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2020 | Buch | 1. Auflage

30 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Trends and the Current State of Communism and Post-communism in Europe and Asia Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall

Turns and Twists in Economies, Politics, and Societies in the Post-Communist Countries

herausgegeben von: Alexandr Akimov, Gennadi Kazakevitch

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Buchreihe : Palgrave Studies in Economic History

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

The year 2019 marks 30 years since the fall of the Berlin wall. This symbolic event led to German unification and the collapse of communist party rule in countries of the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. Since then, the post-communist countries of Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe have tied their post-communist transition to deep integration into the West, including EU accession. Most of the states in Central and Eastern Europe have been able to relatively successfully transform their previous communist political and economic systems. In contrast, the non-Baltic post-Soviet states have generally been less successful in doing so. This book, with an internationally respected list of contributors, seeks to address and compare those diverse developments in communist and post-communist countries and their relationship with the West from various angles.

The book has three parts. The first part addresses the progress of post-communist transition in comparative terms, including regional focus on Eastern and South Eastern Europe, CIS and Central Asia. The second focuses on Russia and its foreign relationship, and internal politics. The third explores in detail economies and societies in Central Asia. The final part of the book draws some historical comparisons of recent issues in post-communism with the past experiences.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. 30 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall: Trends and the Current State of Communism and Post-communism in Europe and Asia
Abstract
The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was a historic milestone, which catalysed the transformation of communist regimes across the world. In the past three decades, we have seen significant reforms take hold in several former communist states, particularly in Eastern Europe and the post-Soviet countries, where socioeconomic and political ideals have gradually gravitated towards different forms of democracy and market economy. Meanwhile, in Asia, we have seen astonishing economic growth and a movement from central planning to the market, but few democratic reforms (e.g. in China and Vietnam), and some very specific hybrid regimes (e.g. in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia such as Azerbaijan), while the unpredictable, isolationist North Korea remains a source of instability for the broader region.
Gennadi Kazakevitch, Alexandr Akimov

How Communism and Post-Communism are Tracking

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. A Taxonomy of Post-communist Economies After 30 Years of Reforms
Abstract
An attempt at clustering post-communist economies and comparing them with the existing economic systems was undertaken in the late 1990s, less than 10 years after the beginning of the transformation (Kazakevitch in Russian and Euro-Asian Bulletin 7(7), 1–7, 1998). Then the conclusion was that the transition was already over, and transitional economies had appeared to correspond to a range of clusters associated with quite different systems—form the OECD countries to the absolutely unfree Burma and North Korea. This paper uses a similar methodology based on the Economic Freedom data and Cluster Analysis. The questions are where—in terms of cluster association—the post-communist economies are at the moment, and if any of them have managed to improve, or have they downgraded their standing during the further 20 years?
Gennadi Kazakevitch
Chapter 3. The Central Asian Countries’ Economies in the Twenty-First Century
Abstract
Central Asian economic development has been dominated by nation-building and transition from central planning in the 1990s and by the resource boom of the 2000s. Since 2014, with the end of the resource boom, governments recognize that economic diversification is necessary. This chapter argues that there may be a window of opportunity to reorient Central Asia from dependence on primary product exports and remittances to more diversified outward-oriented economies. The catalyst could be reintegration into a Eurasian economy being established by rail services between Europe and China, reinforced by China’s Belt and Road Initiative. To take advantage of the window of opportunity, domestic change will be necessary. The paper analyses the prospects for such change in each of the Central Asian economies.
Richard Pomfret
Chapter 4. The Post-communist Transition of the Western Balkans: EUropeanisation with a Small Enlargement Carrot
Abstract
There is wide academic and political consensus that the political democratisation and economic marketisation of the post-communist countries of East Central Europe and the Baltics have been (generally) accomplished, primarily thanks to their ‘Europeanisation’ through the EU accession process. However, the reasons why post-communist transformation in the Western Balkan states has been less successful—although these states have also received the EU’s invitation for accession—have not yet been convincingly explained. This chapter argues that these reasons do not primarily stem (as often emphasised by EU officials and some scholars) from the structural inabilities of the Western Balkan states to adopt the EU’s values and norms, but rather from inconsistencies in the accession conditions and some EU policy incentives towards these states.
Milenko Petrovic
Chapter 5. Organised Crime in—and from—Communist and Post-communist States
Abstract
While the physical gang fights so common in the 1990s are now rare in Russia, Russian organised crime (OC) has not disappeared. Rather, its nature has changed. For example, Russian criminals have a marked presence on the internet (cybercrime). Furthermore, Russian police officers have been replacing civilian OC groups in running protection rackets. But what of OC elsewhere in Communist and post-communist countries? This paper outlines its development in four post-communist and three Communist states, highlighting commonalities and differences, and suggesting structural reasons for these. It analyses the transnationalisation of crime from these countries, arguing that the collapse of Communism, globalisation, and the technological revolution are among the major factors explaining the growth of OC in and from these countries.
Leslie Holmes

Values, Security and Foreign Policy in Russia

Frontmatter
Chapter 6. U.S.–Russia Relations in the Last 30 Years: From a Rapprochement to a Meltdown
Abstract
The paper examines the U.S.–Russian standoff, highlighting essential issues and turning points of U.S.–Russia relations in the post-Cold War era. A rapprochement between Moscow and Washington in the 1990s began to evaporate when acute security issues appeared on the global agenda. NATO expansion, the war on terror, political turmoil and conflicts in post-Soviet states as well as geopolitical ambitions of elites have plunged the bilateral relationship into turbulence. The prolonged crisis in U.S.–Russia relations, exacerbated by hostile information campaigns in mass media and mutual accusations of interference in internal and external affairs, has resulted in a degradation of political and diplomatic communication. It makes sense to explore the geopolitical interplay and reasons for escalating tensions between the United States and Russia.
Victoria V. Orlova
Chapter 7. Russia’s Growing Relationship with Iran: Strategic or Tactical?
Abstract
Russian–Iranian relations are rooted in a troubled past that continues to haunt their contemporary ties. Neither trusts the other, and misunderstandings abound. They have a common interest in their mutual hostility towards the US. But there is a fundamental mismatch in their perspectives. Russia’s is global while Iran’s is regional, and Moscow has shown repeatedly that it is prepared to break undertakings to Iran when larger benefits to Russia are on offer. Moreover, Russia has other Middle East partners it is wooing. Russia and Iran can work well together when they have the same objective—as now in Syria. But as their interests change, the incentives to maintain these close ties will diminish. This is a tactical, not a strategic, relationship.
Ian Parmeter
Chapter 8. Energy Integration in Eurasian Economic Union: Preliminary Study on Progress and Policy Implications
Abstract
The chapter examines the ongoing energy integration in the Eurasian Economic Union. Not being comparative in a strict sense, the chapter draws relative perspectives on the Eurasian Common Energy Markets vis-à-vis the Energy Union in the European Union. Implemented upon the theory of institutions, the analysis demonstrates the differences between the ideas, interests and institutional environments underpinning the Eurasian and European energy integrations. The chapter shows that the Eurasian common energy markets are influenced by the member states’ self-interested interpretation of traditional ideas for energy integration. The Eurasian supranational institutions are designed upon the established national contexts of limited access order. The European Energy Union is inspired by novel ideas and new institutional solutions propagating authentic energy integration. Given the importance of the Eurasian energy suppliers to the European Union, the chapter speculates about the prospective interaction between the two energy integrations and contemplates possible institutional transformations to enable such cooperation.
Elena Shadrina
Chapter 9. Mediating Populist Discourse in Russia via YouTube: The Case of Alexey Navalny
Abstract
These days, distinctive features of populism can be found not only in democratic Western societies, but also in Russia—both within the establishment and several opposition forces in the country. The latter refers to opposition leader Alexey Navalny, who regularly organises anti-government protests and produces investigative videos on YouTube targeting corrupt Russian officials and businesspeople. This chapter identifies the main frames of Navalny’s populist-style discourse on YouTube during his presidential campaign in 2017–2018, namely: “anti-corruptionism”, “elections”, “populism” itself, and the idea of “truth” and “ways to communicate it”. Navalny, as argued, remains one of the most popular opposition leaders in semi-authoritarian Russia due to a skilful combination of these frames under the populist umbrella in his rhetoric and digital instruments used to mediate it.
Sofya Glazunova

Economy and Society in Central Asia

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. Why Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan Are Not Singapore: Comparing the First 25 Years of Reforms
Abstract
After the collapse of the USSR, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have gradually developed into countries with strongly authoritarian presidential powers. The leaders of both countries, at various stages, have ruled out Western democracy as a suitable model. Instead, they have extensively used examples of authoritarian leadership and economic policies from Asia to justify their approach to political and economic affairs. In this chapter, the reforms undertaken by Uzbek and Kazakh leaders in the first 25 years of their independence are compared with the key reforms put forward by Singaporean post-independence leader Lee Kuan Yew, concluding with a discussion of why Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have been unable to match Singapore’s rapid development.
Alexandr Akimov
Chapter 11. Money Can’t Buy Me Love, but It Can Buy Apples: An Analysis of Fruit and Vegetable Demand in Uzbekistan
Abstract
Hidden hunger affects far more people than hunger. Being rich in vitamins, fruit and vegetables are wonderful ways to reduce micronutrient deficiency. In Uzbekistan, although per capita national supply exceeds the recommended amounts, individual-level intakes remain inadequate. This study sheds light on the factors affecting poor fruit and vegetable consumption. The research area included five districts in Tashkent province, where almost 1000 people were visited in summer and winter. A fixed effects regression model has shown high income elasticity of demand across all population groups. In adults, food and nutritionknowledge was positively associated with increased intake. Prices were found to have an inverse impact on intake in infants and adult females. Nutrition education may be therefore just as important as lowering the price.
Alisher Ergashev
Chapter 12. Squandering Remittances Income in Conspicuous Consumption?
Abstract
We investigate the impact of remittances from labour migrants on household expenditures in Uzbekistan by comparing mean expenditures and using unique, nationally representative survey data. The results provide evidence that remittance-receiving households spend more on wedding ceremonies, gifts, and non-food expenditures. Most of these expenditures have the purpose of increasing the households’ social status, so they could be classified as manifestations of conspicuous consumption in order to display wealth and income, rather than to cover the consumer’s investment needs.
Jakhongir Kakhkharov, Muzaffar Ahunov
Chapter 13. Equal Citizenship, Language, and Ethnicity Dilemmas in the Context of the Post-socialist Legal Reforms in Central Asia
Abstract
Present research aims to analyze the Central Asian republics’ citizenship laws in texts and their receptivity of international human rights norms amid the collapse of the USSR. While analyzing rules and practices which govern citizenship policies in each of the states, the research also focuses on such sensitive elements as language laws and ethnicity in order to find out about existing legal and social distinctions between “insiders” and “outsiders” or in other words, examine the inclusive and exclusive components of the citizenship laws. The scope of the present paper is geographically and objectively limited to the Central Asian republics. It provides a legal comparison and analysis to inquire whether citizenship and language solutions comply with applicable rules of international law and detect their practical value.
Aziz Ismatov

East and West: History, Liberalism, Culture and Political Change

Frontmatter
Chapter 14. The Horrors of Exclusion: Zygmunt Bauman’s Sociological Journey
Abstract
Zygmunt Bauman’s career is an epic for our age. The abbreviated communist period he experienced in Poland ended when he was a victim of an anti-Semitic purge in 1968 that eventually brought him to England. The traditional social stratification research he conducted in Warsaw was replaced with the postmodern idea of liquid modernity formulated at Leeds. But in the last decade of his life the politics of migration consumed him, summed up in the ‘wasted lives’ he was convinced migrants and refugees were forced into leading in Europe. Did his view of ‘the stranger’ among us reflect hostility he had experienced in Poland? Or did he struggle to maintain the ‘unconditional hospitality’ that his mentor Emmanuel Levinas had demanded of a host society?
Raymond Taras
Chapter 15. Failures and Successes: Soviet and Chinese State-Socialist Reforms in the Face of Global Capitalism
Abstract
The demise of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991 when viewed alongside the seeming success of the Peoples Republic of China’s (PRC) reforms since the 1980s is a study in contrasts. This chapter compares the approaches adopted by the Soviet and Chinese Communist Parties to the reform of state socialism and considers why one ended in collapse and the other in resurgence. The chapter considers the specific challenges each state faced, international and domestic, in the context of neoliberal capitalism; the intellectual compasses that guided their respective party leaderships; the roles played by domestic forces in the reforms; and what light all these considerations cast on the role of the state in socialist reform.
Roger D. Markwick
Chapter 16. Legal Continuity and Change: Two Russian Revolutions and Perestroika Through the Prism of Kelsen’s Grundnorm and Hart’s Secondary Rules
Abstract
The chapter compares the post-revolutionary and the post-Soviet legal change, surveying more than a hundred of the relevant normative acts. Revolutionary legal change, following Kelsen, is defined as a break with the ‘basic norm’ (that is presupposed by any written or unwritten constitution). Both Revolutions of 1917 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union were instances of revolutionary legal change. The February Revolution largely retained the secondary rules of recognition and adjudication, while the October Revolution retained none. Perestroika started as an evolution, but ultimately the USSR was dismantled in breach of the Soviet basic norm, with the subsequent replacement of the soviet secondary rules.
Anna Taitslin
Chapter 17. ‘Fleeing Communism’: Yugoslav and Vietnamese Post-war Migration to Australia and Changes to Immigration Policy
Abstract
White Australia Policy was Australia’s official immigration policy from 1901 until its gradual dismantling after the Second World War. Only persons from selective backgrounds, mostly white and European could migrate to Australia. This chapter investigates major changes to Australia’s post-war immigration policy using a historical analysis of selective case studies in immigration from former Yugoslavia and Vietnam. These two immigration waves have had a significant impact on Australian regulations, apart from adding to the diversity of Australian population. This chapter highlights the importance of maintaining research focus on the Communist and post-Communist countries as they undergo major transformation in the current era of multipolarity. Future migration trends from these states could coincide with a regime change in the former Communist space or a reversal of democracy.
Nina Markovic Khaze, Adam Khaze
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall
herausgegeben von
Alexandr Akimov
Gennadi Kazakevitch
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-15-0317-7
Print ISBN
978-981-15-0316-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0317-7

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