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The Annals of Regional Science

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01.10.2013 | Original Paper

Start-ups and firm in-migration: evidence from the Swedish wholesale industry

verfasst von: Sven-Olov Daunfeldt, Niklas Elert, Niklas Rudholm

Erschienen in: The Annals of Regional Science | Ausgabe 2/2013

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Abstract

We use a data set covering 13,471 Swedish limited liability firms in the Swedish wholesale industries during 2000–2004 to ascertain the determinants of new start-ups and of in-migration of firms. Access to a large harbor, international airport or large railroad classification yard in the municipality nearly triples the number of start-ups and increases the expected number of in-migrating firms with 53 %. The presence of a university, many educated workers and low local taxes are also associated with more start-ups and firm in-migration.

Vorheriger Artikel Endogenous R&D spillover and location choice in a mixed oligopoly

Nächster Artikel The agglomeration of exporters by destination

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Large expenditures on advertising and R&D by incumbents could also serve as entry barriers, as they must substantially increase the costs of entry. However, we chose to exclude this variable from the analysis since more than 95 % of wholesale firms in Sweden had no investment in R&D, and we could not observe their advertising expenditures.

Firms are classified in 5-digit industries according to the European Union’s NACE-standard, a classification based on firm activity commonly employed by Statistics Sweden (SCB).

Firms that entered or exited the market within the same year, or within a few years, often did not have data for all variables for full years. Including them would introduce measurement errors since all variables were measured on an annual basis.

Figures in annual reports are aggregated to the main office (HQ) for firms with more than one production plant, so it was not possible to identify how each plant contributed to the final result. However, previous studies of firm migration have found that single-plant firms adopt different migration strategies than larger multi-plant firms do (McCann 2004), so they should be studied separately in any case.

We also used returns on equity (ROE) in the preceding period to measure expected profit opportunities. All results remained qualitatively the same and are available upon request.

If present, spatial autocorrelation could bias the results from these models. However, performing a Moran’s I test for spatial autocorrelation (Moran 1950) results in a value of \(0.02\) for entry and \(0.03\) for in-migration. A zero value of Moran’s I indicates a random spatial pattern that should not affect estimation of our empirical models. Since the value of Moran’s I is close to zero for both entry and in-migration, we deem spatial autocorrelation not to be a serious problem in the estimations of our empirical models.

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Titel: Start-ups and firm in-migration: evidence from the Swedish wholesale industry
verfasst von: Sven-Olov Daunfeldt
Niklas Elert
Niklas Rudholm
Publikationsdatum: 01.10.2013
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: The Annals of Regional Science / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 0570-1864
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0592
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0536-y

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