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2011 | Buch

Tropospheric Remote Sensing from Space Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

The Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Composition from Space

herausgegeben von: John P. Burrows, Peter Borrell, Ulrich Platt

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Physics of Earth and Space Environments

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

The impact of anthropogenic activities on our atmospheric environment is of growing public concern and satellite-based techniques now provide an essential component of observational strategies on regional and global scales. The purpose of this book is to summarise the state of the art in the field in general, while describing both key techniques and findings in particular. It opens with an historical perspective of the field together with the basic principles of remote sensing from space. Three chapters follow on the techniques and on the solutions to the problems associated with the various spectral regions in which observations are made. The particular challenges posed by aerosols and clouds are covered in the next two chapters. Of special importance is the accuracy and reliability of remote sensing data and these issues are covered in a chapter on validation. The final section of the book is concerned with the exploitation of data, with chapters on observational aspects, which includes both individual and synergistic studies, and on the comparison of global and regional observations with chemical transport and climate models and the added value that the interaction brings to both. The book concludes with scientific needs and likely future developments in the field, and the necessary actions to be taken if we are to have the global observation system that the Earth needs in its present, deteriorating state. The appendices provide a comprehensive list of satellite instruments, global representations of some ancillary data such as fire counts and light pollution, a list of abbreviations and acronyms, and a set of colourful timelines indicating the satellite coverage of tropospheric composition in the foreseeable future. Altogether, this book will be a timely reference and overview for anyone working at the interface of environmental, atmospheric and space sciences.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Tropospheric Remote Sensing from Space
Abstract
The study of the distributions and amounts of trace constituents in the troposphere, using satellite instruments orbiting some 800 km above in space, is a science that has developed within the past twenty or so years and which is having a large influence on both monitoring the global and regional atmospheric environment, and within the research field of atmospheric chemistry. The field is a relatively new scientific discipline within the field of Earth Observation.
John P. Burrows, Ulrich Platt, Peter Borrell
Chapter 2. The Use of UV, Visible and Near IR Solar Back Scattered Radiation to Determine Trace Gases
Abstract
Satellite remote sensing in the near-IR, visible and UV spectral range makes use of absorption and emission processes of electromagnetic radiation corresponding to electronic transitions, combined with simultaneous rotational-vibrational molecular transitions. One important difference compared to atmospheric observations in the microwave and thermal IR spectral range is that, usually thermal emission can be neglected at short wavelengths (there might, however, be emissions from, for example, excited gases in the high atmosphere). Thus the observed spectral signatures can be directly related to absorption spectra of atmospheric constituents. The neglect of emission terms makes the spectral analysis in the UV/vis spectral range usually reasonably straight forward. Another important and related advantage is that from satellite observations in the UV/vis spectral region, information from all atmospheric height layers (including the near surface layers) can be obtained. This makes UV/vis satellite observations a powerful tool for the monitoring of atmospheric pollution and for the characterisation and quantification of emission sources which are usually located close to the ground. It should, however, also be noted that, in contrast to observations in the microwave or thermal IR, usually little or no information on the vertical distribution of a trace gas is obtained.
Andreas Richter, Thomas Wagner
Chapter 3. Using Thermal Infrared Absorption and Emission to Determine Trace Gases
Abstract
The light emerging from the top of the atmosphere in the greater part of the infrared region is thermal radiation from the Earth’s surface. The resultant spectra obtained depend on the temperature difference between the emitting feature and absorbing gas. In this region the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, CO2, methane, CH4, ozone, O3, and water, H2O, are observed as well as carbon monoxide, CO, a product indicative of fossil fuel combustion, methanol, CH3OH, from biomass burning, and ammonia, NH3, from agriclulture. Chapter 3 describes the techniques for retrieving atmospheric abundances of these and other species from a number of satellite instruments, and concludes with suggestions for future developments.
Cathy Clerbaux, James R. Drummond, Jean-Marie Flaud, Johannes Orphal
Chapter 4. Microwave Absorption, Emission and Scattering: Trace Gases and Meteorological Parameters
Abstract
Space-borne remote sensing techniques are widely used today to investigate the atmosphere, both by operational and experimental instruments on a large number of satellites. Sensors operating in the microwave range, defined as being wavelengths from 10 to 0.1 cm, frequency 3–300 GHz (microwaves also comprise sub-millimetre waves or frequencies up to 3,000 GHz) of the electromagnetic spectrum were among the first instruments used for this purpose from the ground and on board air- and space-borne platforms. Those instruments measured the thermal emission from a molecular resonance or used the absorption and scattering properties of water droplets or ice crystals to obtain information on atmospheric parameters and composition.
Klaus Kunzi, Peter Bauer, Reima Eresmaa, Patrick Eriksson, Sean B. Healy, Alberto Mugnai, Nathaniel Livesey, Catherine Prigent, Eric A. Smith, Graeme Stephens
Chapter 5. Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Clouds from Space using Backscattering and Thermal Emission Techniques
Abstract
Clouds play a crucial role in the remote sensing of the troposphere as they frequently obscure the radiation reflected or emitted from the surface. However they can be used to advantage to obtain concentration profile information with techniques such as cloud slicing. Treating clouds correctly is therefore an essential part of any retrieval of tropospheric data. The retrieval of cloud parameters from solar back scatter and thermal infrared radiation provides particular information about clouds. Chapter 5 describes the retrieval of the major cloud parameters and their validation, as well as dealing with modern trends and likely developments.
Alexander A. Kokhanovsky, Steven Platnick, Michael D. King
Chapter 6. Retrieval of Aerosol Properties
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol is a suspension of liquid and solid particles in air, i.e. the aerosol includes both particles and its surrounding medium; in practice aerosol is usually referred to as the suspended matter, i.e. the particles or the droplets, depending on their aggregation state.
Gerrit de Leeuw, Stefan Kinne, Jean-Francois Léon, Jacques Pelon, Daniel Rosenfeld, Martijn Schaap, Pepijn J. Veefkind, Ben Veihelmann, David M. Winker, Wolfgang von Hoyningen-Huene
Chapter 7. Data Quality and Validation of Satellite Measurements of Tropospheric Composition
Abstract
Validation is the essential part of satellite remote sensing, since the retrieved data must be fit-for-purpose and their significance quantified, whether they are for scientific research or environmental monitoring. Data are validated by comparing satellite data sets with those obtained from ground-based, balloon and airborne instrumentation, or from instruments on other satellites, or with the output of models; all can be fraught with sampling difficulties and comparability. Chapter 7 discusses these problems in some detail and indicates the quality assurance that is used in the field. The possibilities of optimising retrieval algorithms are dealt with, as well the problem of instrument degradation over time. The differing needs for data on trace gases and cloud and aerosol data are mentioned, as are the use of correlative methods. The chapter concludes with requirements for future measurements and possible validation strategies.
Ankie J. M. Piters, Brigitte Buchmann, Dominik Brunner, Ronald C. Cohen, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Gerrit de Leeuw, Piet Stammes, Michiel van Weele, Folkard Wittrock
Chapter 8. Applications of Satellite Observations of Tropospheric Composition
Abstract
A striking feature of the field of tropospheric composition is the sheer number of chemical species that have been detected and measured with satellite instruments. The measurements have found application both in atmospheric chemistry itself, providing evidence, for example, of unexpected cryochemistry in the Arctic regions, and also in environmental monitoring with, for example, the observed growth in NO2 emissions over eastern Asia. Chapter 8 gives an overview of the utility of satellite observations for measuring tropospheric composition, dealing with each of the many compounds seen in detail. A comprehensive compound by compound table of the many studies performed is a most useful feature.
Paul S. Monks, Steffen Beirle
Chapter 9. Synergistic Use of Retrieved Trace Constituent Distributions and Numerical Modelling
Abstract
Atmospheric models are used both to assist in the retrieval of information about tropospheric composition and to interpret the results. The models themselves encompass much of our knowledge and understanding about trace components in the atmosphere and so they themselves must be tested against data. Care must be taken not to mix the dual role so that one can be sure of the conclusions drawn, and also be alert to any new phenomena that may be revealed by the data. These issues are dealt with and illustrated here. Chapter 9 goes on to discuss inverse modelling which is used, for example, to deduce emissions from regional and global data sets. Another important topic is data assimilation in which data and models are combined to derive improved concentration fields and, for example, to make forecasts. A summary provides some perspectives for future work. There is also a useful appendix on the principles of inverse modelling.
Maria Kanakidou, Martin Dameris, Hendrik Elbern, Matthias Beekmann, Igor B. Konovalov, Lars Nieradzik, Achim Strunk, Maarten C. Krol
Chapter 10. Conclusions and Perspectives
Abstract
The final Chap. 10, draws the book together by highlighting the main scientific results and emphasising the scientific needs identified by the authors of the earlier chapters. The need for further interpretation of the data provided by current instruments is indicated, as are the requirements and perspectives for future satellite instruments. Future planned missions are reviewed which, unfortunately, shows that there are likely to be gaps in our coverage of the troposphere. Several possible configurations of satellites, including both low orbital and geostationary orbits, are considered which would yield the required comprehensive coverage of the troposphere in the future. The chapter concludes with some of the encouragements and some of the obstacles, which confront the future tropospheric composition monitoring system that we need.
John P. Burrows, Ulrich Platt, Peter Borrell
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
The Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Composition from Space
herausgegeben von
John P. Burrows
Peter Borrell
Ulrich Platt
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-14791-3
Print ISBN
978-3-642-14790-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3

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