Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Pre-Kernel as a Fair Division Rule for Some Cooperative Game Models

verfasst von : Holger I. Meinhardt

Erschienen in: Game Theory in Management Accounting

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Rather than considering fairness as some private property or a subjective feeling of an individual, we study fairness on a set of principles (axioms) which describes the pre-kernel. Apart from its appealing axiomatic foundation, the pre-kernel also qualifies in accordance with the recent findings of Meinhardt (The pre-kernel as a tractable solution for cooperative games: an exercise in algorithmic game theory. Springer, Berlin, 2013b) as an attractive fair division rule due to its ease of computation by solving iteratively systems of linear equations. To advance our understanding of compliance on non-binding agreements, we start our analysis with a Cournot situation to derive four cooperative game models well introduced in the literature, where each of it represents different aspiration levels of partners involved in a negotiation process of splitting the monopoly proceeds. In this respect, we demonstrate the bargaining difficulties that might arise when agents are not acting self-constraint, and what consequences this impose on the stability of a fair agreement.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
See also the study of fairness by Ostmann and Meinhardt (20072008).
 
2
This topic will be reviewed in the forthcoming Sect. 6.5.
 
3
Algorithm 5.1 is implemented in our MATLAB toolbox MatTuGames 2015a. The documentation of the toolbox is given by Meinhardt (2013a) and ships with the toolbox.
 
4
For other concepts of beliefs of how outsiders are self-organizing, see for an overview (Zhao 2016) or, in particular (Lekeas 2013), for the notion of j-belief.
 
5
Notice that at this stage is nothing produced or that a Nash equilibrium materializes. This is simply a virtual world that allows actors to receive information about the bargaining power from one another to enter in a negotiation of splitting the proceeds of mutual cooperation.
 
6
The forthcoming results can be replicated with our Mathematica package TuOligopoly (2016b) conceived for modelling Industrial Cooperation, and TuGames (2016a). The former can be made available upon request.
 
7
In this sense, the strong ε-core can be understood.
 
8
The example can be reproduced while using our MATLAB toolbox MatTuGames (2015a). The results can also be verified with our Mathematica package TuGames (2016a).
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Aumann RJ (1959) Acceptable points in general cooperative n-person games. In: Tucker AW, Luce RD (eds) Contributions to the theory of games, vol IV. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 287–324 Aumann RJ (1959) Acceptable points in general cooperative n-person games. In: Tucker AW, Luce RD (eds) Contributions to the theory of games, vol IV. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 287–324
Zurück zum Zitat Aumann RJ (1961) A survey on cooperative games without side payments. In: Shubik M (ed) Essays in mathematical economics in honor of Oskar Morgenstern. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 3–27 Aumann RJ (1961) A survey on cooperative games without side payments. In: Shubik M (ed) Essays in mathematical economics in honor of Oskar Morgenstern. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 3–27
Zurück zum Zitat Chang C, Hu C-C (2016) A non-cooperative interpretation of the kernel. IJGT, doi:10.1007/s00182-016-0529-7 Chang C, Hu C-C (2016) A non-cooperative interpretation of the kernel. IJGT, doi:10.1007/s00182-016-0529-7
Zurück zum Zitat Curiel I (1997) Cooperative game theory and applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, BostonCrossRef Curiel I (1997) Cooperative game theory and applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, BostonCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Davis M, Maschler M (1965) The kernel of a cooperative game. NRLQ 12(3/4):223–259CrossRef Davis M, Maschler M (1965) The kernel of a cooperative game. NRLQ 12(3/4):223–259CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Driessen TSH, Meinhardt HI (2001) (Average-) convexity of common pool and oligopoly TU-games. IGTR 3(2):141–158 Driessen TSH, Meinhardt HI (2001) (Average-) convexity of common pool and oligopoly TU-games. IGTR 3(2):141–158
Zurück zum Zitat Driessen TSH, Meinhardt HI (2005) Convexity of oligopoly games without transferable technologies. MSS 50(1):102–126 Driessen TSH, Meinhardt HI (2005) Convexity of oligopoly games without transferable technologies. MSS 50(1):102–126
Zurück zum Zitat Driessen TSH, Meinhardt HI (2010) On the supermodularity of homogeneous oligopoly games. IGTR 12(4):309–337 Driessen TSH, Meinhardt HI (2010) On the supermodularity of homogeneous oligopoly games. IGTR 12(4):309–337
Zurück zum Zitat Hart S, Kurz M (1983) Endogenous formation of coalitions. Econometrica 51(4):1047–1064CrossRef Hart S, Kurz M (1983) Endogenous formation of coalitions. Econometrica 51(4):1047–1064CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jentzsch G (1964) Some thoughts on the theory of cooperative games. In: Dresher M, Shapley LS, Tucker AW (eds) Advances in game theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 407–442 Jentzsch G (1964) Some thoughts on the theory of cooperative games. In: Dresher M, Shapley LS, Tucker AW (eds) Advances in game theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 407–442
Zurück zum Zitat Kopelowitz A (1967) Computation of the kernels of simple games and the nucleolus of N-person games. Technical report, RM 31, Research Program in Game Theory and Mathematical Economics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1967. Mimeo Kopelowitz A (1967) Computation of the kernels of simple games and the nucleolus of N-person games. Technical report, RM 31, Research Program in Game Theory and Mathematical Economics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1967. Mimeo
Zurück zum Zitat Lekeas PV (2013) Coalitional beliefs in cournot oligopoly TU games. IGTR 15(1):1–21 Lekeas PV (2013) Coalitional beliefs in cournot oligopoly TU games. IGTR 15(1):1–21
Zurück zum Zitat Martínez-Legaz J-E (1996) Dual representation of cooperative games based on Fenchel-Moreau conjugation. Optimization 36(4):291–319CrossRef Martínez-Legaz J-E (1996) Dual representation of cooperative games based on Fenchel-Moreau conjugation. Optimization 36(4):291–319CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Maschler M, Peleg B, Shapley LS (1979) Geometric properties of the kernel, nucleolus, and related solution concepts. MOR 4(4):303–338CrossRef Maschler M, Peleg B, Shapley LS (1979) Geometric properties of the kernel, nucleolus, and related solution concepts. MOR 4(4):303–338CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meinhardt HI (1999a) Common pool games are convex games. JPubET 1(2):247–270 Meinhardt HI (1999a) Common pool games are convex games. JPubET 1(2):247–270
Zurück zum Zitat Meinhardt HI (1999b) Convexity and k-convexity in cooperative common pool games. Discussion Paper 11, Institute for Statistics and Economic Theory, University Karlsruhe Meinhardt HI (1999b) Convexity and k-convexity in cooperative common pool games. Discussion Paper 11, Institute for Statistics and Economic Theory, University Karlsruhe
Zurück zum Zitat Meinhardt HI (2002) Cooperative decision making in common pool situations. Springer, HeidelbergCrossRef Meinhardt HI (2002) Cooperative decision making in common pool situations. Springer, HeidelbergCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meinhardt HI (2013a) The Matlab game theory toolbox MatTuGames version 0.4: an introduction, basics, and examples. Technical report, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Meinhardt HI (2013a) The Matlab game theory toolbox MatTuGames version 0.4: an introduction, basics, and examples. Technical report, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Zurück zum Zitat Meinhardt HI (2013b) The pre-kernel as a tractable solution for cooperative games: an exercise in algorithmic game theory. Springer, Berlin Meinhardt HI (2013b) The pre-kernel as a tractable solution for cooperative games: an exercise in algorithmic game theory. Springer, Berlin
Zurück zum Zitat Meinhardt HI (2016b) TuOligopoly: A Mathematica package for industrial cooperation. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). Version 0.1, Mimeo Meinhardt HI (2016b) TuOligopoly: A Mathematica package for industrial cooperation. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). Version 0.1, Mimeo
Zurück zum Zitat Meseguer-Artola A (1997) Using the indirect function to characterize the kernel of a TU-game. Technical report, Departament d’Economia i d’Història Econòmica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Mimeo Meseguer-Artola A (1997) Using the indirect function to characterize the kernel of a TU-game. Technical report, Departament d’Economia i d’Història Econòmica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Mimeo
Zurück zum Zitat Moulin H (1981) Deterrence and cooperation: a classification of two person games. EER 15(2):179–193 Moulin H (1981) Deterrence and cooperation: a classification of two person games. EER 15(2):179–193
Zurück zum Zitat Moulin H (1988) Axioms of cooperative decision making. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef Moulin H (1988) Axioms of cooperative decision making. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Norde H, Do KHP, Tijs SH (2002) Oligopoly games with and without transferable technologies. MSS 43(2):187–207 Norde H, Do KHP, Tijs SH (2002) Oligopoly games with and without transferable technologies. MSS 43(2):187–207
Zurück zum Zitat Ostmann A (1986) Limits of rational behavior in cooperatively played normalform games. In: Tietz R, Albers W, Selten R (eds) Bounded rational behavior in experimental games and markets. Springer, Berlin, pp 317–332 Ostmann A (1986) Limits of rational behavior in cooperatively played normalform games. In: Tietz R, Albers W, Selten R (eds) Bounded rational behavior in experimental games and markets. Springer, Berlin, pp 317–332
Zurück zum Zitat Ostmann A (1994) A note on cooperation in symmetric common dilemmas. Mimeo Ostmann A (1994) A note on cooperation in symmetric common dilemmas. Mimeo
Zurück zum Zitat Ostmann A, Meinhardt HI (2007) Non-binding agreements and fairness in commons dilemma games. CEJOR 15(1):63–96CrossRef Ostmann A, Meinhardt HI (2007) Non-binding agreements and fairness in commons dilemma games. CEJOR 15(1):63–96CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ostmann A, Meinhardt HI (2008) Toward an analysis of cooperation and fairness that includes concepts of cooperative game theory. In: Biel A, Eek D, Garling T, Gustafson M (eds) New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas. Springer, Berlin, pp 230–251CrossRef Ostmann A, Meinhardt HI (2008) Toward an analysis of cooperation and fairness that includes concepts of cooperative game theory. In: Biel A, Eek D, Garling T, Gustafson M (eds) New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas. Springer, Berlin, pp 230–251CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Peleg B, Sudhölter P (2007) Introduction to the theory of cooperative games, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Peleg B, Sudhölter P (2007) Introduction to the theory of cooperative games, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
Zurück zum Zitat Shapley LS (1971) Cores of convex games. IJGT 1(1):11–26 Shapley LS (1971) Cores of convex games. IJGT 1(1):11–26
Zurück zum Zitat Stearns RE (1968) Convergent transfer schemes for N-person games. Trans Am Math Soc 134(3):449–459 Stearns RE (1968) Convergent transfer schemes for N-person games. Trans Am Math Soc 134(3):449–459
Zurück zum Zitat Thrall RM, Lucas WF (1963) N-person games in partition function form. NRLQ 10(1):281–298CrossRef Thrall RM, Lucas WF (1963) N-person games in partition function form. NRLQ 10(1):281–298CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Vives X (1999) Oligopoly pricing: old ideas and new tools. MIT Press, Cambridge Vives X (1999) Oligopoly pricing: old ideas and new tools. MIT Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat von Neumann JM, Morgenstern O (1944) Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton von Neumann JM, Morgenstern O (1944) Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao J (1999a) A β-core existence result and its application to oligopoly markets. GEB 27(1):153–168 Zhao J (1999a) A β-core existence result and its application to oligopoly markets. GEB 27(1):153–168
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao J (1999b) A necessary and sufficient condition for the convexity in oligopoly games. MSS 37(2):189–204 Zhao J (1999b) A necessary and sufficient condition for the convexity in oligopoly games. MSS 37(2):189–204
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao J (1999c) The existence of TU α-core in normal form games. IJGT 28(1):25–34 Zhao J (1999c) The existence of TU α-core in normal form games. IJGT 28(1):25–34
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao J (2009) Estimating merging costs by merger preconditions. Theor Decis 66(4):373–399CrossRef Zhao J (2009) Estimating merging costs by merger preconditions. Theor Decis 66(4):373–399CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao J (2016) TU oligopoly games and industrial cooperation. In: Corchon L, Marini M (eds) Handbook of game theory and industrial organization. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 1–41 Zhao J (2016) TU oligopoly games and industrial cooperation. In: Corchon L, Marini M (eds) Handbook of game theory and industrial organization. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 1–41
Metadaten
Titel
The Pre-Kernel as a Fair Division Rule for Some Cooperative Game Models
verfasst von
Holger I. Meinhardt
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61603-2_11