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Environmental Management

Erschienen in:

01.08.2013

Cultural Influence on Crowding Norms in Outdoor Recreation: A Comparative Analysis of Visitors to National Parks in Turkey and the United States

verfasst von: Selcuk Sayan, Daniel H. Krymkowski, Robert E. Manning, William A. Valliere, Ellen L. Rovelstad

Erschienen in: Environmental Management | Ausgabe 2/2013

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Abstract

Formulation of standards of quality in parks and outdoor recreation can be guided by normative theory and related empirical methods. We apply this approach to measure the acceptability of a range of use levels in national parks in Turkey and the United States. Using statistical methods for comparing norm curves across contexts, we find significant differences among Americans, British, and Turkish respondents. In particular, American and British respondents were substantially less tolerant of seeing other visitors and demonstrated higher norm intensity than Turkish respondents. We discuss the role of culture in explaining these findings, paying particular attention to Turkey as a traditional “contact culture” and the conventional emphasis on solitude and escape in American environmental history and policy. We conclude with a number of recommendations to stimulate more research on the relationship between culture and outdoor recreation.

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Another area of interest among researchers is the relationship between indigenous and/or local populations and parks. These groups living in the vicinity of parks and protected areas may find their cultural norms and uses incompatible with recreational purposes of those areas (de Groot 1998; Fortwangler and Stern 2004).

We do not feel we need to show that the groups display cultural consensus. A position advocated by Li and others (2007), cultural consensus denotes widespread agreement in a group regarding things such as beliefs and values. We regard this as an extreme point of view, one which treats intragroup diversity and intergroup explanation as mutually exclusive. Say we find that two groups do not display cultural consensus, but do exhibit differences on average in certain cultural variables. It is possible for such differences to be associated with between-group variation on other variables.

There are no data on race or ethnicity in the Turkish data. The weighted sample sizes are 242 in Britain, 234 in Turkey, and 505 in the United States.

For ease of presentation, we shall refer to entire societies, even though we realize that visitors to national parks make up only a demographic subset of the countries.

Given this, we think it is highly unlikely that using the same photographs in the two countries influenced our findings. If, for instance, the use of Westerners in the photographs had affected our Turkish respondents, it would have been to make them less tolerant of crowds, not more. Indeed, in our experience at Saklikent, Turkish visitors were indistinguishable from their nonTurkish counterparts.

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Titel: Cultural Influence on Crowding Norms in Outdoor Recreation: A Comparative Analysis of Visitors to National Parks in Turkey and the United States
verfasst von: Selcuk Sayan
Daniel H. Krymkowski
Robert E. Manning
William A. Valliere
Ellen L. Rovelstad
Publikationsdatum: 01.08.2013
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Environmental Management / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 0364-152X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0076-y

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