Skip to main content

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Radon in Air and Water

verfasst von : J. Donald Appleton

Erschienen in: Essentials of Medical Geology

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Radon is a natural radioactive gas that you cannot see, smell, or taste and that can only be detected with special equipment. It is produced by the radioactive decay of radium, which in turn is derived from the radioactive decay of uranium. Uranium is found in small quantities in all soils and rocks, although the amount varies from place to place. Radon decays to form radioactive particles that can enter the body by inhalation. Inhalation of the short-lived decay products of radon has been linked to an increase in the risk of developing cancers of the respiratory tract, especially of the lungs. Breathing radon in the indoor air of homes contributes to about 15,000 lung cancer deaths each year in the United States and 1,100 in the UK (HPA 2009). Only smoking causes more lung cancer deaths.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Åkerblom G (1987) Investigations and mapping of radon risk areas. In: Proceedings of international symposium on geological mapping, Trondheim, 1986: in the service of environmental planning. Norges Geologiske Undersoekelse, Oslo, pp 96–106 Åkerblom G (1987) Investigations and mapping of radon risk areas. In: Proceedings of international symposium on geological mapping, Trondheim, 1986: in the service of environmental planning. Norges Geologiske Undersoekelse, Oslo, pp 96–106
Zurück zum Zitat Åkerblom G (1999) Radon legislation and national guidelines 99:18. Swedish Radiation Protection Institute Åkerblom G (1999) Radon legislation and national guidelines 99:18. Swedish Radiation Protection Institute
Zurück zum Zitat Åkerblom G, Falk R, Lindgren J, Mjönes L, Östergren I, Söderman A-L, Nyblom L, Möre H, Hagberg N, Andersson P, Ek B-M (2005a) Natural radioactivity in Sweden, exposure to external radiation, radiological protection in transition. In: Proceedings of the XIV regular meeting of the Nordic Society for Radiation Protection. NSFS Rättvik, Sweden, pp 207–210 Åkerblom G, Falk R, Lindgren J, Mjönes L, Östergren I, Söderman A-L, Nyblom L, Möre H, Hagberg N, Andersson P, Ek B-M (2005a) Natural radioactivity in Sweden, exposure to external radiation, radiological protection in transition. In: Proceedings of the XIV regular meeting of the Nordic Society for Radiation Protection. NSFS Rättvik, Sweden, pp 207–210
Zurück zum Zitat Åkerblom G, Falk R, Lindgren J, Mjönes L, Östergren I, Söderman A-L, Nyblom L, Möre H, Hagberg N, Andersson P, Ek B-M (2005b) Natural radioactivity in Sweden, exposure to internal radiation, radiological protection in transition. In: Proceedings of the XIV regular meeting of the Nordic Society for Radiation Protection. NSFS Rättvik, Sweden, pp 211–214 Åkerblom G, Falk R, Lindgren J, Mjönes L, Östergren I, Söderman A-L, Nyblom L, Möre H, Hagberg N, Andersson P, Ek B-M (2005b) Natural radioactivity in Sweden, exposure to internal radiation, radiological protection in transition. In: Proceedings of the XIV regular meeting of the Nordic Society for Radiation Protection. NSFS Rättvik, Sweden, pp 211–214
Zurück zum Zitat Akerblom G, Lindgren J (1997) Mapping of groundwater radon potential, Uranium exploration data and techniques applied to the preparation of radioelement maps; proceedings. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 237–255 Akerblom G, Lindgren J (1997) Mapping of groundwater radon potential, Uranium exploration data and techniques applied to the preparation of radioelement maps; proceedings. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 237–255
Zurück zum Zitat Åkerblom G, Mellander H (1997) Geology and radon. In: Durrani SA, Ilic´ R (eds) Radon measurements by etched track detectors. World Scientific, River Edge, pp 21–49 Åkerblom G, Mellander H (1997) Geology and radon. In: Durrani SA, Ilic´ R (eds) Radon measurements by etched track detectors. World Scientific, River Edge, pp 21–49
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, (2004) Influence of faults on geological radon potential in England and Wales. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Pacherová P (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic X and the seventh international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping. Czech Geological Survey & Radon Corporation, Prague Appleton JD, (2004) Influence of faults on geological radon potential in England and Wales. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Pacherová P (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic X and the seventh international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping. Czech Geological Survey & Radon Corporation, Prague
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Ball TK (2001) Geological radon potential mapping. In: Bobrowsky PT (ed) Geoenvironmental mapping: methods, theory and practice. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 577–613 Appleton JD, Ball TK (2001) Geological radon potential mapping. In: Bobrowsky PT (ed) Geoenvironmental mapping: methods, theory and practice. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 577–613
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Miles JCH (2002) Mapping radon-prone areas using integrated geological and grid square approaches. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Mikšová J (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic IX and the sixth international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, pp 34–43 Appleton JD, Miles JCH (2002) Mapping radon-prone areas using integrated geological and grid square approaches. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Mikšová J (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic IX and the sixth international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, pp 34–43
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Miles JCH (2010) A statistical evaluation of the geogenic controls on indoor radon concentrations and radon risk. J Environ Radioact 101:799–803 Appleton JD, Miles JCH (2010) A statistical evaluation of the geogenic controls on indoor radon concentrations and radon risk. J Environ Radioact 101:799–803
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Talbot DK (2000a) Dealing with radon emissions in respect of new development: evaluation of mapping and site investigation methods for targeting areas where new development may require radon protective measures. British geological survey research report, RR/00/12 Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Talbot DK (2000a) Dealing with radon emissions in respect of new development: evaluation of mapping and site investigation methods for targeting areas where new development may require radon protective measures. British geological survey research report, RR/00/12
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Scivyer CR, Smith PH (2000b) Dealing with radon emissions in respect of new development: summary report and recommended framework for planning guidance. British geological survey research report, RR/00/07 Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Scivyer CR, Smith PH (2000b) Dealing with radon emissions in respect of new development: summary report and recommended framework for planning guidance. British geological survey research report, RR/00/07
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Green BMR, Larmour R (2008) Pilot study of the application of tellus airborne radiometric and soil geochemical data for radon mapping. J Environ Radioact 99:1687–1697 Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Green BMR, Larmour R (2008) Pilot study of the application of tellus airborne radiometric and soil geochemical data for radon mapping. J Environ Radioact 99:1687–1697
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Cave MR, Miles JCH, Sumerling TJ (2011a) Soil radium, soil gas radon and indoor radon empirical relationships to assist in post-closure impact assessment related to near-surface radioactive waste disposal. J Environ Radioact 102:221–234 Appleton JD, Cave MR, Miles JCH, Sumerling TJ (2011a) Soil radium, soil gas radon and indoor radon empirical relationships to assist in post-closure impact assessment related to near-surface radioactive waste disposal. J Environ Radioact 102:221–234
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Doyle E, Fenton D, Organo C (2011b) Radon potential mapping of the Tralee-Castleisland and Cavan areas (Ireland) based on airborne gamma-ray spectrometry and geology. J Radiol Prot 31:221–235 Appleton JD, Doyle E, Fenton D, Organo C (2011b) Radon potential mapping of the Tralee-Castleisland and Cavan areas (Ireland) based on airborne gamma-ray spectrometry and geology. J Radiol Prot 31:221–235
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Young M (2011c) Comparison of Northern Ireland radon maps based on indoor radon measurements and geology with maps derived by predictive modelling of airborne radiometric and ground permeability data. Sci Total Environ 409:1572–1583 Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Young M (2011c) Comparison of Northern Ireland radon maps based on indoor radon measurements and geology with maps derived by predictive modelling of airborne radiometric and ground permeability data. Sci Total Environ 409:1572–1583
Zurück zum Zitat Avino R, Capaldi G, Pece R (1999) Radon in active volcanic areas of Southern Italy. Nuovo Cimento Della Societa Italiana Di Fisica C-Geophys Space Phys 22:379–385 Avino R, Capaldi G, Pece R (1999) Radon in active volcanic areas of Southern Italy. Nuovo Cimento Della Societa Italiana Di Fisica C-Geophys Space Phys 22:379–385
Zurück zum Zitat Ball TK, Miles JCH (1993) Geological and geochemical factors affecting the radon concentration in homes in Cornwall and Devon, UK. Environ Geochem Health 15(1):27–36 Ball TK, Miles JCH (1993) Geological and geochemical factors affecting the radon concentration in homes in Cornwall and Devon, UK. Environ Geochem Health 15(1):27–36
Zurück zum Zitat Ball TK, Cameron DG, Colman TB, Roberts PD (1991) Behavior of radon in the geological environment – a review. Q J Eng Geol 24(2):169–182 Ball TK, Cameron DG, Colman TB, Roberts PD (1991) Behavior of radon in the geological environment – a review. Q J Eng Geol 24(2):169–182
Zurück zum Zitat Ball TK, Cameron DG, Colman TB (1992) Aspects of radon potential mapping in Britain. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 45:211–214 Ball TK, Cameron DG, Colman TB (1992) Aspects of radon potential mapping in Britain. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 45:211–214
Zurück zum Zitat Barnet I (1994) Radon risk classification for building purposes in the Czech Republic. In: Barnet I, Neznal M (eds) Radon investigations in Czech Republic V. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, pp 18–24 Barnet I (1994) Radon risk classification for building purposes in the Czech Republic. In: Barnet I, Neznal M (eds) Radon investigations in Czech Republic V. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, pp 18–24
Zurück zum Zitat Barnet I, Miksová J, Fojtíková I (2002) The GIS analysis of indoor radon and soil gas in major rock types of the Czech Republic. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Mikšová J (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic IX and the sixth international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, pp 5–11 Barnet I, Miksová J, Fojtíková I (2002) The GIS analysis of indoor radon and soil gas in major rock types of the Czech Republic. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Mikšová J (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic IX and the sixth international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, pp 5–11
Zurück zum Zitat Barnet I, Pacherova P, Neznal M, Neznal M (2008) Radon in geological environment – Czech experience, special papers. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, p 70 Barnet I, Pacherova P, Neznal M, Neznal M (2008) Radon in geological environment – Czech experience, special papers. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, p 70
Zurück zum Zitat Barnet I, Pacherová P, Preusse W, Stec B (2010) Cross-border radon index map 1: 100 000 Lausitz – Jizera – Karkonosze – Region (northern part of the Bohemian Massif). J Environ Radioact 101:809–812 Barnet I, Pacherová P, Preusse W, Stec B (2010) Cross-border radon index map 1: 100 000 Lausitz – Jizera – Karkonosze – Region (northern part of the Bohemian Massif). J Environ Radioact 101:809–812
Zurück zum Zitat Bossew P (2003) The radon emanation power of building materials, soils and rocks. Appl Radiat Isot 59:389–392 Bossew P (2003) The radon emanation power of building materials, soils and rocks. Appl Radiat Isot 59:389–392
Zurück zum Zitat Bossew P (2009) Uncertainty of block estimates introduced by mis-allocation of point samples: on the example of spatial indoor radon data. J Environ Radioact 100:274–279 Bossew P (2009) Uncertainty of block estimates introduced by mis-allocation of point samples: on the example of spatial indoor radon data. J Environ Radioact 100:274–279
Zurück zum Zitat Bossew P (2010) Radon: exploring the log-normal mystery. J Environ Radioact 101:826–834 Bossew P (2010) Radon: exploring the log-normal mystery. J Environ Radioact 101:826–834
Zurück zum Zitat Bossew P, Lettner H (2007) Investigations on indoor radon in Austria, part 1: seasonality of indoor radon concentration. J Environ Radioact 98:329–345 Bossew P, Lettner H (2007) Investigations on indoor radon in Austria, part 1: seasonality of indoor radon concentration. J Environ Radioact 98:329–345
Zurück zum Zitat Bossew P, Dubois G, Tollefsen T (2008) Investigations on indoor radon in Austria, part 2: geological classes as categorical external drift for spatial modelling of the radon potential. J Environ Radioact 99:81–97 Bossew P, Dubois G, Tollefsen T (2008) Investigations on indoor radon in Austria, part 2: geological classes as categorical external drift for spatial modelling of the radon potential. J Environ Radioact 99:81–97
Zurück zum Zitat BRE (1999) Radon: guidance on protective measures for new dwellings. Building research establishment report, BR 211 BRE (1999) Radon: guidance on protective measures for new dwellings. Building research establishment report, BR 211
Zurück zum Zitat Burke O, Murphy P (2011) Regional variation of seasonal correction factors for indoor radon levels. Radiat Meas 46:1168–1172 Burke O, Murphy P (2011) Regional variation of seasonal correction factors for indoor radon levels. Radiat Meas 46:1168–1172
Zurück zum Zitat CEC (Council of the European Community) (1998) Council directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Off J Europ Comm, L 330/32 of 5.12.98 CEC (Council of the European Community) (1998) Council directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Off J Europ Comm, L 330/32 of 5.12.98
Zurück zum Zitat Chau ND, Chrusciel E, Prokolski L (2005) Factors controlling measurements of radon mass exhalation rate. J Environ Radioact 82:363–369 Chau ND, Chrusciel E, Prokolski L (2005) Factors controlling measurements of radon mass exhalation rate. J Environ Radioact 82:363–369
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J (2009) A preliminary design of a radon potential map for Canada: a multi-tier approach. Environ Earth Sci 59:775–782 Chen J (2009) A preliminary design of a radon potential map for Canada: a multi-tier approach. Environ Earth Sci 59:775–782
Zurück zum Zitat Chen D, You X, Hu R (2005) Indoor radon survey in indoor environments in Zhuhai city, China. Radiat Meas 39:205–207 Chen D, You X, Hu R (2005) Indoor radon survey in indoor environments in Zhuhai city, China. Radiat Meas 39:205–207
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, Ford K, Whyte J, Bush K, Moir D, Cornett J (2011) Achievements and current activities of the Canadian radon program. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 146:14–18 Chen J, Ford K, Whyte J, Bush K, Moir D, Cornett J (2011) Achievements and current activities of the Canadian radon program. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 146:14–18
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng JP, Guo QJ, Ren TS (2002) Radon levels in China. J Nucl Sci Technol 39:695–699 Cheng JP, Guo QJ, Ren TS (2002) Radon levels in China. J Nucl Sci Technol 39:695–699
Zurück zum Zitat Ciotoli G, Guerra M, Lombardi S, Vittori E (1998) Soil gas survey for tracing seismogenic faults: a case study in the Fucino basin, central Italy. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth 103:23781–23794 Ciotoli G, Guerra M, Lombardi S, Vittori E (1998) Soil gas survey for tracing seismogenic faults: a case study in the Fucino basin, central Italy. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth 103:23781–23794
Zurück zum Zitat Clavensjö B, Åkerblom G (1994) The radon book. The Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm Clavensjö B, Åkerblom G (1994) The radon book. The Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm
Zurück zum Zitat Cliff KD, Miles JCH (eds) (1997) Radon research in the European Union, EUR 17628. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, UK Cliff KD, Miles JCH (eds) (1997) Radon research in the European Union, EUR 17628. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, UK
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen BL (1997) Problems in the radon vs. Lung cancer test of the linear no-threshold theory and a procedure for resolving them. Health Phys 72:623–628 Cohen BL (1997) Problems in the radon vs. Lung cancer test of the linear no-threshold theory and a procedure for resolving them. Health Phys 72:623–628
Zurück zum Zitat Cross FT (1992) A review of experimental animal radon health insights and implications. In: Dewey DC et al (eds) Radiation research, a twentieth century perspective. Academic, New York, pp 333–339 Cross FT (1992) A review of experimental animal radon health insights and implications. In: Dewey DC et al (eds) Radiation research, a twentieth century perspective. Academic, New York, pp 333–339
Zurück zum Zitat Darby SC et al (1995) Radon and cancers other than lung cancer in underground miners – a collaborative analysis of 11 studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(5):378–384 Darby SC et al (1995) Radon and cancers other than lung cancer in underground miners – a collaborative analysis of 11 studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(5):378–384
Zurück zum Zitat Darby SC, Whitely E, Silcocks P et al (1998) Risk of cancer associated with residential radon exposure in South-West England: a case–control study. Br J Cancer 78:394–408 Darby SC, Whitely E, Silcocks P et al (1998) Risk of cancer associated with residential radon exposure in South-West England: a case–control study. Br J Cancer 78:394–408
Zurück zum Zitat Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, Barrios-Dios JM, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, Deo H, Falk R, Forastiere F, Hakama M, Heid I, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Lagarde F, Makelainen I, Muirhead C, Oberaigner W, Pershagen G, Ruano-Ravina A, Ruosteenoja E, Rosario AS, Tirmarche M, Tomasek L, Whitley E, Wichmann HE, Doll R (2005) Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case–control studies. Br Med J 330:223–226 Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, Barrios-Dios JM, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, Deo H, Falk R, Forastiere F, Hakama M, Heid I, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Lagarde F, Makelainen I, Muirhead C, Oberaigner W, Pershagen G, Ruano-Ravina A, Ruosteenoja E, Rosario AS, Tirmarche M, Tomasek L, Whitley E, Wichmann HE, Doll R (2005) Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case–control studies. Br Med J 330:223–226
Zurück zum Zitat Denman AR, Crockett RGM, Groves-Kirkby CJ, Phillips PS, Gillmore GK, Woolridge AC (2007) The value of seasonal correction factors in assessing the health risk from domestic radon—a case study in Northamptonshire, UK. Environ Int 33:34–44 Denman AR, Crockett RGM, Groves-Kirkby CJ, Phillips PS, Gillmore GK, Woolridge AC (2007) The value of seasonal correction factors in assessing the health risk from domestic radon—a case study in Northamptonshire, UK. Environ Int 33:34–44
Zurück zum Zitat Dubois G (2005) An overview of radon surveys in Europe. Office for Official Publications of the European Community, Luxembourg, p 168 Dubois G (2005) An overview of radon surveys in Europe. Office for Official Publications of the European Community, Luxembourg, p 168
Zurück zum Zitat Dubois G, Bossew P, Friedmann H (2007) A geostatistical autopsy of the Austrian indoor radon survey (1992–2002). Sci Total Environ 377:378–395 Dubois G, Bossew P, Friedmann H (2007) A geostatistical autopsy of the Austrian indoor radon survey (1992–2002). Sci Total Environ 377:378–395
Zurück zum Zitat Dubois G, Bossew P, Tollefsen T, De Cort M (2010) First steps towards a European atlas of natural radiation: status of the European indoor radon map. J Environ Radioact 101:786–798 Dubois G, Bossew P, Tollefsen T, De Cort M (2010) First steps towards a European atlas of natural radiation: status of the European indoor radon map. J Environ Radioact 101:786–798
Zurück zum Zitat Duport P (2002) Is the radon risk overestimated? Neglected doses in the estimation of the risk of lung cancer in uranium underground miners. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 98(3):329–338 Duport P (2002) Is the radon risk overestimated? Neglected doses in the estimation of the risk of lung cancer in uranium underground miners. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 98(3):329–338
Zurück zum Zitat Duval JS, Otton JK (1990) Radium distribution and indoor radon in the Pacific Northwest. Geophys Res Lett 17(6):801–804 Duval JS, Otton JK (1990) Radium distribution and indoor radon in the Pacific Northwest. Geophys Res Lett 17(6):801–804
Zurück zum Zitat Fennell SG, Mackin GM, Madden JS, McGarry AT, Duffy JT, O’Colmáin M, Colgan PA, Pollard D (2002) Radon in dwellings the Irish national radon survey. Survey Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland, Dublin Fennell SG, Mackin GM, Madden JS, McGarry AT, Duffy JT, O’Colmáin M, Colgan PA, Pollard D (2002) Radon in dwellings the Irish national radon survey. Survey Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland, Dublin
Zurück zum Zitat Friedmann H, Gröller J (2010) An approach to improve the Austrian radon potential Map by Bayesian statistics. J Environ Radioact 101:804–808 Friedmann H, Gröller J (2010) An approach to improve the Austrian radon potential Map by Bayesian statistics. J Environ Radioact 101:804–808
Zurück zum Zitat Galán López M, Martín Sánchez A (2008) Present status of 222Rn in groundwater in Extremadura. J Environ Radioact 99:1539–1543 Galán López M, Martín Sánchez A (2008) Present status of 222Rn in groundwater in Extremadura. J Environ Radioact 99:1539–1543
Zurück zum Zitat Ghosh D, Deb A, Sengupta R (2009) Anomalous radon emission as precursor of earthquake. J Appl Geophys 69:67–81 Ghosh D, Deb A, Sengupta R (2009) Anomalous radon emission as precursor of earthquake. J Appl Geophys 69:67–81
Zurück zum Zitat Gillmore GK, Sperrin M, Phillips P, Denman A (2000) Radon hazards, geology, and exposure of cave users: a case study and some theoretical perspectives. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 46:279–288 Gillmore GK, Sperrin M, Phillips P, Denman A (2000) Radon hazards, geology, and exposure of cave users: a case study and some theoretical perspectives. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 46:279–288
Zurück zum Zitat Gillmore GK, Phillips P, Denman A, Sperrin M, Pearce G (2001) Radon levels in abandoned metalliferous mines, Devon, southwest England. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 49:281–292 Gillmore GK, Phillips P, Denman A, Sperrin M, Pearce G (2001) Radon levels in abandoned metalliferous mines, Devon, southwest England. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 49:281–292
Zurück zum Zitat Gillmore GK, Phillips PS, Denman AR, Gilbertson DD (2002) Radon in the Creswell crags Permian limestone caves. J Environ Radioact 62:165–179 Gillmore GK, Phillips PS, Denman AR, Gilbertson DD (2002) Radon in the Creswell crags Permian limestone caves. J Environ Radioact 62:165–179
Zurück zum Zitat Gilmore GK, Phillips P, Denman A, Sperrin M, Pearce G (2001) Radon levels in abandoned metalliferous mines, Devon, Southwest England. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 49(3):281–292 Gilmore GK, Phillips P, Denman A, Sperrin M, Pearce G (2001) Radon levels in abandoned metalliferous mines, Devon, Southwest England. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 49(3):281–292
Zurück zum Zitat Grasty RL (1997) Radon emanation and soil moisture effects on airborne Gamma-Ray measurements. Geophysics 62(5):1379–1385 Grasty RL (1997) Radon emanation and soil moisture effects on airborne Gamma-Ray measurements. Geophysics 62(5):1379–1385
Zurück zum Zitat Gray A, Read S, McGale P, Darby S (2009) Lung cancer deaths from indoor radon and the cost effectiveness and potential of policies to reduce them. BMJ 338:a3110 Gray A, Read S, McGale P, Darby S (2009) Lung cancer deaths from indoor radon and the cost effectiveness and potential of policies to reduce them. BMJ 338:a3110
Zurück zum Zitat Greeman DJ, Rose AW (1996) Factors controlling the emanation of radon and thoron in soils of the eastern U. S. A. Chem Geol 129:1–14 Greeman DJ, Rose AW (1996) Factors controlling the emanation of radon and thoron in soils of the eastern U. S. A. Chem Geol 129:1–14
Zurück zum Zitat Greeman DJ, Rose AW, Jester WA (1990) Form and behavior of radium, uranium, and thorium in central Pennsylvania soils derived from dolomite. Geophys Res Lett 17(6):833–836 Greeman DJ, Rose AW, Jester WA (1990) Form and behavior of radium, uranium, and thorium in central Pennsylvania soils derived from dolomite. Geophys Res Lett 17(6):833–836
Zurück zum Zitat Green BMR, Lomas PR, O’Riordan MC (1992) Radon in dwellings in England, NRPB-R254. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton Green BMR, Lomas PR, O’Riordan MC (1992) Radon in dwellings in England, NRPB-R254. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton
Zurück zum Zitat Groves-Kirkby CJ, Denman AR, Phillips PS, Tornberg R, Woolridge AC, Crockett RGM (2008) Domestic radon remediation of U.K. dwellings by sub-slab depressurisation: evidence for a baseline contribution from constructional materials. Environ Int 34:428–436 Groves-Kirkby CJ, Denman AR, Phillips PS, Tornberg R, Woolridge AC, Crockett RGM (2008) Domestic radon remediation of U.K. dwellings by sub-slab depressurisation: evidence for a baseline contribution from constructional materials. Environ Int 34:428–436
Zurück zum Zitat Gunby JA, Darby SC, Miles JCH, Green BMR, Cox DR (1993) Factors affecting indoor radon concentrations in the United Kingdom. Health Phys 64:2–12 Gunby JA, Darby SC, Miles JCH, Green BMR, Cox DR (1993) Factors affecting indoor radon concentrations in the United Kingdom. Health Phys 64:2–12
Zurück zum Zitat Gundersen LCS, Schumann ER (1996) Mapping the radon potential of the United States: examples from the Appalachians. Environ Int 22(suppl 1):S829–S844 Gundersen LCS, Schumann ER (1996) Mapping the radon potential of the United States: examples from the Appalachians. Environ Int 22(suppl 1):S829–S844
Zurück zum Zitat Gundersen LCS, Schumann ER, Otton JK, Dubief RF, Owen DE, Dickenson KE (1992) Geology of radon in the United States. In: Gates AE, Gundersen LCS (eds) Geologic controls on radon, Special paper 271. Geological Society America, Boulder, pp 1–16 Gundersen LCS, Schumann ER, Otton JK, Dubief RF, Owen DE, Dickenson KE (1992) Geology of radon in the United States. In: Gates AE, Gundersen LCS (eds) Geologic controls on radon, Special paper 271. Geological Society America, Boulder, pp 1–16
Zurück zum Zitat Hishinuma T, Nishikawa T, Shimoyama T, Miyajima M, Tamagawa Y, Okabe S (1999) Emission of radon and thoron due to the fracture of rock. Nuovo Cimento Della Societa Italiana Di Fisica C-Geophys Space Phys 22:523–527 Hishinuma T, Nishikawa T, Shimoyama T, Miyajima M, Tamagawa Y, Okabe S (1999) Emission of radon and thoron due to the fracture of rock. Nuovo Cimento Della Societa Italiana Di Fisica C-Geophys Space Phys 22:523–527
Zurück zum Zitat HPA (2009) Radon and public health: report prepared by the subgroup on radon epidemiology of the independent advisory group on ionising radiation. Documents of the Health Protection Agency. Health Protection Agency, UK HPA (2009) Radon and public health: report prepared by the subgroup on radon epidemiology of the independent advisory group on ionising radiation. Documents of the Health Protection Agency. Health Protection Agency, UK
Zurück zum Zitat Hunter N, Muirhead CR, Miles JCH, Appleton JD (2009) Uncertainties in radon related to house-specific factors and proximity to geological boundaries in England. Radiat Prot Dosim 136:17–22 Hunter N, Muirhead CR, Miles JCH, Appleton JD (2009) Uncertainties in radon related to house-specific factors and proximity to geological boundaries in England. Radiat Prot Dosim 136:17–22
Zurück zum Zitat Hunter N, Muirhead CR, Miles JCH (2011) Two error components model for measurement error: application to radon in homes. J Environ Radioact 102:799–805 Hunter N, Muirhead CR, Miles JCH (2011) Two error components model for measurement error: application to radon in homes. J Environ Radioact 102:799–805
Zurück zum Zitat ICRP (2007) The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection, Annals ICRP. ICRP, Oxford ICRP (2007) The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection, Annals ICRP. ICRP, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat ICRP (2009) International commission on radiological protection statement on radon. ICRP 37:2–4 ICRP (2009) International commission on radiological protection statement on radon. ICRP 37:2–4
Zurück zum Zitat ICRP (International Committee on Radiological Protection) (1993) Protection against radon-222 at home and at work. Ann ICRP 23(2):1–65, ICRP Publication 65 ICRP (International Committee on Radiological Protection) (1993) Protection against radon-222 at home and at work. Ann ICRP 23(2):1–65, ICRP Publication 65
Zurück zum Zitat Ielsch G et al (2001a) Radon (Rn-222) level variations on a regional scale: influence of the basement trace element (U, Th) geochemistry on radon exhalation rates. J Environ Radioact 53(1):75–90 Ielsch G et al (2001a) Radon (Rn-222) level variations on a regional scale: influence of the basement trace element (U, Th) geochemistry on radon exhalation rates. J Environ Radioact 53(1):75–90
Zurück zum Zitat Ielsch G, Thieblemont D, Labed V, Richon P, Tymen G, Ferry C, Robe MC, Baubron JC, Bechennec F (2001b) Radon (Rn-222) level variations on a regional scale: influence of the basement trace element (U, Th) geochemistry on radon exhalation rates. J Environ Radioact 53:75–90 Ielsch G, Thieblemont D, Labed V, Richon P, Tymen G, Ferry C, Robe MC, Baubron JC, Bechennec F (2001b) Radon (Rn-222) level variations on a regional scale: influence of the basement trace element (U, Th) geochemistry on radon exhalation rates. J Environ Radioact 53:75–90
Zurück zum Zitat Ielsch G, Cushing ME, Combes P, Cuney M (2010) Mapping of the geogenic radon potential in France to improve radon risk management: methodology and first application to region Bourgogne. J Environ Radioact 101:813–820 Ielsch G, Cushing ME, Combes P, Cuney M (2010) Mapping of the geogenic radon potential in France to improve radon risk management: methodology and first application to region Bourgogne. J Environ Radioact 101:813–820
Zurück zum Zitat Je HK, Kang CG, Chon HT (1999) A preliminary study on soil-gas radon geochemistry according to different bedrock geology in Korea. Environ Geochem Health 21(2):117–131 Je HK, Kang CG, Chon HT (1999) A preliminary study on soil-gas radon geochemistry according to different bedrock geology in Korea. Environ Geochem Health 21(2):117–131
Zurück zum Zitat Jin Y, Wang Z, Lida T, Ikebe Y, Abe S, Chen H, Wu L, Zeng Q, Du K, Li S (1996) A new subnationwide survey of outdoor and indoor Rn-222 concentrations in China. Environ Int 22:S657–S663 Jin Y, Wang Z, Lida T, Ikebe Y, Abe S, Chen H, Wu L, Zeng Q, Du K, Li S (1996) A new subnationwide survey of outdoor and indoor Rn-222 concentrations in China. Environ Int 22:S657–S663
Zurück zum Zitat Kemski J, Klingel R (2008) Prediction of indoor radon in Germany on a regional scale. Kerntechnik 73:131–137 Kemski J, Klingel R (2008) Prediction of indoor radon in Germany on a regional scale. Kerntechnik 73:131–137
Zurück zum Zitat Kemski J, Siehl A, Stegemann R, Valdivia-Manchego M (2001) Mapping the geogenic radon potential in Germany. Sci Total Environ 272(1–3):217–230 Kemski J, Siehl A, Stegemann R, Valdivia-Manchego M (2001) Mapping the geogenic radon potential in Germany. Sci Total Environ 272(1–3):217–230
Zurück zum Zitat Kemski J, Klingel R, Siehl A, Valdivia-Manchego M (2009) From radon hazard to risk prediction-based on geological maps, soil gas and indoor measurements in Germany. Environ Geol 56:1269–1279 Kemski J, Klingel R, Siehl A, Valdivia-Manchego M (2009) From radon hazard to risk prediction-based on geological maps, soil gas and indoor measurements in Germany. Environ Geol 56:1269–1279
Zurück zum Zitat Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, Klotz JB, Letourneau EG, Lynch CF, Lyon JI, Sandler DP, Schoenberg JB, Steck DJ, Stolwijk JA, Weinberg C, Wilcox HB (2005) Residential radon and risk of lung cancer – a combined analysis of 7 north American case–control studies. Epidemiology 16:137–145 Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, Klotz JB, Letourneau EG, Lynch CF, Lyon JI, Sandler DP, Schoenberg JB, Steck DJ, Stolwijk JA, Weinberg C, Wilcox HB (2005) Residential radon and risk of lung cancer – a combined analysis of 7 north American case–control studies. Epidemiology 16:137–145
Zurück zum Zitat Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, Klotz JB, Letourneau EG, Lynch CF, Lyon JL, Sandler DP, Schoenberg JB, Steck DJ, Stolwijk JA, Weinberg C, Wilcox HB (2006) A combined analysis of North American case–control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health-Part a-Curr Issue 69:533–597 Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, Alavanja M, Catalan VS, Field RW, Klotz JB, Letourneau EG, Lynch CF, Lyon JL, Sandler DP, Schoenberg JB, Steck DJ, Stolwijk JA, Weinberg C, Wilcox HB (2006) A combined analysis of North American case–control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health-Part a-Curr Issue 69:533–597
Zurück zum Zitat Laurier D, Valenty M, Tirmarche M (2001) Radon exposure and the risk of leukemia: a review of epidemiological studies. Health Phys 81(3):272–288 Laurier D, Valenty M, Tirmarche M (2001) Radon exposure and the risk of leukemia: a review of epidemiological studies. Health Phys 81(3):272–288
Zurück zum Zitat Lawrence CE, Akber RA, Bollhöfer A, Martin P (2009) Radon-222 exhalation from open ground on and around a uranium mine in the wet-dry tropics. J Environ Radioact 100:1–8 Lawrence CE, Akber RA, Bollhöfer A, Martin P (2009) Radon-222 exhalation from open ground on and around a uranium mine in the wet-dry tropics. J Environ Radioact 100:1–8
Zurück zum Zitat Li XY, Zheng B, Wang Y, Wang X (2006) A survey of radon level in underground buildings in China. Environ Int 32:600–605 Li XY, Zheng B, Wang Y, Wang X (2006) A survey of radon level in underground buildings in China. Environ Int 32:600–605
Zurück zum Zitat Li X, Song B, Zheng B, Wang Y, Wang X (2010) The distribution of radon in tunnels with different geological characteristics in China. J Environ Radioact 101:345–348 Li X, Song B, Zheng B, Wang Y, Wang X (2010) The distribution of radon in tunnels with different geological characteristics in China. J Environ Radioact 101:345–348
Zurück zum Zitat Lomas PR, Green BMR, Miles JCH, Kendall GM (1996) Radon Atlas of England, NRPB-290. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton Lomas PR, Green BMR, Miles JCH, Kendall GM (1996) Radon Atlas of England, NRPB-290. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton
Zurück zum Zitat Lubin JH (1998) On the discrepancy between epidemiologic studies in individuals of lung cancer and residential radon and Cohen’s ecologic regression. Health Phys 75(1):4–10 Lubin JH (1998) On the discrepancy between epidemiologic studies in individuals of lung cancer and residential radon and Cohen’s ecologic regression. Health Phys 75(1):4–10
Zurück zum Zitat Lubin JH, Boice JD (1997) Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiologic studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 89(1):49–57 Lubin JH, Boice JD (1997) Lung cancer risk from residential radon: meta-analysis of eight epidemiologic studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 89(1):49–57
Zurück zum Zitat Lubin JH et al (1994) Radon exposure in residences and lung-cancer among women – combined analysis of 3 studies. Cancer Causes Control 5(2):114–128 Lubin JH et al (1994) Radon exposure in residences and lung-cancer among women – combined analysis of 3 studies. Cancer Causes Control 5(2):114–128
Zurück zum Zitat Man CK, Yeung HS (1998) Radioactivity contents in building materials used in Hong Kong. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 232(1–2):219–222 Man CK, Yeung HS (1998) Radioactivity contents in building materials used in Hong Kong. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 232(1–2):219–222
Zurück zum Zitat Miksová J, Barnet I (2002) Geological support to the national radon programme (Czech Republic). Bull Czech Geol Surv 77(1):13–22 Miksová J, Barnet I (2002) Geological support to the national radon programme (Czech Republic). Bull Czech Geol Surv 77(1):13–22
Zurück zum Zitat Miles JCH (1998) Mapping radon-prone areas by log-normal modelling of house radon data. Health Phys 74:370–378 Miles JCH (1998) Mapping radon-prone areas by log-normal modelling of house radon data. Health Phys 74:370–378
Zurück zum Zitat Miles JCH (2001) Temporal variation of radon levels in houses and implications for radon measurement strategies. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 93:369–376 Miles JCH (2001) Temporal variation of radon levels in houses and implications for radon measurement strategies. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 93:369–376
Zurück zum Zitat Miles JCH, Appleton JD (2000) Identification of localised areas of England where radon concentrations are most likely to have 5% probability of being above the Action Level. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions report, DETR/RAS/00.001. DETR, London Miles JCH, Appleton JD (2000) Identification of localised areas of England where radon concentrations are most likely to have 5% probability of being above the Action Level. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions report, DETR/RAS/00.001. DETR, London
Zurück zum Zitat Miles JCH, Appleton JD (2005) Mapping variation in radon potential both between and within geological units. J Radiol Prot 25:257–276 Miles JCH, Appleton JD (2005) Mapping variation in radon potential both between and within geological units. J Radiol Prot 25:257–276
Zurück zum Zitat Miles JCH, Ball TK (1996) Mapping radon-prone areas using house radon data and geological boundaries. Environ Int 22(suppl 1):779–782 Miles JCH, Ball TK (1996) Mapping radon-prone areas using house radon data and geological boundaries. Environ Int 22(suppl 1):779–782
Zurück zum Zitat Miles JCH, Appleton JD, Rees DM, Green BMR, Adlam KAM, Myers AH (2007) Indicative atlas of radon in England and Wales. HPA, Chilton Miles JCH, Appleton JD, Rees DM, Green BMR, Adlam KAM, Myers AH (2007) Indicative atlas of radon in England and Wales. HPA, Chilton
Zurück zum Zitat Moreno V, Baixeras C, Font L, Bach J (2008) Indoor radon levels and their dynamics in relation with the geological characteristics of La Garrotxa, Spain. Radiat Meas 43:1532–1540 Moreno V, Baixeras C, Font L, Bach J (2008) Indoor radon levels and their dynamics in relation with the geological characteristics of La Garrotxa, Spain. Radiat Meas 43:1532–1540
Zurück zum Zitat Mudd GM (2008) Radon releases from Australian uranium mining and milling projects: assessing the UNSCEAR approach. J Environ Radioact 99:288–315 Mudd GM (2008) Radon releases from Australian uranium mining and milling projects: assessing the UNSCEAR approach. J Environ Radioact 99:288–315
Zurück zum Zitat Mui KW, Wong LT, Hui PS (2008) An approach to assessing the probability of unsatisfactory radon in air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong. J Environ Radioact 99:248–259 Mui KW, Wong LT, Hui PS (2008) An approach to assessing the probability of unsatisfactory radon in air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong. J Environ Radioact 99:248–259
Zurück zum Zitat Murphy P, Organo C (2008) A comparative study of lognormal, gamma and beta modelling in radon mapping with recommendations regarding bias, sample sizes and the treatment of outliers. J Radiol Prot 28:293–302 Murphy P, Organo C (2008) A comparative study of lognormal, gamma and beta modelling in radon mapping with recommendations regarding bias, sample sizes and the treatment of outliers. J Radiol Prot 28:293–302
Zurück zum Zitat NAS (1998) Health effects of exposure to radon (BEIR VI). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC NAS (1998) Health effects of exposure to radon (BEIR VI). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC
Zurück zum Zitat Nazaroff WW (1988) Measurement techniques. In: Radon and its decay products in indoor air. Wiley, New York, pp 491–504 Nazaroff WW (1988) Measurement techniques. In: Radon and its decay products in indoor air. Wiley, New York, pp 491–504
Zurück zum Zitat Neri M, Giammanco S, Ferrera E, Patanè G, Zanon V (2011) Spatial distribution of soil radon as a tool to recognize active faulting on an active volcano: the example of Mt. Etna (Italy). J Environ Radioact 102:863–870 Neri M, Giammanco S, Ferrera E, Patanè G, Zanon V (2011) Spatial distribution of soil radon as a tool to recognize active faulting on an active volcano: the example of Mt. Etna (Italy). J Environ Radioact 102:863–870
Zurück zum Zitat NRPB (1989) Living with radiation. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton NRPB (1989) Living with radiation. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton
Zurück zum Zitat NRPB (2000) Health risks from radon. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton NRPB (2000) Health risks from radon. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton
Zurück zum Zitat Organo C, Murphy P (2007) The Castleisland radon survey – follow-up to the discovery of a house with extremely high radon concentrations in county Kerry (SW Ireland). J Radiol Prot 27:275–285 Organo C, Murphy P (2007) The Castleisland radon survey – follow-up to the discovery of a house with extremely high radon concentrations in county Kerry (SW Ireland). J Radiol Prot 27:275–285
Zurück zum Zitat Papastefanou C (2007) Measuring radon in soil gas and groundwaters: a review. Ann Geophys 50:569–578 Papastefanou C (2007) Measuring radon in soil gas and groundwaters: a review. Ann Geophys 50:569–578
Zurück zum Zitat Papastefanou C (2010) Variation of radon flux along active fault zones in association with earthquake occurrence. Radiat Meas 45:943–951 Papastefanou C (2010) Variation of radon flux along active fault zones in association with earthquake occurrence. Radiat Meas 45:943–951
Zurück zum Zitat Pereira AJSC, Godinho MM, Neves LJPF (2010) On the influence of faulting on small-scale soil-gas radon variability: a case study in the Iberian uranium province. J Environ Radioact 101:875–882 Pereira AJSC, Godinho MM, Neves LJPF (2010) On the influence of faulting on small-scale soil-gas radon variability: a case study in the Iberian uranium province. J Environ Radioact 101:875–882
Zurück zum Zitat Petersell V, Åkerblom G, Ek B-M, Enel M, Mõttus V, Täht K (2005) Radon risk Map of Estonia: explanatory text to the radon risk map set of Estonia at scale of 1:500 000. Swedish Radiation Protection Authority, Tallinn/Stockholm, p 76 Petersell V, Åkerblom G, Ek B-M, Enel M, Mõttus V, Täht K (2005) Radon risk Map of Estonia: explanatory text to the radon risk map set of Estonia at scale of 1:500 000. Swedish Radiation Protection Authority, Tallinn/Stockholm, p 76
Zurück zum Zitat Poffijn A, Goes E, Michaela I (2002) Investigation of the radon potential of an Alum deposit. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Miksova J (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic IX and the sixth international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping, Czech geological survey, Prague Poffijn A, Goes E, Michaela I (2002) Investigation of the radon potential of an Alum deposit. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Miksova J (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic IX and the sixth international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping, Czech geological survey, Prague
Zurück zum Zitat Przylibski TA, Mamont-Ciesla K, Kusyk M, Dorda J, Kozlowska B (2004) Radon concentrations in groundwaters of the Polish part of the Sudety Mountains (SW Poland). J Environ Radioact 75:193–209 Przylibski TA, Mamont-Ciesla K, Kusyk M, Dorda J, Kozlowska B (2004) Radon concentrations in groundwaters of the Polish part of the Sudety Mountains (SW Poland). J Environ Radioact 75:193–209
Zurück zum Zitat NRPA (Nordic Radiation Protection Authorities) (2000) Naturally occurring radioactivity in the Nordic countries – recommendations. The Radiation Protection Authorities in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden NRPA (Nordic Radiation Protection Authorities) (2000) Naturally occurring radioactivity in the Nordic countries – recommendations. The Radiation Protection Authorities in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
Zurück zum Zitat Ramachandan TV, Sathish LA (2011) Nationwide indoor 222Rn and 220Rn map for India: a review. J Environ Radioact 102:975–986 Ramachandan TV, Sathish LA (2011) Nationwide indoor 222Rn and 220Rn map for India: a review. J Environ Radioact 102:975–986
Zurück zum Zitat Raspa G, Salvi F, Torri G (2010) Probability mapping of indoor radon-prone areas using disjunctive kriging. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 138:3–19 Raspa G, Salvi F, Torri G (2010) Probability mapping of indoor radon-prone areas using disjunctive kriging. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 138:3–19
Zurück zum Zitat Rees DM, Bradley EJ, Green BMR (2011) Radon in homes in England and Wales: 2010 data review, HPA-CRCE-015. HPA, Chilton Rees DM, Bradley EJ, Green BMR (2011) Radon in homes in England and Wales: 2010 data review, HPA-CRCE-015. HPA, Chilton
Zurück zum Zitat Rose AW, Hutter AR, Washington JW (1990) Sampling variability of radon in soil gases. J Geochem Explor 38:173–191 Rose AW, Hutter AR, Washington JW (1990) Sampling variability of radon in soil gases. J Geochem Explor 38:173–191
Zurück zum Zitat Sakoda A, Ishimori Y, Hanamoto K, Kataoka T, Kawabe A, Yamaoka K (2010) Experimental and modeling studies of grain size and moisture content effects on radon emanation. Radiat Meas 45:204–210 Sakoda A, Ishimori Y, Hanamoto K, Kataoka T, Kawabe A, Yamaoka K (2010) Experimental and modeling studies of grain size and moisture content effects on radon emanation. Radiat Meas 45:204–210
Zurück zum Zitat Scheib C, Appleton JD, Jones DJ, Hodgkinson E (2006) Airborne uranium data in support of radon potential mapping in Derbyshire, Central England. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Pacherová P (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic XI and the eighth international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping. Czech geological survey, Prague, pp 210–219 Scheib C, Appleton JD, Jones DJ, Hodgkinson E (2006) Airborne uranium data in support of radon potential mapping in Derbyshire, Central England. In: Barnet I, Neznal M, Pacherová P (eds) Radon investigations in the Czech Republic XI and the eighth international workshop on the geological aspects of radon risk mapping. Czech geological survey, Prague, pp 210–219
Zurück zum Zitat Scheib C, Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Green BMR, Barlow TS, Jones DG (2009) Geological controls on radon potential in Scotland. Scott J Geol 45:147–160 Scheib C, Appleton JD, Miles JCH, Green BMR, Barlow TS, Jones DG (2009) Geological controls on radon potential in Scotland. Scott J Geol 45:147–160
Zurück zum Zitat Singh S, Kumar A, Singh B (2002) Radon level in dwellings and its correlation with uranium and radium content in some areas of Himachal Pradesh, India. Environ Int 28(1–2):97–101 Singh S, Kumar A, Singh B (2002) Radon level in dwellings and its correlation with uranium and radium content in some areas of Himachal Pradesh, India. Environ Int 28(1–2):97–101
Zurück zum Zitat Skeppstrom K, Olofsson B (2006) A prediction method for radon in groundwater using GIS and multivariate statistics. Sci Total Environ 367:666–680 Skeppstrom K, Olofsson B (2006) A prediction method for radon in groundwater using GIS and multivariate statistics. Sci Total Environ 367:666–680
Zurück zum Zitat Smethurst MA, Strand T, Sundal AV, Rudjord AL (2008) Large-scale radon hazard evaluation in the Oslofjord region of Norway utilizing indoor radon concentrations, airborne gamma ray spectrometry and geological mapping. Sci Total Environ 407:379–393 Smethurst MA, Strand T, Sundal AV, Rudjord AL (2008) Large-scale radon hazard evaluation in the Oslofjord region of Norway utilizing indoor radon concentrations, airborne gamma ray spectrometry and geological mapping. Sci Total Environ 407:379–393
Zurück zum Zitat Smith BJ, Field RW, Lynch CF (1998) Residential Rn-222 exposure and lung cancer: testing the linear no-threshold theory with ecologic data. Health Phys 75(1):11–17 Smith BJ, Field RW, Lynch CF (1998) Residential Rn-222 exposure and lung cancer: testing the linear no-threshold theory with ecologic data. Health Phys 75(1):11–17
Zurück zum Zitat Somlai J, Gorjanacz Z, Varhegyi A, Kovacs T (2006) Radon concentration in houses over a closed Hungarian uranium mine. Sci Total Environ 367:653–665 Somlai J, Gorjanacz Z, Varhegyi A, Kovacs T (2006) Radon concentration in houses over a closed Hungarian uranium mine. Sci Total Environ 367:653–665
Zurück zum Zitat Song G, Wang X, Chen D, Chen Y (2011) Contribution of 222Rn-bearing water to indoor radon and indoor air quality assessment in hot spring hotels of Guangdong, China. J Environ Radioact 102:400–406 Song G, Wang X, Chen D, Chen Y (2011) Contribution of 222Rn-bearing water to indoor radon and indoor air quality assessment in hot spring hotels of Guangdong, China. J Environ Radioact 102:400–406
Zurück zum Zitat Song G, Chen D, Tang Z, Zhang Z, Xie W (2012) Natural radioactivity levels in topsoil from the Pearl River delta zone, Guangdong, China. J Environ Radioact 103:48–53 Song G, Chen D, Tang Z, Zhang Z, Xie W (2012) Natural radioactivity levels in topsoil from the Pearl River delta zone, Guangdong, China. J Environ Radioact 103:48–53
Zurück zum Zitat Sundal AV, Henriksen H, Soldal O, Strand T (2004) The influence of geological factors on indoor radon concentrations in Norway. Sci Total Environ 328:41–53 Sundal AV, Henriksen H, Soldal O, Strand T (2004) The influence of geological factors on indoor radon concentrations in Norway. Sci Total Environ 328:41–53
Zurück zum Zitat Swakon J, Kozak K, Paszkowski M, Gradzinski R, Loskiewicz J, Mazur J, Janik M, Bogacz xJ, Horwacik T, Olko P (2005) Radon concentration in soil gas around local disjunctive tectonic zones in the Krakow area. J Environ Radioact 78:137–149 Swakon J, Kozak K, Paszkowski M, Gradzinski R, Loskiewicz J, Mazur J, Janik M, Bogacz xJ, Horwacik T, Olko P (2005) Radon concentration in soil gas around local disjunctive tectonic zones in the Krakow area. J Environ Radioact 78:137–149
Zurück zum Zitat Talbot DK, Hodkin DL, Ball TK (1997) Radon investigations for tunnelling projects; a case study from St. Helier, Jersey. Q J Eng Geol 30(Part 2):115–122 Talbot DK, Hodkin DL, Ball TK (1997) Radon investigations for tunnelling projects; a case study from St. Helier, Jersey. Q J Eng Geol 30(Part 2):115–122
Zurück zum Zitat Tell I et al (1993) Indoor radon-daughter concentration and gamma-radiation in urban and rural homes on geologically varying ground. Sci Total Environ 128(2–3):191–203 Tell I et al (1993) Indoor radon-daughter concentration and gamma-radiation in urban and rural homes on geologically varying ground. Sci Total Environ 128(2–3):191–203
Zurück zum Zitat Tuia D, Kanevski M (2008) Indoor radon distribution in Switzerland: lognormality and extreme value theory. J Environ Radioact 99:649–657 Tuia D, Kanevski M (2008) Indoor radon distribution in Switzerland: lognormality and extreme value theory. J Environ Radioact 99:649–657
Zurück zum Zitat UNSCEAR (2009) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). UNSCEAR 2006 report, annex E. Sources-to-effects assessment for radon in homes and workplaces. United Nations, New York UNSCEAR (2009) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). UNSCEAR 2006 report, annex E. Sources-to-effects assessment for radon in homes and workplaces. United Nations, New York
Zurück zum Zitat UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) (2000) Sources, effects, and risks of ionizing radiation. United Nations, New York UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) (2000) Sources, effects, and risks of ionizing radiation. United Nations, New York
Zurück zum Zitat USDOE (United States Department of Energy) (1988) Radiation inhalation studies of animals, DOE/ER-0396, Washington, DC USDOE (United States Department of Energy) (1988) Radiation inhalation studies of animals, DOE/ER-0396, Washington, DC
Zurück zum Zitat Verdoya M, Chiozzi P, De Felice P, Pasquale V, Bochiolo M, Genovesi I (2009) Natural gamma-ray spectrometry as a tool for radiation dose and radon hazard modelling. Appl Radiat Isot 67:964–968 Verdoya M, Chiozzi P, De Felice P, Pasquale V, Bochiolo M, Genovesi I (2009) Natural gamma-ray spectrometry as a tool for radiation dose and radon hazard modelling. Appl Radiat Isot 67:964–968
Zurück zum Zitat Vesterbacka P, Makelainen I, Arvela H (2005) Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 113:223–232 Vesterbacka P, Makelainen I, Arvela H (2005) Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 113:223–232
Zurück zum Zitat Wang N, Xiao L, Li C, Huang Y, Pei S, Liu S, Xie F, Cheng Y (2005) Determination radioactivity level of 238U, 232Th and 40K in surface medium in Zhuhai city by in-situ gamma-ray spectrometry. J Nucl Sci Technol 42:888–896 Wang N, Xiao L, Li C, Huang Y, Pei S, Liu S, Xie F, Cheng Y (2005) Determination radioactivity level of 238U, 232Th and 40K in surface medium in Zhuhai city by in-situ gamma-ray spectrometry. J Nucl Sci Technol 42:888–896
Zurück zum Zitat Wang N, Xiao L, Li C, Mei W, Hang Y, Liu D (2009) Level of radon exhalation rate from soil in some sedimentary and granite areas of China. J Nucl Sci Technol 46:303–309 Wang N, Xiao L, Li C, Mei W, Hang Y, Liu D (2009) Level of radon exhalation rate from soil in some sedimentary and granite areas of China. J Nucl Sci Technol 46:303–309
Zurück zum Zitat Wang N, Xiao L, Liu CK, Liu S, Huang Y, Liu DJ, Peng M (2011) Distribution and characteristics of radon gas in soil from a high-background-radiation city in China. J Nucl Sci Technol 48:751–758 Wang N, Xiao L, Liu CK, Liu S, Huang Y, Liu DJ, Peng M (2011) Distribution and characteristics of radon gas in soil from a high-background-radiation city in China. J Nucl Sci Technol 48:751–758
Zurück zum Zitat Washington JW, Rose AW (1992) Temporal variability of radon concentrations in the interstitial gas of soils in Pennsylvania. J Geophys Res 97(B6):9145–9159 Washington JW, Rose AW (1992) Temporal variability of radon concentrations in the interstitial gas of soils in Pennsylvania. J Geophys Res 97(B6):9145–9159
Zurück zum Zitat Watson SJ, Al J, Oatway WB, Hughes JS (2005) HPA-RPD-001 – ionising radiation exposure of the UK population: 2005 review. HPA, Chilton Watson SJ, Al J, Oatway WB, Hughes JS (2005) HPA-RPD-001 – ionising radiation exposure of the UK population: 2005 review. HPA, Chilton
Zurück zum Zitat Wattananikorn K, Emharuthai S, Wanaphongse P (2008) A feasibility study of geogenic indoor radon mapping from airborne radiometric survey in northern Thailand. Radiat Meas 43:85–90 Wattananikorn K, Emharuthai S, Wanaphongse P (2008) A feasibility study of geogenic indoor radon mapping from airborne radiometric survey in northern Thailand. Radiat Meas 43:85–90
Zurück zum Zitat WHO (1996) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, vol 2, 2nd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva WHO (1996) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, vol 2, 2nd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva
Zurück zum Zitat WHO (2009) WHO handbook on indoor radon: a public health perspective. WHO Press, Geneva WHO (2009) WHO handbook on indoor radon: a public health perspective. WHO Press, Geneva
Zurück zum Zitat Wiegand J et al (2000) Radon and thoron in cave dwellings (Yan’an, China). Health Phys 78(4):438–444 Wiegand J et al (2000) Radon and thoron in cave dwellings (Yan’an, China). Health Phys 78(4):438–444
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada Y, Sun QF, Tokonami S, Akiba S, Zhou WH, Hou CS, Zhang SZ, Ishikawa T, Furukawa M, Fukutsu K, Yonehara H (2006) Radon-thoron discriminative measurements in Gansu province, China, and their implication for dose estimates. J Toxicol Environ Health-Part a-Curr Issue 69:723–734 Yamada Y, Sun QF, Tokonami S, Akiba S, Zhou WH, Hou CS, Zhang SZ, Ishikawa T, Furukawa M, Fukutsu K, Yonehara H (2006) Radon-thoron discriminative measurements in Gansu province, China, and their implication for dose estimates. J Toxicol Environ Health-Part a-Curr Issue 69:723–734
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu HC, Charlet JM, Poffijn A (2001) Radon risk mapping in southern Belgium: an application of geostatistical and GIS techniques. Sci Total Environ 272(1–3):203–210 Zhu HC, Charlet JM, Poffijn A (2001) Radon risk mapping in southern Belgium: an application of geostatistical and GIS techniques. Sci Total Environ 272(1–3):203–210
Zurück zum Zitat Zhuo WH, Iida T, Yang XT (2001) Occurrence of Rn-222, Ra-226, Ra-228 and U in groundwater in Fujian Province, China. J Environ Radioact 53:111–120 Zhuo WH, Iida T, Yang XT (2001) Occurrence of Rn-222, Ra-226, Ra-228 and U in groundwater in Fujian Province, China. J Environ Radioact 53:111–120
Metadaten
Titel
Radon in Air and Water
verfasst von
J. Donald Appleton
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_11