: Forbes and Caulfield Limited.

See the extensive discussion by S Daniel Neumark, The South African Frontier: Economic Influences 1652–1836, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957).

WCA: LC 241: C452: The Palace Building Limited. S.

J. J. Redgrave, The Collegiate School for Girls. Port Elizabeth, 1874–1974, (Cape Town: The Collegiate School for Girls, 1975), pp. 14–17, 48, 71–80.

Arndt, Ernst H. D., Banking and Currency Development in South Africa, 1652–1927, (Cape Town: Juta and Co, 1928)

Aston, Jennifer, Female Entrepreneurship in Nineteenth-Century England: Engagement in the Urban Economy, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)CrossRef

Berkin, Carol, First Generation: Women in Colonial America, (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996)

Bishop, Catherine, ‘Women on the Move: Gender, Money-Making and Mobility in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Australasia’, History Australia 11, no. 2 (2014): pp. 38–59CrossRef

Bishop, Catherine, Minding Her Own Business: Colonial Businesswomen in Sydney. (New South Publishing: Sydney, 2015)

Bradlow, Elizabeth, ‘The Social Role of Jewish Women in the Grunderzeit of the Cape Jewish Community, 1896–1930’, Historia 43, no. 2 (1998): pp 67–85

Buddle Melanie, The Business of Women: Marriage, Family, and Entrepreneurship in British Columbia, 1901–51, (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011)

Cocquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, ‘African Businesswomen in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa: a Comparative Survey’, in Alusine Jalloh and Toyin Falola (eds), Black Business and Economic Power, (Rochester: Rochester University Press, 2002): pp. 199–210

Craig, Béatrice, Female Enterprise Behind the Discursive Veil in Nineteenth-Century Northern France, (Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2017)CrossRef

Dooling, Wayne, ‘The Good Opinion of Others: Law, Slavery and Community in the Cape Colony c 1760–1830’, in Nigel C. Worden (ed.), Breaking the Chains: Slavery and its Legacy in the Nineteenth Century Cape Colony. (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1994): pp. 25–43

Dooling, Watne, ‘The Making of a Colonial Elite: Property, Family and Landed Stability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1834’, Journal of Southern African Studies 31, no. 1 (2005): pp. 147–62CrossRef

Dooling, Wayne, Slavery, Emancipation and Colonial Rule, (Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu Natal Press, 2007)

Elphick, Rick and Hermann Giliomee, Shaping of South African Society. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979)

Fourie, Johan and Christie Schoeman, ‘“Impending Ruin” or “Remarkable Wealth”? The Role of Private Credit Markets in the 18th Century Cape Colony’, Journal of Southern African Studies 44, no. 1 (2018): pp 7–25CrossRef

Fryer A. K., ‘The Government of the Cape of Good Hope, 1835–54: The Age of Imperial Reform’, Archives Year Book of South African History 27, no. 1 (Cape Town: Government Printer, 1964): pp. 1–164

Giliomee, Hermann, ‘“Allowed Such a State of Freedom”: Women and Gender Relations in the Afrikaner Community Before Enfranchisement in 1930’, New Contree 61, no. 1 (2010): pp. 29–60

Green, David, Alastair Owens, Josephine Maltby and Janette Rutterford, Men, Women and Money: Perspectives on Gender, Wealth and Investment, 1850–1930, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)CrossRef

Greyling, Lorraine and Grietjie Verhoef, ‘Slow Growth, Supply Shocks and Structural Change: The GDP of the Cape Colony in the Late Nineteenth Century’, Economic History of Developing Regions 30, no. 1 (2015): pp. 1–21CrossRef

Groenewald, Gerald, ‘An Early Modern Entrepreneur: Hendrik Oostwald Eksteen and the Creation of Wealth in Dutch Colonial Cape Town, 1702–1741’, Kronos 35, no. 1 (2009): pp. 7–31

Groenewald, Gerald, ‘Kinship, Entrepreneurship and Social Capital: Alcohol Pachters and the Making of a Free-Burgher Society in Cape Town, 1652–1795’, (PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009)

Groenewald, Gerald, ‘Dynasty Building, Family Networks and Social Capital: Alcohol Pachters and the Development of a Colonial Elite at the Cape of Good Hope, c. 1760–1790’, New Contree 62, no. 2 (2011): pp. 23–53

Groenewald, Gerald, ‘“More Comfort, Better Prosperity, and Greater Advantage”: Free Burghers, Alcohol Retail and the VOC Authorities at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1680’, Historia 57, no. 1 (2012): pp. 10–21

Guelke, Leonard, ‘The Early European Settlement of South Africa’, (PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 1974)

Guelke, Leonard, ‘The White Settlers, 1652–1780’, in Rick Elphick and Hermann Giliomee, (eds), The Shaping of South African Society 1652–1820, (London: Longman, 1979): pp 41–74

Guelke, Leonard and Robert Shell, ‘An early colonial landed gentry: land and wealth in the Cape Colony 1682–1731’, Journal of Historical Geography 9, no. 3 (1993): pp. 265–86CrossRef

Hall, Catherine, ‘The early formation of Victorian Domestic Ideology’, in Robert Shoemaker and Mary Vincent (eds), Gender and History in Western Europe. (London: Arnold, 1998): pp. 177–180

Hamilton, Carolyn, Bernard Mbenga and Robert Ross, The Cambridge History of South Africa, Earliest Times to 1885, Vol. 1, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Herrmann, Louis, A History of the Jews in South Africa, From Earliest Times to 1895. (Cape Town: Jewish Board of Deputies, 1935)

Kindleberger, Charles, Financial History of Western Europe, Second Edition, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993)

Mangaliso Zengie A, ‘Gender and nation-building in South Africa’, in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.), Global Feminisms Since 1945, (London: Routledge, 2000): pp. 65–77

Meltzer Jaqueline Lalou, ‘The Growth of Cape Town commerce and the role of John Fairbairn’s Advertiser’, (MA dissertation, University of Cape Town, 1989)

Mentzel, Otto F., The Cape of Good Hope, (translated by H. J. Mandelbrote, G. V. Marais and J. Hoge), vol. 3, (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1944)

Moring, Beatrice and Richard Wall, Widows in European Economy and Society, 1600–1920, (Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press, 2017)

Neumark, S. Daniel, The South African Frontier: Economic Influences 1652–1836, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957)

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Ntwape, Lato Frank, ‘A Historiography of South African Women’s History from c. 1990: A Survey of Monographs, Anthologies and Journal Articles’, (MA Dissertation, University of Pretoria, 2016)

Oduol, Wilhelmina and Wanjiku Mukab Kabira, ‘The Mother of Warriors and Her Daughters: The Women’s Movement in Kenya’, in Bonnie G. Smith (ed.), Global Feminisms since 1945. (London: Routledge, 2000): pp. 101–18

Penn, Nigel, Rogues, Rebels and Runaways: Eighteenth-Century Cape Characters. (Cape Town: New Africa Books, 1999)

Pyemont, Ormonde P., Company Law of the Cape and Other South African Colonies. (Cape Town: Cape Times, 1906)

Redgrave, J. J., The Collegiate School for Girls, Port Elizabeth, 1874–1974, (Port Elizabeth: The Collegiate School for Girls, 1975)

Ross, Robert, ‘The Rise of the Cape Gentry’, Journal of Southern African Studies 9, no. 2 (1983): pp. 193–217CrossRef

Ross, Robert, Anne K. Mager and Bill Nasson, The Cambridge History of South Africa, 1885–1994, Vol. 2, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012)

Rutterford, Janette, ‘Who Comprised the Nation of Shareholders? Gender and Investment in Great Britain, c. 1870–1935’, The Economic History Review 64, no. 1 (2011): pp 157–87CrossRef

Schoeman, Karel, Armosyn van die Kaap. Die wêreld van ‘n slavin, 1652–1733, (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 2001)

Schoeman, Karel, Swanesang. Die einde van die Kompanjiestyd aan die Kaap, 1771–1795, (Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2016)

Segalen, Martine, Love and Power in the Peasant family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century, [English translation by Sarah Matthews], (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983)

Shattuck, M. Dickenson, ‘Women and Trade in New Netherlands’, Itinerario 18, no. 2 (1994): pp. 40–49CrossRef

Shell, Robert, Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838, (Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press, 1994)

Shimoni, Gideon, Jews and Zionism. The South African Experience, 1910–1967, (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1980)

Solomon, Vivian, ‘Money and Banking’ in Francis L. Coleman (ed.), Economic History of South Africa, (Pretoria: HAUM, 1983): pp. 127–62

Stanley, Liz, ‘A Settler Woman and Business in the Eastern Cape 1840–1848: Whites Writing Whiteness’, Working Paper, University of Edinburgh, (2016), https://www.whiteswritingwhiteness.ed.ac.uk/files/2016/11/Stanley-2016-Settler-Woman-Business.pdf

Swanepoel, Christie, ‘Credit Markets at the Cape under VOC Rule’, (PhD thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 2016)

Van der Merwe, Nicolaas J., John Rowland and Marius Cronjé, Die Suid-Afrikaanse Erfreg, Fifth edition, (Pretoria: J P van der Walt en Seunm, 1990)

Van Gelder, Roelef, Het Oost-Indisch avontuur: Duitser in dienst van de VOC (1600–1800), (Nijmegen: SUN, 1997)

Verhoef, Grietjie, ‘Financial Intermediaries in Settler Economies: the Role of the Banking Sector Development in South Africa, 1850–2000’, in Christophe Lloyd, Jacob Metzer and Richard Sutch (eds), Settler Economies in World History, (Koninklijk Brill NV: Utrecht, 2013): pp. 403–36

Walker, Cheryl S., Women and Gender in South Africa to 1945, (Cape Town: David Philip, 1990)

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Waller, Maureen, The English Marriage, (London: John Murray, 2010)

Warren, Digby Paul, ‘Merchants, Commissioners and Wardmasters: Municipal Politics in Cape Town, 1840–1854’, (MA dissertation, University of Cape Town, 1986)

Wells, Julia, We Now Demand! The History of Women’s Resistance to Pass Laws in South Africa, (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1993)

Titel: Investing in Enterprise: Women Entrepreneurs in Colonial ‘South Africa’
verfasst von: Grietjie Verhoef
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Female Entrepreneurs in the Long Nineteenth Century
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33411-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-33412-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33412-3_3

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