Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Polymer Bulletin 9/2015

01.09.2015 | Original Paper

Lignin as coupling agent in EPDM rubber: thermal and mechanical properties

verfasst von: Ge Xu, Guangyu Yan, Jing Zhang

Erschienen in: Polymer Bulletin | Ausgabe 9/2015

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

EPDM rubbers were prepared and the effect of lignin as coupling agent was investigated by means of mechanical and thermal properties. As a contrast, using vinyl triethoxy silane (VTS) coupling agent in EPDM rubber was also studied. The median diameter and the specific surface area of lignin used were 6.61 μm and 722.24 m2 kg−1, respectively. Properties of EPDM rubbers were assessed by tensile testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that using lignin coupling agent, the mechanical properties were better than that of pure and adding VTS’ EPDM rubbers. Thermal analysis revealed that containing lignin rubber had better thermal stability. SEM results indicated that the inter-phase cohesion between the lignin molecule and EPDM particles was enhanced.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat García A, Toledano A, Serrano L, Egüés I, González M, Marín F, Labidi J (2009) Characterization of lignins obtained by selective precipitation. Sep Purif Technol 68:193–198CrossRef García A, Toledano A, Serrano L, Egüés I, González M, Marín F, Labidi J (2009) Characterization of lignins obtained by selective precipitation. Sep Purif Technol 68:193–198CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Glasser WG, Kelley SS (1987) Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, vol 8. Wiley, New York, pp 795–852 Glasser WG, Kelley SS (1987) Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, vol 8. Wiley, New York, pp 795–852
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Glasser WG (2001) In: Beall FC (ed) The encyclopedia of materials: science and technology. Elsevier Science, Oxford Glasser WG (2001) In: Beall FC (ed) The encyclopedia of materials: science and technology. Elsevier Science, Oxford
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Glasser WG, Barnett CA, Muller PC, Sarkanen KV (1983) Chemistry of several novel biocon- version lignins. J Agri Food Chem 31:921–930CrossRef Glasser WG, Barnett CA, Muller PC, Sarkanen KV (1983) Chemistry of several novel biocon- version lignins. J Agri Food Chem 31:921–930CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hatakeyama H, Hatakeyama T (2010) Lignin structure, properties and applications. Adv Polym Sci 232:1–63CrossRef Hatakeyama H, Hatakeyama T (2010) Lignin structure, properties and applications. Adv Polym Sci 232:1–63CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Cacazu G, Pascu C, Profire L, Kowarskik AL, Mihaies M, Vasile C (2004) Lignin role in a complex polyolefin blend. Ind Crops Prod 20:261–273CrossRef Cacazu G, Pascu C, Profire L, Kowarskik AL, Mihaies M, Vasile C (2004) Lignin role in a complex polyolefin blend. Ind Crops Prod 20:261–273CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gosselink RJA, Snijder MHB, Kranenbarg A, Keijsers ERP, Jong E, Stigsson LL (2004) Characterization and application of NovaFiber lignin. Ind Crops Prod 20:191–203CrossRef Gosselink RJA, Snijder MHB, Kranenbarg A, Keijsers ERP, Jong E, Stigsson LL (2004) Characterization and application of NovaFiber lignin. Ind Crops Prod 20:191–203CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Kadla JF, Kubo S, Venditti A, Gilbert RD (2002) Novel hollow core fibers prepared from lignin polypropylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 85:1353–1355CrossRef Kadla JF, Kubo S, Venditti A, Gilbert RD (2002) Novel hollow core fibers prepared from lignin polypropylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 85:1353–1355CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Cateto CA, Barreiro MF, Rodrigues AE, Brochier-Solan MC, Thielemans W, Belgacem MN (2008) Lignins as macromonomers for polyurethane synthesis: a comparative study on hydroxyl group determination. J Appl Polym Sci 109:3008–3017CrossRef Cateto CA, Barreiro MF, Rodrigues AE, Brochier-Solan MC, Thielemans W, Belgacem MN (2008) Lignins as macromonomers for polyurethane synthesis: a comparative study on hydroxyl group determination. J Appl Polym Sci 109:3008–3017CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Chung HY, Washburn NR (2012) Improved lignin polyurethane properties with Lewis acid treatment. Acs Appl Mater Inter 4:2840–2846CrossRef Chung HY, Washburn NR (2012) Improved lignin polyurethane properties with Lewis acid treatment. Acs Appl Mater Inter 4:2840–2846CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirose S, Hatakeyama T, Hatakeyama H (2003) Synthesis and thermal properties of epoxy resins from ester-carboxylic acid derivative of alcoholysis lignin. Macromol Symp 197:157–169CrossRef Hirose S, Hatakeyama T, Hatakeyama H (2003) Synthesis and thermal properties of epoxy resins from ester-carboxylic acid derivative of alcoholysis lignin. Macromol Symp 197:157–169CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Morck R, Reimann A, Kringstad KP (1989) Elastomeric polyurethanes from a kraft lignin polyethylene-glycol toluene diisocyanate system. Acs Sym Ser 397:390–401CrossRef Morck R, Reimann A, Kringstad KP (1989) Elastomeric polyurethanes from a kraft lignin polyethylene-glycol toluene diisocyanate system. Acs Sym Ser 397:390–401CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Reimann A, Morck R, Yoshida H, Hatakeyama H, Kringstad KP (1990) Kraft lignin in polyurethanes. 3. Effects of the molecular-weight of Peg on the properties of polyurethanes from a kraft lignin Peg Mdi system. J Appl Polym Sci 41:39–50CrossRef Reimann A, Morck R, Yoshida H, Hatakeyama H, Kringstad KP (1990) Kraft lignin in polyurethanes. 3. Effects of the molecular-weight of Peg on the properties of polyurethanes from a kraft lignin Peg Mdi system. J Appl Polym Sci 41:39–50CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Thring RW, Vanderlaan MN, Griffin SL (1997) Polyurethanes from Alcell (R) lignin. Biomass Bioenergy 13:125–132CrossRef Thring RW, Vanderlaan MN, Griffin SL (1997) Polyurethanes from Alcell (R) lignin. Biomass Bioenergy 13:125–132CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Rozman HD, Tan KW, Kumar RN, Abubakar A, Ishak ZAM, Ismail H (2000) The effect of lignin as a compatiblizer on the physical properties of coconut fiber-polypropylene composites. Eur Polym J 36:1483–1494CrossRef Rozman HD, Tan KW, Kumar RN, Abubakar A, Ishak ZAM, Ismail H (2000) The effect of lignin as a compatiblizer on the physical properties of coconut fiber-polypropylene composites. Eur Polym J 36:1483–1494CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Rozman HD, Tan KW, Kumar RN, Abubakar A (2001) Preliminary studies on the use of modified ALCELL lignin as a coupling agent in the biofiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 81:1333–1340CrossRef Rozman HD, Tan KW, Kumar RN, Abubakar A (2001) Preliminary studies on the use of modified ALCELL lignin as a coupling agent in the biofiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 81:1333–1340CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindberg JJ, Kuusela TA, Levon K (1989). In: Glasser WG, Sarkanen S (eds) Lignins, Properties and Materials. ACS Symposium Series, Washington DC, p 190 Lindberg JJ, Kuusela TA, Levon K (1989). In: Glasser WG, Sarkanen S (eds) Lignins, Properties and Materials. ACS Symposium Series, Washington DC, p 190
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Montane D, Salvado J, Farriol X (1997) Fractionation of wheat straw via steam-explosion pretreatment. Characteristics of the lignin obtained by alkali delignification of the steamed straw. Holzforschung 51:135–141CrossRef Montane D, Salvado J, Farriol X (1997) Fractionation of wheat straw via steam-explosion pretreatment. Characteristics of the lignin obtained by alkali delignification of the steamed straw. Holzforschung 51:135–141CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Košíková B, Demianová V, Kačuráková M (1993) Sulfur-free lignins as composites of polypropylene films. J Appl Polym Sci 47:1065–1073CrossRef Košíková B, Demianová V, Kačuráková M (1993) Sulfur-free lignins as composites of polypropylene films. J Appl Polym Sci 47:1065–1073CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Raghavan P, Kessler MR (2014) Progress in green polymer composites from lignin for multifunctional applications: a review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(5):1072–1092CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Raghavan P, Kessler MR (2014) Progress in green polymer composites from lignin for multifunctional applications: a review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(5):1072–1092CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK (2015) Recent advances in green hydrogels from lignin: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 72:834–847CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK (2015) Recent advances in green hydrogels from lignin: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 72:834–847CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK (2014) Processing and characterization of natural cellulose fibers/thermoset polymer composites. Carbohyd Polym 109:102–117CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK (2014) Processing and characterization of natural cellulose fibers/thermoset polymer composites. Carbohyd Polym 109:102–117CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2014) Review: raw nature fiber-based polymer composites. Int J Polym Anal Ch 19(3):256–271CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2014) Review: raw nature fiber-based polymer composites. Int J Polym Anal Ch 19(3):256–271CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Grewell D, Thunga M, Kessler MR (2014) Novel composites from eco-friendly soy flour/SBS triblock copolymer. Macromol Mater Eng 299(8):953–958CrossRef Thakur VK, Grewell D, Thunga M, Kessler MR (2014) Novel composites from eco-friendly soy flour/SBS triblock copolymer. Macromol Mater Eng 299(8):953–958CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Ismail H, Shuhelmy S, Edyham MR (2002) The effects of a silane coupling agent on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of bamboo fiber filled natural rubber composites. Eur Polym J 38:39–47CrossRef Ismail H, Shuhelmy S, Edyham MR (2002) The effects of a silane coupling agent on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of bamboo fiber filled natural rubber composites. Eur Polym J 38:39–47CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaynak C, Celikbilek C, Akovali G (2003) Use of silane coupling agents to improve epoxy–rubber interface. Eur Polym J 39:1125–1132CrossRef Kaynak C, Celikbilek C, Akovali G (2003) Use of silane coupling agents to improve epoxy–rubber interface. Eur Polym J 39:1125–1132CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Xie Y, Hill CAS, Xiao Z, Militz H, Mai C (2010) Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: a review. Compos Part A 41:806–819CrossRef Xie Y, Hill CAS, Xiao Z, Militz H, Mai C (2010) Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: a review. Compos Part A 41:806–819CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Aradoaei S, Darie R, Constantinescu G, Olariu M, Ciobanu R (2010) Modified lignin effectiveness as compatibilizer for PET/LDPE blends containing secondary materials. J Non-Cryst Solids 356:768–771CrossRef Aradoaei S, Darie R, Constantinescu G, Olariu M, Ciobanu R (2010) Modified lignin effectiveness as compatibilizer for PET/LDPE blends containing secondary materials. J Non-Cryst Solids 356:768–771CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Gregorová A, Košíková B, Moravčík R (2006) Stabilization effect of lignin in natural rubber. Polymer Degrad Stab 91:229–233CrossRef Gregorová A, Košíková B, Moravčík R (2006) Stabilization effect of lignin in natural rubber. Polymer Degrad Stab 91:229–233CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2013) Graft copolymers from cellulose: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation. Carbohyd Polym 97(1):18–25CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2013) Graft copolymers from cellulose: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation. Carbohyd Polym 97(1):18–25CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2013) Rapid synthesis of graft copolymers from natural cellulose fibers. Carbohydr Polym 98:820–828CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2013) Rapid synthesis of graft copolymers from natural cellulose fibers. Carbohydr Polym 98:820–828CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2013) Synthesis of lignocellulosic polymer with improved chemical resistance through free radical polymerization. Int J Biol Macromol 61:121–126CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2013) Synthesis of lignocellulosic polymer with improved chemical resistance through free radical polymerization. Int J Biol Macromol 61:121–126CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2013) Development of functionalized cellulosic biopolymers by graft copolymerization. Int J Biol Macromol 62:44–51CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2013) Development of functionalized cellulosic biopolymers by graft copolymerization. Int J Biol Macromol 62:44–51CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2014) Graft copolymers of natural fibers for green composites. Carbohyd Polym 104:87–93CrossRef Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK (2014) Graft copolymers of natural fibers for green composites. Carbohyd Polym 104:87–93CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Košíková B, Gregorová A (2005) Sulfur-free lignin as reinforcing component of styrene-butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 97:924–929CrossRef Košíková B, Gregorová A (2005) Sulfur-free lignin as reinforcing component of styrene-butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 97:924–929CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu T, Lin J, Xu J, Chen T, Lin S, Tian X (2007) Novel polyacrylonitrile/Na-MMT/silica nanocomposite: co-incorporation of two different form nano materials into polymer matrix. Compos Sci Technol 67:3219–3225CrossRef Yu T, Lin J, Xu J, Chen T, Lin S, Tian X (2007) Novel polyacrylonitrile/Na-MMT/silica nanocomposite: co-incorporation of two different form nano materials into polymer matrix. Compos Sci Technol 67:3219–3225CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Morandim-Giannetti AA, Agnelli JAM, Lancas BZ, Magnabosco R, Casarin SA, Bettini SHP (2012) Lignin as additive in polypropylene/coir composites: Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties. Carbohydr Polym 87:2563–2568CrossRef Morandim-Giannetti AA, Agnelli JAM, Lancas BZ, Magnabosco R, Casarin SA, Bettini SHP (2012) Lignin as additive in polypropylene/coir composites: Thermal, mechanical and morphological properties. Carbohydr Polym 87:2563–2568CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Ciesielczyk F, Klapiszewski Ł, Szwarc-Rzepka K, Jesionowski T (2014) A novel method of combination of Kraft lignin with synthetic mineral support. Adv Powder Technol 25:695–703CrossRef Ciesielczyk F, Klapiszewski Ł, Szwarc-Rzepka K, Jesionowski T (2014) A novel method of combination of Kraft lignin with synthetic mineral support. Adv Powder Technol 25:695–703CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Lignin as coupling agent in EPDM rubber: thermal and mechanical properties
verfasst von
Ge Xu
Guangyu Yan
Jing Zhang
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Polymer Bulletin / Ausgabe 9/2015
Print ISSN: 0170-0839
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-2449
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-015-1411-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 9/2015

Polymer Bulletin 9/2015 Zur Ausgabe

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.