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2012 | Buch

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Practice-Based Innovation: Insights, Applications and Policy Implications

Understanding Practice-Based Innovation and its Policy Implications

herausgegeben von: Helinä Melkas, Vesa Harmaakorpi

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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The book describes and analyses the new environment for innovation, it does this with an emphasis on yet uncharted regions within the field of practice-based innovation, coming up with guidelines for innovation policy measures needed in order to realise this. While it focuses on these policies it also takes into account multi-actor innovation processes, user-driven innovation, "related variety" and many other aspects; aspects such as, just to name a few: communicating creative processes and distributing practice-based innovation; then there is creativity itself, encompassing new fields of knowledge and expertise. The authors go on to describe value networks, showing how to make practice-based innovations, explaining innovation diffusion and absorptive capacity. The book presents new insights as well as the latest research related to the frequently used term "innovation". Definitions are put forward, giving, by way of examples, a detailed description of concepts we draw upon when using these. Innovation as a concept is constantly being subdivided into increasingly finer distinctions, which, in turn, determine the discourse. The book takes a close look at these, further taking into account the challenges as well as the opportunities inherent in developing practice-based innovation procedures and policies of global importance, never losing sight of advancing long-term effectiveness.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Insights into Practice-Based Innovation and Innovation Strategies

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
The mainstream economic development policy in Europe has until recently relied on a cluster approach and on the power of knowledge and research as the sources of innovation. Innovation policy has been to a great extent equivalent to science and technology policy, and cluster policies have aimed at building competitive advantage with strong regional and national clusters. Recent discussions have, however, emphasised other forms of economic order and origins of innovation. According to some innovation surveys, only a few percent of innovations are based on scientific sources. Cluster policy seems to have its weaknesses, as well. The current science and technology policy is not very effective, partly due to the fact that innovation policy, on the one hand, and science and technology policy, on the other, are not clearly defined but are mixed up in speech. Moreover, the practical context and interaction between the two subsystems of an innovation system (acquisition and assimilation of knowledge; transformation and exploitation of knowledge) seem to offer a lot of unused potential for innovation.
Helinä Melkas, Vesa Harmaakorpi
Chapter 2. A Pragmatist Theory of Innovation
Abstract
In this chapter, I develop theoretical foundations for practice-based innovation from the embodied cognition school of thought in cognitive science and from the pragmatist line of thought in philosophy. From it, I derive the notion of cognitive distance. I use the resulting insights to discuss the well-known notions of absorptive capacity and exploitation and exploration from the innovation literature, and the way in which exploitation and exploration are connected. In the analysis I model practice in terms of the notion of a script. Cognitive difference (‘distance’) complicates but also enriches collaboration, and this positive effect is related to the notion of bridging structural holes. Among other things, the analysis yields an underpinning of the idea that application is not just a result of research but also a basis for ideas for research, in two-way traffic between theory and practice, and between research and application. The analysis also has implications for innovation policy, in particular for the currently popular principle of focus and mass.
Bart Nooteboom
Chapter 3. Combining Foresight and Innovation: Developing a Conceptual Model
Abstract
Foresight and innovation are activities closely linked with each other, the former providing inputs for the latter. However, there have been few attempts to build conceptual and theoretical bridges between these two activities. In this chapter, we present a conceptual model depicting the connections between foresight and innovation activities and learning. Into this broad model we have combined, in a novel way, much-used and well-known concepts and ideas, such as exploration and exploitation, absorptive capacity, three modes of foresight activities, information quality attributes, and information brokerage.
Tuomo Uotila, Martti Mäkimattila, Vesa Harmaakorpi, Helinä Melkas
Chapter 4. Communicating Connections: Social Networks and Innovation Diffusion
Abstract
The role of social networks in promoting the diffusion of innovations is widely recognised, but networks are used more as a vague metaphor than an analytic concept. In this chapter, we study the possibilities that social network analysis (SNA) offers to promote the diffusion of innovations. In addition, we investigate the roles of opinion leaders and opinion brokers in the networks of innovation diffusion. We base our findings on a case study of a food industry organisation. We conclude with some remarks on how the study of innovation diffusion might benefit from adapting the methods of social network analysis.
Pekka Aula, Olli Parviainen
Chapter 5. Dilemmas of Practice-Based Innovation Policy-Making
Abstract
This chapter discusses dilemmas that emerge when policy-makers are equally attracted to promoting concepts that are not based on evidence and to developing innovation policies that are evidence-based. It addresses nine dilemmas of innovation policies by discussing the following questions: What is the capacity of theories and new policy concepts linked to innovation to provide useful policy prescriptions to foster innovation? To what extent are these theories and new policy concepts supported by solid evidence? The chapter is based on a review of concepts and buzzwords linked to innovation, and the types of data and diagnostics used by policy-makers to develop new national and regional innovation policies. The chapter is also based on the consulting experience of the authors regarding the production of evidence-based diagnostics and derivation of policy measures at both the national and regional levels. The chapter defines policy issues in terms of dilemmas, it provides concrete examples, and it discusses how policy-makers could resolve the tensions between equally attractive policy alternatives.
Réjean Landry, Nabil Amara
Chapter 6. Coordination in Innovation Projects
Abstract
Many empirically based studies support a positive connection between cross-functional cooperation and successful innovation. In this context, the existing literature mainly points to the interplay between the two key functional areas of research and development (R&D) and marketing (Griffin and Hauser 1996; Moenaert et al. 1994). The integration of production (Olson et al. 2001; Kahn 2001; Song et al. 1998) and purchasing (Wijinstra and Stekelenborg 1996) are, however, increasingly mentioned as also being critical for the realisation of innovation projects. The more recent discussion on integrated product development (Bullinger et al. 1995) shifts the focus to an overall understanding of the various functional areas, which at times make considerable contributions to the success of an innovation project. From this perspective, there appears to be a need for a higher level of integration and coordination in innovation projects. This is seen as necessary to ensure that the results of individual work packages are aligned to the overall objective of a project and that the implementation of the product development process is effective and efficient (Lawrence and Lorsch 1986; Rueckert and Walker 1987). Consequently, we are faced with the question of which mechanisms can be used to best meet coordination needs in innovation projects. Based on an in-depth study of three innovation projects, our chapter attempts to answer this question. We will first give an overview of diverse aspects of coordination in innovation projects. For this purpose, five dimensions of coordination are derived from organisational theory. Furthermore, a coordination model for innovative projects is developed to serve as a basis for our empirical study: a comparative case study analysis conducted in the electronics and automotive supply industries.
Cornelius Herstatt, Norbert Lühring
Chapter 7. Measuring the Impact of Innovation Intermediaries: A Case Study of Tekes
Abstract
Innovation intermediaries are believed to have a beneficial influence on innovation processes, but as there are no universally accepted metrics of intermediary performance it is difficult for these organisations to provide the evidence of their contributions. We present a general-purpose methodology for measuring the impact of innovation intermediaries that applies across all types of intermediaries. We demonstrate the methodology by assessing the impact of the Global Access Program (GAP), which is made available to Finnish firms through Tekes, an intermediary organisation whose mission is to enhance Finnish industry through technology and innovation. Our findings show that the GAP program has had an impact on the performance of participating firms in terms of revenue growth, exports, new international customers, and employment growth. Consistent with our expectation that impacts on firm performance are a consequence of earlier impacts on firm resources and capabilities, we find a statistically significant relationship between the immediate impact of strategic information and advice, and information and advice on new markets, and longer term impact on firm performance.
Margaret Dalziel, Satu Parjanen

Micro-, Meso- and Regional Level Applications

Frontmatter
Chapter 8. Developing a Framework for Innovation and Learning in the Workplace
Abstract
In this chapter an analytical framework is developed for conceptualisation and analysis of the interplay between innovation and workplace learning. By introducing the concepts of preject and project as arenas for the innovation process and by pointing out some important differences in these arenas, this chapter mainly directs attention to the less developed and discussed concept of preject. Learning theory is examined from the perspective of the individual in his or her social setting, and the concepts of innovative learning, adaptive learning, and reproductive learning are introduced and discussed. By relating these concepts to a problem matrix developed by Darsø (2001), we are able to, firstly, differentiate between preject, problem solving, and project, and, secondly, associate innovative learning, adaptive learning, and reproductive learning with the above-mentioned corresponding arenas. The chapter concludes with a figure displaying the framework.
Lotte Darsø, Steen Høyrup
Chapter 9. Fostering Practice-Based Innovation Through Reflection at Work
Abstract
Practice-based knowledge built up through experience is needed to obtain expertise and skills in occupations and work tasks, but this form of knowledge is not conducive to change or renewal. The development of practice-based innovations can be fostered by creative learning made possible through the deliberate use of research-based knowledge to challenge well-established attitudes, beliefs, and practices. Reflection in the workplace can be used as an instrument to integrate research-based knowledge with practice-based knowledge to scrutinise and possibly revise prevailing thought and action patterns, thus facilitating creative learning. Reflection is often not allotted formal priority on the management agenda, yet the potential of reflection cannot be fully realised without formalising this as an expected, legitimised activity in the workplace. Thus, decisions and planned mechanisms, structures, and procedures are needed to facilitate and support reflection in the workplace.
Per Nilsen, Per-Erik Ellström
Chapter 10. The Role of Reflection, Reflection on Roles: Practice-Based Innovation Through Theatre-Based Learning
Abstract
A key issue for practice-based innovation is: how can organisations generate innovation in the midst of action? In order to answer this question, this chapter discusses the relationship between learning, reflection, and practice-based innovation. Reflection is seen as an important organisational process that can create spaces for generative learning. The authors demonstrate how theatre-based learning can offer an effective strategy for the creation of reflective spaces that reveal the dynamics of innovation, both in terms of what promotes and what prevents innovative behaviour and practice. Through research and intervention in three organisations, the authors show that viewing roles and relations ‘acted out’ in theatre helps to reduce the unconscious acting out of entrenched emotional and political dynamics in practice. The struggle to create innovation in the midst of action can be seen in the reflexive tension between the radical possibility of such interventions and the political purpose they may serve for established power relations. There will always be a tension in organisations between dynamics that support innovation and dynamics that undermine it.
Anne Pässilä, Tuija Oikarinen, Russ Vince
Chapter 11. From the Artists to the Managers: Responsible Collective Innovation Practices, Inspiration Flowing Through Hosting and Harvesting Profound Change
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how the artists can inspire a collective process supporting and leading to practice-based innovation. The underlying hypothesis is that enabling innovation through art is a powerful means to foster practice-based innovation. After having presented innovation as new situated knowledge, relevant at a micro-level work process activity, the concept of ba is brought forward to describe organisational contexts that invite, sustain, and foster innovation. The Art of Hosting and Harvesting are then presented as appropriate collective facilitation and information gathering processes to nurture innovation. Considering innovation as knowledge emerging from collective intelligence, two cases illustrate how collective intelligence can be nurtured by artistic practices. The results are focused on the specifics of the principles and practices at work, which are creative, artistic, playful, sensible, involving concerns for ethics and aesthetics, and helpful in creating meaningful experiences.
Isabelle Mahy
Chapter 12. Collective Intelligence and Practice-Based Innovation: An Idea Evaluation Method Based on Collective Intelligence
Abstract
Users and customers are becoming increasingly important sources of knowledge due to changes in innovation policies and paradigms. Simultaneously innovation is becoming more of a networking activity. New methods are needed for processing information and ideas coming from multiple sources more effectively. For example, the whole personnel of an organisation are seen as a great potential for innovation. The recent development of communication technologies such as the Internet has increased interest towards the multidisciplinary field of collective intelligence. To investigate the possibilities of collective intelligence, the nest-site selection process of honeybees was used as model for an idea evaluation tool, a prototype of which was then tested in a case organisation. The results were promising; the prototype was able to evaluate ideas effectively, and it was highly accepted in the organisation.
Juho Salminen, Vesa Harmaakorpi
Chapter 13. Users as Sources of Radical Service Innovation
A Closer Look into Opportunities for Integrating Service Lead Users in Service Development
Abstract
Though theory and praxis both underline the importance of radical service innovations, until now lead users in the service industry have been excluded from the scope of research. Based on explorative findings on user innovations in services and recent research on service innovations, this chapter answers the following questions: (a) can users lead trends and independently innovate in the service sector; (b) if so, do lead users in the service industry show similar characteristics to lead users from other industries, and (c) can approaches to identification and integration from the consumer and investment goods sectors be applied in the service sector as well? By illustrating the potential impact of lead users as a source of radical service innovations, we hope to raise interest in this powerful concept, not yet systematically applied in service industry.
Florian Skiba, Cornelius Herstatt
Chapter 14. Challenges of Bringing Citizen Knowledge into Public Sector Service Innovation
Abstract
User-driven innovation is an essential part of practice-based innovation. This study, which belongs to user-driven service innovation research, attempts to find out what kinds of challenges there are pertaining to a municipal resident-involving service innovation approach in the public sector. This research question is approached from the points of view of both the municipal resident and the public authorities. With the municipal resident point of view we aim to find out how the municipal residents as service users are disposed towards having the possibility to personally participate in the service development activities, and from what kinds of positions the service users produce a voice to support service development. The public authority point of view examines how the customer-driven service development approach is perceived by the developer authorities, and from what kinds of positions the developer authorities listen to the message compiled from the users’ voices. As a result we present six challenges of the service user-involving service innovation approach. The case study is based on the qualitative analysis of four research datasets.
Lea Hennala, Suvi Konsti-Laakso, Vesa Harmaakorpi
Chapter 15. The Increasing Use of Dramaturgy in Regional Innovation Practice
Abstract
This chapter reports on advances in regional innovation practice. Regional innovation has become a maturing field of economic governance. Regions have become more prominent actors in the innovation field in the past decade. Innovation is widely seen by supranational, national and regional governance bodies and agencies as a mainspring of improved regional economic performance and wellbeing. Leading regional innovation practitioners are increasingly being understood as catalysts of innovation, a development in their earlier role as being supporter or partner in innovation essentially conducted by others. One technique this chapter devotes attention to where regional ‘orchestration’ of innovation occurs is the use of narrative, drama and non-scientific laboratory experimentation to open business and community minds to the constructed regional advantages of innovation. The theoretical context is ‘post-cluster’ hence platform-minded and using matrix models to induce innovation through stimulating cross-cluster ‘transversality’.
Philip Cooke

Case Studies and Policy Implications

Frontmatter
Chapter 16. Service Innovation and Service Design in the German Printing Industry
Abstract
Service innovation has received less attention in science over the last years compared to product innovation, although the importance of service innovation is steadily growing. In fact, for the printing industry service innovation and the service design approach have received almost no attention at all. Because of the current crisis in the printing industry that is due to digitalising, there is considerable pressure to find new business opportunities. Service innovation and design can perhaps help to overcome the crisis, so that companies can remain competitive in a dynamic business climate. Therefore, this chapter analyses cross-industry benchmarks in the field of service innovation and service design. The use of the Circle of Service Design is shown in order to highlight possible opportunities for the printing industry to develop better and optimised services in the future.
Christina Cramer, Christiane Hipp
Chapter 17. Innovation, Cities and Place: An Empirical Study of the Knowledge System in Vancouver and Its Place on the Pacific Rim
Abstract
As a generalisation the innovation systems literature has downplayed the overall physical geographic setting of particular places and the connections between cities in national or international urban systems. This chapter examines the innovation history of a few of Vancouver’s peculiarly human capital intensive clusters noting how the isolation with no nearby cities and its connectedness (a Pacific gateway point) appear to have shaped its trajectories. This analysis begins to make a few sketches of how place and innovation can come together emerging from a 10 year study of innovation clusters and cities in Canada.
Brian Wixted, J. Adam Holbrook
Chapter 18. User-Driven Innovation and Knowledge Integration in Elderly Care Services: A Community Integration Model
Abstract
This chapter shows key methodological factors in applying a user-driven co-creation approach to the domain of service innovations in elderly care, based on three field studies and action research. Through interpretation of the logical structure and service process mechanisms of elderly care, we focus on the relation between the values of elderly people and the knowledge and skills of experts to fulfil these values. The complexity of dimensions of values and categories of support functions is regulated by a moral game between the service user and experts during the process of service creation. Interpreting the user’s status and values during service design by bringing together experts from different disciplines results in services that are easy for users to adopt and facilitates user accommodation of the process of service implementation. Recognising the values to be fulfilled, determining tasks and planning solutions, and fitting together process and method in service provision are conceptualised as ‘designing’. This is not a matter of modulating parts and engineering processes, but of designing the most comfortable and creative solution that will add value for the user. This chapter proposes an active cluster net centred on user-driven co-creation as a community integration model that reflects innovative societal structuring in coordinated human service allocation.
Koichi Ogasawara
Chapter 19. A Holistic Model of Innovation Network Management: Action Research in Elderly Health Care
Abstract
Network management, in particular innovation network management, is a topic of increasing interest and scope. Research on innovation network management has offered various, but ultimately partial, theoretical and practical contributions. Trust and commitment have been identified as the basic elements of a functioning network, and we know that there are certain factors that foster or discourage their existence. Networks are different; each different network has its particular challenges. Indeed, practice-based innovations involve specific challenges for network management. Our aim is to look at innovation network management from a holistic perspective, bringing together the relevant but scattered viewpoints and contributions. We use action research to look at what managers can do to manage an innovation network. The resulting holistic model rises from one particular practice-based innovation context – elderly health care in Finland – but we argue that it is applicable in other contexts and innovation types as well.
Timo Järvensivu, Katri Nykänen, Rika Rajala
Chapter 20. Practice-Based Innovations at ‘Sendan No Oka’: Motivation Management and Empowerment Management
Abstract
Sendan No Oka, Tohoku Fukushi University’s affiliated nursing home, has a strong reputation in Japan for its high quality health care and social services, and its excellent business performance. But at its establishment, these were only distant goals. The staff at Sendan No Oka have together tackled many difficult challenges and instituted a wide variety of useful innovations. Management focuses on motivation and empowerment for both clients and staff have been the two pillars of Sendan No Oka’s innovation ecosystem. With motivation management and empowerment management based on expertise and seamless professional collaboration, incremental, practice-based innovation has led to the achievement of high-level health care and social services at reasonable cost. Based on these achievements, Sendan No Oka is now stepping on to attempt radical innovation in client-oriented, comprehensive community care.
Hiroo Hagino
Chapter 21. Innovation Capability and Its Measurement in Finnish SMEs
Abstract
The importance of the development of an organisation’s innovation capability for its success is highlighted in current literature. This study provides a comprehensive description of the status quo of Finnish SMEs regarding the different dimensions of innovation capability, expertise, work wellbeing, and the measurement of issues related to innovation capability. The study also clarifies whether the results of the studied issues differ depending on the size of the organisation, the industry and the organisational position. The most important insight of the study is that the perceptions of executives and employees differ significantly with regard to all the studied aspects. The study suggests that both academics and practitioners should focus on the development of new methods and practices for enhancing innovation capability, and especially the measurement of issues related to it.
Minna Saunila, Juhani Ukko, Hannu Rantanen
Chapter 22. Epilogue: Two Modes of Practice-Based Innovation
Abstract
This book contains many different kinds of views concerning practice-based innovation and various issues related to it. It touches upon many ‘levels’ in the discussion of innovation. This was a deliberate choice; it reflects our view and experience that innovation policies and activities suffer from a lack of bridging of structural holes and of utilisation of distances. The chapters in this book thus range from philosophical considerations concerning pragmatism to very concrete examples of practice-based innovation in, for instance, a care home for elderly people. Innovation is still often treated as something ‘noble’, but without bridging various structural holes between innovation researchers, practitioners, and authorities, inter alia, true understanding concerning means, challenges, and opportunities related to innovation is lacking. This is especially important in the context of practice-based innovation. In the Introduction (Chapter 1)
Vesa Harmaakorpi, Helinä Melkas
Metadaten
Titel
Practice-Based Innovation: Insights, Applications and Policy Implications
herausgegeben von
Helinä Melkas
Vesa Harmaakorpi
Copyright-Jahr
2012
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-21723-4
Print ISBN
978-3-642-21722-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21723-4

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