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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. A Mosaic of Entrepreneurship: Female Traders in Moscow, 1810s–1850s

verfasst von : Galina Ulianova

Erschienen in: Female Entrepreneurs in the Long Nineteenth Century

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter investigates female entrepreneurship in the retail trades of Moscow during the first half of the nineteenth century. In this period, Moscow was one of the biggest European cities and, with its province, was the most commercially developed region of Russia. Drawing on trade statistics and inventories from 1827, Ulianova provides a rich and detailed picture of a group of Moscow female shopkeepers. The combination of statistical and biographical approaches makes it possible to explore the structure and space of consumption and the social composition of female traders over the course of the period under consideration. Ulianova concludes that female entrepreneurship in retail was widespread and that the role played by businesswomen was modest but stable.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Investing in Enterprise: Women Entrepreneurs in Colonial ‘South Africa’

Nächstes Kapitel A Constant Presence: The Businesswomen of Paris, 1810–1880

Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and John H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England, (London: Europa, 1982); Jon Stobart, Andrew Hann and Victoria Morgan (eds), Spaces of Consumption: Leisure and Shopping in the English Town, c. 1680–1830, (London and New York: Routledge, 2007); Danielle van den Heuvel, Sheilagh Ogilvie, ‘Retail Development in the Consumer Revolution: The Netherlands, c. 1670–c. 1815’, Exploration in Economic History 50, no. 1 (2013): pp. 69–87.

Christine Ruane, The Empire’s NewClothes: A History of the Russian Fashion Industry, 1700–1917, (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 67–86, 115–160; Marjorie L. Hilton, Selling to the Masses: Retailing in Russia, 1880–1930, (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012).

Viktoria Ivleva, ‘The Locus of the Fashion Shop in Russian Literature (1764–1806)’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 46, no. 3 (2013): pp. 363–383.

Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Moskvy (Central State Archive of the City of Moscow, hereafter TsGA Moskvy), f. 14, op. 9, dd. 181–571, Registers of Traders (Vedomosti o torgovtsakh).

The similar approach is successfully used, and difficulties of identification and prosopographic data compilation for hundreds of persons are discussed in: Alison C. Kay, The Foundations of Female Entrepreneurship: Enterprise, Home and Household in London, c.1800–1870, (London: Routledge, 2009); Jennifer Aston, Female Entrepreneurship in Nineteenth-Century England: Engagement in the Urban Economy, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii (Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire). Sobranie I, 45 vols (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia II Otd. Sobstvennoi E.I.V. Kantseliarii, 1830–43, hereafter PSZ I), vol. XIII, No 10111.

PSZ I, vol. XXIX, No 22418.

Ibid., vol. XX, No 14327, art. 3; vol. XXX, No 23503, arts 3, 6; vol. XXXIX, arts 43, 45. For a thorough analysis of legislation see William G. Wagner, Marriage, Property, and Law in Late Imperial Russia, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, 2nd edn 2001); Galina Ulianova, Female Entrepreneurs in Nineteenth-Century Russia, (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009).

See: Wagner, Marriage, Property, and Law.

Michelle Lamarche Marrese, A Woman’s Kingdom: Noblewomen and the Control of Property in Russia, 1700–1861, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002); Lee A. Farrow, Between Clan and Crown: The Struggle to Define Noble Property Rights in Imperial Russia, (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004); Katherine Pickering Antonova, An Ordinary Marriage: The World of a Gentry Family in Provincial Russia, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

On the European guilds see: Maarten Prak, Catharina Lis, Jan Lucassen and Hugo Soly (eds), Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power, and Representation, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), pp. 224–231; Sally de-Vitry Smith, ‘Women’s Admission to Guilds in Early-Modern England: The Case of the York Merchant Tailors’ Company, 1693–1776’, Gender & History 17 (2005): pp. 99–126; Ariadne Schmidt, ‘Women and guilds: corporations and female labour market participation in early modern Holland’, Gender & History 21, no. 1 (2009): pp. 170–189. On the Russian guilds see: Alexander A. Kizewetter, Gil’diia Moskovskogo kupechestva: istoricheskii ocherk, (Moscow: Gorodskaia tipografia, 1915); Wayne Dowler, ‘Merchants and Politics in Russia: The Guild Reform of 1824’, The Slavonic and East European Review 65, no. 1 (1987): pp. 38–52.

PSZ I, Vol. VI, No 3708. Chapter VII.

PSZ I, Vol. XI, No 8504.

PSZ I, vol. XXII, No 16188 [‘Charter on the Rights and Benefits for the Towns of the Russian Empire’, bi-lingual text in Catherine IIs Charters of 1785 to the Nobility and the Towns, in David Griffiths and George E. Munro (tr. and eds), The Laws of Russia Series II: vol. 289 (Bakersfield, CA: Schlacks Publishers, 1991), pp. 22–60.]

PSZ I, vol. XXII, no. 16188, arts 104, 110, 116. The criteria and capital levels governing division between guilds could vary from time to time.

The term meshchanstvo (meshchane) in Russia was used to describe the particular social estate (soslovie) designating the lower groups of the city population: the petty tradesmen, craftsmen and the like. Meshchanki (Pl.) and meshchanka (Sing.) were women from the meshchanstvo. See Sergei Pushkarev (comp.), Dictionary of Russian Historical Terms from the Eleventh Century to 1917, (edited by George Vernadsky and Ralph T. Fisher Jr), (New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 1970), p. 60. On estate stratification in Russia see: Gregory L. Freeze, ‘The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History’, American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (1986): pp. 11–36.

PSZ I, vol. XXII, No 16188, art. 90.

PSZ I, vol. XXXIX, No 30115.

Istoriia Moskvy [History of Moscow], 6 vols (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Academii Nauk, 1954), vol. 3, pp. 162, 164.

For the term meshchanstvo (meshchane) see note 17.

Alexander M. Martin, Enlightened Metropolis: Constructing Imperial Moscow, 1762–1855, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 6.

Ibid., p. 31.

See: Joseph Bradley, Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).

Istoricheskoe i topograficheskoe opisanie pervoprestol’nogo goroda Moskvy s priobshcheniem general’nogo i chastnogo ee planov [The Historical and Topographical Description of the Capital City of Moscow], (Moscow: Tipografiia Selivanovskogo, 1796), p. 30.

My estimates are based on the data of merchants’ poll-tax registers (soul revisions) of the fifth revision (1795). See: Materialy dlia istorii moskovskogo kupechestva. Revizskie skazki [Materials for the History of the Moscow Merchantry. Poll-tax registers], 9 vols (Moscow: Tipolitografiia I. N. Kushnereva, 1883–89, hereafter MDIMK Skazki), IV (1886), pp. 1–868.

Istoricheskoe i topograficheskoe opisanie, p. 30.

See: Bumagi, otnosyashchiesya do Otechestvennoi voiny 1812 goda, sobrannye i izdannye P. I. Shchukinym [The papers relating to the Patriotic War of 1812, collected and published by Petr I. Shchukin], 10 vols (Moscow: Tipografiia A. I. Mamontova, 1896–1902, hereafter Bumagi Shchukina), vol. IV (1899), pp. 230–231.

Moskovskie vedomosti [The Moscow newspaper] 1840, p. 501.

Svod zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii [Law Digest of the Russian Empire] (St. Petersburg, 1833), vol. XI, 2.

The estimates are based on the archival data from: TsGA Moskvy, f. 14, op. 9, dd. 181–571, Registers of Traders.

Béatrice Craig, Women and Business Since 1500: Invisible Presences in Europe and North America? (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), p. 117.

Catherine Bishop, Minding Her Own Business: Colonial Businesswomen in Sydney (Sydney: New South Publishing, 2015), pp. 37–53, 238–93.

The estimates are based on the data from: TsGA Moskvy, f. 105, op. 7, d. 4588, ll.1–14 Vedomost’ uchinennaya iz podannykh ot chastnykh pristavov svedenii o chisle sostoyashchikh v zdeshnei stolitse fabrikakh i zavodakh [The Register Compiled from District Police Officers Reports on the Number of Factories located in Moscow, for the Year 1805]; Spisok fabrikantam i zavodchikam Rossiiskoi imperii 1832 goda [The List of Factory-Owners and Manufacturers of the Russian Empire for the Year 1832] (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia Departamenta vneshnei torgovli, 1833), pp. 306–344, 370–414, 416–430.

TsGA Moskvy, f. 14, op. 9, d. 475, l.2.

Materialy k istorii Prokhorovskoi Trekhgornoi manufactury i torgovo-promyshlennoi deiatel’nosti sem’i Prokhorovykh. Gody 1799–1915 [Materials for the history of Prokhorovskaya Trekhgornaya manufactory. 1799–1915] (Moscow, 1915), pp. 5–6, 72, 137; TsGA Moskvy, f. 14, op. 9, d. 6675, ll. 93–94.

Aston, Female Entrepreneurship, pp. 22–24, 103–37.

TsGA Moskvy, f. 14, op. 9, d. 299, l. 26.

Ibid., d. 271.

The estimates are based on the data from Michael Rudolf, Ukazatel’ mestnosti v Kremle i Kitae-gorode stolichnogo goroda Moskvy [Topographical Guide to the Kremlin and Kitai-gorod of the Capital City of Moscow] (Moscow: Tipografia A. Semena, 1846) vol. 1, pp. 47–104.

See, for example, Jutta Zander Seidel, ‘Ready-to-Wear Clothing in Germany in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: New Ready-Made Garments and Second-Hand Clothes Trade’, in Per una Storia della Moda Pronta, Problemi e Ricerche, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference of CISST, Milano, 1990 (Firenze: EDIFIR, 1991): pp. 9–16; Ruane, The Empire’s New Clothes, pp. 67–74; Jon Stobart, Ilja Van Damme (eds), Modernity and the Second-Hand Trade: European Consumption Cultures and Practices, 1700–1900, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Alison Toplis, The Clothing Trade in Provincial England, 1800–1850, (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2011).

Moskovskie vedomosti 1840, p. 502.

TsGA Moskvy, f. 14, op. 9, d. 273.

Ibid.

Ibid., d. 305.

Translated by Alec Vagapov.

MDIMK Skazki, VII, p. 157; Moskovskii Nekropol’, 3 vols (St. Petersburg: tipografiia Stasiulevicha, 1907–1908), vol. II (1907), p. 156.

Ruane, The Empire’s New Clothes, p. 2.

Bumagi Shchukina, vol. III, pp. 70–75.

TsGA Moskvy, f. 14, op. 9, d. 414.

Ibid., d. 281, l.12.

Bumagi Shchukina, vol. V, pp. 84–86.

PSZ I, vol. XXII, No. 16143; vol. XXXVIII, No 29025.

Russian pound is equal to 409,5 grams.

TsGA Moskvy, f. 14, op. 1, d. 143, l. 2–4. Register of Gostinyi Dvor traders.

Ivan G. Gurianov, Moskva, ili Istoricheskii putevoditel’ po znamenitoi stolitse [Moscow, or a Historical Guidebook of the Famous Capital] (Moscow: Tipografiia Selivanovskogo i tovarishcha, 1827), vol. 2, p. 260.

The Gzhel blue-and-white earthenware was made in the town of Gzhel, 70 kilometres from Moscow, and was among the best-selling products.

TsGA Moskvy, f. 14, op. 9, d. 292.

See Aston, Female Entrepreneurship, Catherine Bishop, Women Mean Business: Colonial Businesswomen in New Zealand (Dunedin, Otago University Press, 2019), Susan Ingalls Lewis, Unexceptional Women: Female Proprietors in Mid-Nineteenth Century Albany, New York 1830–1855 (Columbus, Ohio State University Press, 2009), and Chap. 13 by Melanie Buddle in this volume.

Antonova, Katherine Pickering, An Ordinary Marriage: The World of a Gentry Family in Provincial Russia, (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)

Aston, Jennifer, Female Entrepreneurship in Nineteenth-Century England: Engagement in the Urban Economy, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)

Bishop, Catherine, Minding Her Own Business: Colonial Businesswomen in Sydney, (Sydney: New South Publishing, 2015)

Bishop, Catherine, Women Mean Business: Colonial Businesswomen in New Zealand, (Dunedin, Otago University Press, 2019)

Bradley, Joseph, Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985)CrossRef

Craig, Béatrice, Women and Business Since 1500: Invisible Presences in Europe and North America? (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)

Dowler, Wayne, ‘Merchants and Politics in Russia: The Guild Reform of 1824’, The Slavonic and East European Review 65, no. 1 (1987): pp. 38–52

Farrow, Lee A., Between Clan and Crown: The Struggle to Define Noble Property Rights in Imperial Russia, (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004)

Freeze, Gregory L., ‘The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History’, American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (1986): pp. 11–36CrossRef

Griffiths, David and George E. Munro (tr. and eds), The Laws of Russia Series II: vol. 289 (Bakersfield, CA: Schlacks Publishers, 1991)

Heuvel, Danielle van den & Sheilagh Ogilvie, ‘Retail development in the consumer revolution: The Netherlands, c. 1670–c. 1815’, Explorations in Economic History 50, no. 1 (2013): pp. 69–87

Hilton, Marjorie L., Selling to the Masses: Retailing in Russia, 1880–1930, (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012)CrossRef

Istoriia Moskvy, [History of Moscow], 6 vols (Moscow: Izd-vo Academii Nauk, 1954), vol. 3

Ivleva, Viktoria, ‘The Locus of the Fashion Shop in Russian Literature (1764–1806)’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 46, no. 3 (2013): pp. 363–383CrossRef

Kay, Alison C., The Foundations of Female Entrepreneurship: Enterprise, Home and Household in London, c. 1800–1870, (London: Routledge, 2009)

Lewis, Susan Ingalls, Unexceptional Women: Female Proprietors in Mid-Nineteenth Century Albany, New York, 1830–1855, (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2009)

Marrese, Michelle Lamarche, A Woman’s Kingdom: Noblewomen and the Control of Property in Russia, 1700–1861, (Ithaca: NY: Cornell University Press, 2002)CrossRef

Martin, Alexander M., Enlightened Metropolis: Constructing Imperial Moscow, 1762–1855, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)CrossRef

McKendrick, Neil, John Brewer and John H. Plumb (eds), The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England, (London: Europa, 1982)

Prak, Maarten, Catharina Lis, Jan Lucassen and Hugo Soly (eds), Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power, and Representation, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006)

Pushkarev, Sergei (Comp.), Dictionary of Russian Historical Terms from the Eleventh Century to 1917, (edited by George Vernadsky and Ralph T. Fisher Jr), (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1970)

Ruane, Christine, The Empire’s NewClothes: A History of the Russian Fashion Industry, 1700–1917, (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2009)

Schmidt, Ariadne, ‘Women and Guilds: Corporations and Female Labour Market Participation in Early Modern Holland, Gender & History 21, no. 1 (2009): pp. 170–189CrossRef

Smith, Sally de-Vitry, ‘Women’s Admission to Guilds in Early-Modern England: The Case of the York Merchant Tailors’ Company, 1693–1776’, Gender & History 17 (2005): pp. 99–126CrossRef

Stobart, Jon, Andrew Hann and Victoria Morgan (eds), Spaces of Consumption: Leisure and Shopping in the English Town, c. 1680–1830, (London and New York: Routledge, 2007)

Stobart, Jon and Ilja Van Damme (eds), Modernityand theSecond-Hand Trade: European Consumption CulturesandPractices, 1700–1900, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)

Toplis, Alison, The Clothing Trade in Provincial England, 1800–1850, (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2011)

Ulianova, Galina, Female Entrepreneurs in Nineteenth-Century Russia, (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009)

Wagner, William G., Marriage, Property, and Law in Late Imperial Russia, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, 2nd edn 2001)

Zander Seidel, Jutta, ‘Ready-to-Wear Clothing in Germany in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: New Ready-Made Garments and Second-Hand Clothes Trade’, in Per una Storia della Moda Pronta, Problemi e Ricerche, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference of CISST, Milano, 1990 (Firenze: EDIFIR, 1991): pp. 9–16

Titel: A Mosaic of Entrepreneurship: Female Traders in Moscow, 1810s–1850s
verfasst von: Galina Ulianova
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Female Entrepreneurs in the Long Nineteenth Century
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33411-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-33412-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33412-3_4

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