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Erschienen in:
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2017 | Supplement | Buchkapitel

1. Formation of the Contract

verfasst von : İlhan Helvacı

Erschienen in: Turkish Contract Law

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

A contract is a legally binding agreement (a legal transaction) that is usually concluded between two parties. Therefore, it is generally referred to as a bilateral legal transaction. For instance, in a sale contract, there are two parties: a buyer and a seller. In a lease contract, there are also two parties: a lessor and a lessee. However, a contract may be concluded between more than two parties—e.g., a partnership contract with multiple partners. Another example is an inheritance partition agreement made between more than two heirs. These kinds of contracts are referred to as multilateral legal transactions or, more precisely, as multilateral contracts.

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Nächstes Kapitel Public Promise
Fußnoten
1
Antalya (2012), pp. 155–198; Aybay (2011), pp. 25–32; Becker (1941), art. 1–10; Berger (2012), pp. 207–221; Engel (1997), pp. 184–209; Eren (2015), pp. 227–263; Feyzioğlu (1976), pp. 59–101; Gauch et al. (2008), pp. 53–90; Honsell et al. (2003), art. 1–10; Kılıçoğlu (2013), pp. 52–75; Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), pp. 165–213; Nomer (2015), pp. 36–48; Oser and Schönenberger (1929), Vorbemerkungen zum ersten Abschnitt (Art. 1–40), art. 1–10; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), pp. 49–79; Özsunay (1983), pp. 61–70; Reisoğlu (2014), pp. 62–70; Schwenzer (2009), pp. 182–210; Tekinay et al. (1993), pp. 81–99; Tercier (2004), pp. 112–129; Tercier et al. (2016), pp. 147–205; Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 1–10, and von Tuhr and Peter (1979), pp. 181–193.
 
2
A juridical act, (acte juridique, Rechtsgeschäft).
 
3
It is obvious that the parties must have the necessary capacity to act (exercise des droits civils, Handlungsfähigkeit) required to enter into a contract. For further explanations see Esener (2000), pp. 48–52; Ansay and Wallace (2002), pp. 84–87.
 
4
Déclaration de volonté, Willenserklärung.
 
5
Gauch et al. (2008), p. 69; Eren (2015), p. 244.
 
6
von Tuhr and Peter (1979), §24, II, p. 182; Eren (2015), pp. 243–244; Feyzioğlu (1976), p. 69; Reisoğlu (2014), p. 64.
 
7
Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 45; Eren (2015), p. 210; Reisoğlu (2014), p. 52; Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 1, N. 65; Tercier (2004), p. 59.
 
8
Reisoğlu (2014), p. 65; Eren (2015), p. 244.
 
9
For the objectively and subjectively essential elements of the contract, see Sect. 1.7.
 
10
Eren (2015), p. 250; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 57; Tekinay et al. (1993), p. 86; Feyzioğlu (1976), p. 71; Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 1, N. 84; Engel (1997), p. 194; Gauch et al. (2008), p. 73.
 
11
von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 24, III, p. 187; Reisoğlu (2014), pp. 67–68; Eren (2015), p. 260; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 64.
 
12
Honsell et al. (2003), art. 5, N. 3; Gauch et al. (2008), p. 75; Eren (2015), p. 253; Reisoğlu (2014), p. 67; Tekinay et al. (1993), p. 89; Nomer (2015), pp. 46–47.
 
13
Déclaration de volonté, Willenserklärung.
 
14
See Chap. 3.
 
15
Invitatio ad offerendum.
 
16
Tercier (2004), p. 120; Gauch et al. (2008), p. 69; von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 24, II, p. 183; Tekinay et al. (1993), pp. 84–85; Eren (2015), pp. 246–247; Reisoğlu (2014), p. 65; Tercier et al. (2016), p. 190; Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), p. 182.
 
17
For instance, a company intends to purchase certain goods or services and the price will be determined by the lowest bid. Thus, prospective sellers or providers underbid each other.
 
18
For contracts that are concluded on the Internet see İnal (2005), Erten (2009).
 
19
Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 54; Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), p. 188.
 
20
See Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), p. 181.
 
21
Déclaration de volonté, Willenserklärung.
 
22
Engel (1997), p. 223; Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 18, N. 76; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), pp. 90–91.
 
23
See BGB §116.
 
24
See BGB §118.
 
25
Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 91; Eren (2015), p. 348, See Sect. 11.​1.​2.
 
26
von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 20, VIII, 1, p. 155; Becker (1941), art. 2, N. 4; Gauch et al. (2008), p. 62; Tercier (2004), pp. 113–114; Reisoğlu (2014), p. 63; Eren (2015), p. 234; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 72; Feyzioğlu (1976), pp. 65–66; Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), pp. 174–175; Nomer (2015), p. 45; Tercier et al. (2016), p. 179.
 
27
von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 20, VIII, 1, p. 155; Becker (1941), art. 2, N. 5; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 72.
 
28
Tercier (2004), p. 114; Gauch et al. (2008), pp. 64–65; Eren (2015), pp. 235–237; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 73; Kocayusufpaşaoğlu (2014), pp. 175–176; Nomer (2015), p. 45; Tercier et al. (2016), p. 179.
 
29
See Sect. 29.​2.
 
30
See Sect. 29.​3.
 
31
Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 73.
 
32
Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 73.
 
33
Tekinay et al. (1993), pp. 75–76; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 73.
 
34
Thévenoz and Werro (2012), art. 10, N. 1; Engel (1997), p. 208; Eren (2015), p. 262; Oğuzman and Öz (2015), pp. 73–74; Feyzioğlu (1976), p. 94.
 
35
von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 24, VI, p. 191.
 
36
Oğuzman and Öz (2015), p. 75.
 
37
von Tuhr and Peter (1979), § 24, VIII, p. 192; Gauch et al. (2008), p. 202.
 
38
Oğuzman and Öz (2015), pp. 77–78; Tekinay et al. (1993), p. 976.
 
39
See Sect. 22.​6.
 
Literatur
Antalya OG (2012) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler, vol 1. Legal, İstanbul
Ansay T, Wallace D (eds) (2002) Introduction to Turkish law. Turan, Ankara
Aybay A (2011) Borçlar hukuku dersleri genel bölüm. Filiz, İstanbul
Becker H (1941) Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuch, Volume VI, Obligationenrecht, 1. Abteilung: Allgemeine Bestimmungen, Art. 1-183. Stämpfli, Bern
Berger B (2012) Allgemeines Schuldrecht. Stämpfli, Bern
Engel P (1997) Traité des obligations en droit Suisse. Stämpfli, Bern
Eren F (2015) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Yetkin, Ankara
Erten A (2009) Türk ve Alman hukukunda mesafeli sözleşmeler. Banka ve ticaret hukuku araştırma enstitüsü, Ankara
Esener T (2000) Turkish business law, vol 1. Boğaziçi University Library, İstanbul
Feyzioğlu FN (1976) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler, Volume 1. Fakülteler, İstanbul
Gauch P, Schluep WR, Schmid J (2008) Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, vol 1. Schulthess, Zürich
Honsell H, Vogt NP, Wiegand W (eds) (2003) Basler Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Privatrecht, Obligationenrecht 1: Art. 1-529 OR. Helbing Lichtenhahn, Basel
İnal E (2005) E-ticaret hukukunda gelişmeler ve internette sözleşmelerin kurulması. Vedat, İstanbul
Kılıçoğlu AM (2013) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Turhan, İstanbul
Kocayusufpaşaoğlu N (2014) Borçlar hukuku genel bölüm, vol 1 (Kocayusufpaşaoğlu/Hatemi/Serozan/Arpacı). Filiz, İstanbul
Nomer HN (2015) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Beta, İstanbul
Oğuzman K, Öz T (2015) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler, vol 1. Vedat, İstanbul
Oser H, Schönenberger W (1929) Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuch, Volume V: Das Obligationenrecht, Erster Halbband: Art. 1-183. Schulthess, Zürich
Özsunay E (1983) Borçlar hukuku, vol I. Filiz, İstanbul
Reisoğlu S (2014) Türk borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Beta, İstanbul
Schwenzer I (2009) Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht, Allgemeiner Teil. Schulthess, Bern
Tekinay SS, Akman S, Burcuoğlu H, Altop A (1993) Tekinay borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. Filiz, İstanbul
Tercier P (2004) Le droit des obligations. Schulthess, Zurich
Tercier P, Pichonnaz P, Develioğlu HM (2016) Borçlar hukuku genel hükümler. On iki levha, İstanbul
Thévenoz L, Werro F (éd) (2012) Commentaire romand code des obligations 1: art. 1-529 CO. Helbing Lichtenhahn, Bâle
von Tuhr A, Peter H (1979) Allgemeiner Teil des Schweizerischen Obligationenrecht, Volume 1. Schulthess, Zürich
Metadaten
Titel
Formation of the Contract
verfasst von
İlhan Helvacı
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
Turkish Contract Law

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60060-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-60061-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60061-1_1

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