Introduction
Previous research
Reference | Scope | Scale | Processes | Setting | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theoretical | Field data | Well | Regional | Flow | Transport | Location | Geology | |
Bexfield et al. 2012
| - | x | x | x | x | x | Albuquerque, New Mexico | Unconsol. alluvial |
Bexfield and Jurgens 2014
| - | x | x | x | x | x | Modesto, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
- | x | x | x | x | x | Albuquerque, New Mexico | Unconsol. alluvial | |
Clark et al. 2008
| - | x | x | x | x | x | York, Nebraska, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
Corcho Alvarado et al. 2009
| - | x | x | - | x | x | Paris Basin, France | Consol. sedimentary |
Davis et al. 1964
| - | x | x | - | x | - | San Joaquin Valley, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
Dragon et al. 2009
| - | x | x | x | x | x | Wielkopolska, Poland | Glacio-fluvial and fluvial |
Hanson et al. 2004
| - | x | - | x | x | - | Santa Clara Valley, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
Hart et al. 2006
| - | x | - | x | x | - | Southeastern Wisconsin, USA | Consol. sedimentary |
Jiménez-Martínez et al. 2011
| - | x | - | x | x | x | Campo de Cartagena, Spain | Consol. sedimentary |
Johnson et al. 2011
| x | - | x | x | x | - | - | Multi-layered porous medium |
Jurgens et al. 2008
| - | x | x | x | x | x | Modesto, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
Jurgens et al. 2014
| - | x | x | x | x | x | Albuquerque, New Mexico | Unconsol. alluvial |
Konikow and Hornberger 2006
| x | - | x | x | x | x | - | Multi-layered porous medium |
Lacombe et al. 1995
| x | - | x | x | x | x | - | Multi-layered porous medium |
Landon et al. 2008
| - | x | x | x | x | x | York, Nebraska, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
Landon et al. 2009
| - | x | x | x | x | x | Modesto, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
- | x | x | x | x | x | York, Nebraska, USA | Unconsol. alluvial | |
Lu et al. 2008
| - | x | - | x | x | x | Chianan Plain, Taiwan | Unconsol. near-shore |
Mayo 2010
| - | x | x | - | x | x | San Luis Valley, Colorado, USA | Unconsol. Lacustrine and fluvial |
McCombs and Fiedler 1927
| - | x | x | - | x | - | Oahu, Hawaii, USA | Vesicular basalt |
- | x | x | - | x | - | Pecos Valley, New Mexico, USA | Consol. sedimentary | |
Mejia et al. 2012
| x | - | x | x | x | x | - | Multi-layered porous medium |
Santi et al. 2006
| - | x | - | x | x | x | Merced, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
Silliman and Higgins 1990
| x | - | x | - | x | - | - | Multi-layered porous medium |
Sokol 1963
| x | - | x | - | x | - | - | Multi-layered porous medium |
Viers et al. 2012
| x | x | - | x | x | x | San Joaquin Valley, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
x | x | - | x | x | x | Salinas Valley, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial | |
Williamson et al. 1989
| - | x | - | x | x | - | Central Valley, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
Yager and Heywood 2014
| - | x | x | - | x | x | Modesto, California, USA | Unconsol. alluvial |
- | x | x | - | x | x | Albuquerque, New Mexico | Unconsol. alluvial | |
Zinn and Konikow 2007
| x | - | x | x | x | x | - | Multi-layered porous medium |
Well number | Screened interval | Conduit flow | Well diameter | Flow velocity | Reynolds numbera
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth | Cumulative | Incremental | ||||||||
(bgs) | (ft bgs) | (m bgs) | (cfs) | (l/min) | (l/min) | (in) | (cm) | (m/s) | (−) | |
14/12-12 N1 | 558–1,709 ft | 550 | 168 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(170–521 m) | 600 | 183 | 0.20 | 340 | 340 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.07 | 2.0E + 04 | |
650 | 198 | 0.23 | 391 | 51 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.08 | 2.3E + 04 | ||
700 | 213 | 0.13 | 221 | −170 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.04 | 1.3E + 04 | ||
800 | 244 | 0.16 | 272 | 51 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.06 | 1.6E + 04 | ||
900 | 274 | 0.12 | 204 | −68 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.06 | 1.4E + 04 | ||
1,000 | 305 | 0.19 | 323 | 119 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.09 | 2.3E + 04 | ||
1,100 | 335 | 0.16 | 272 | −51 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.08 | 1.9E + 04 | ||
1,200 | 366 | 0.16 | 272 | 0 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.08 | 1.9E + 04 | ||
1,300 | 396 | 0.11 | 187 | −85 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.05 | 1.3E + 04 | ||
14/13-17 E1 | Unknown | 600 | 183 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 18.00 | 46 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
700 | 213 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 18.00 | 46 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 | ||
734 | 224 | 0.12 | 204 | 204 | 18.00 | 46 | 0.02 | 8.5E + 03 | ||
750 | 229 | 0.13 | 221 | 17 | 18.00 | 46 | 0.02 | 9.2E + 03 | ||
760 | 232 | 0.12 | 204 | -17 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.04 | 1.2E + 04 | ||
800 | 244 | 0.15 | 255 | 51 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.05 | 1.5E + 04 | ||
900 | 274 | 0.19 | 323 | 68 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.07 | 1.9E + 04 | ||
1,000 | 305 | 0.19 | 323 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.07 | 1.9E + 04 | ||
1,100 | 335 | 0.00 | 0 | −323 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 | ||
14/13-29 Q1 | 621–1,803 ft | 800 | 244 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(189–550 m) | 900 | 274 | 0.12 | 204 | 204 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.04 | 1.2E + 04 | |
1,000 | 305 | 0.14 | 238 | 34 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.07 | 1.7E + 04 | ||
1,050 | 320 | 0.18 | 306 | 68 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.09 | 2.1E + 04 | ||
15/13-8 N1 | 639–1,798 ft | 650 | 198 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(195–548 m) | 675 | 206 | 0.49 | 832 | 832 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.17 | 4.9E + 04 | |
707 | 215 | 0.44 | 747 | −85 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.15 | 4.4E + 04 | ||
750 | 229 | 0.44 | 747 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.15 | 4.4E + 04 | ||
800 | 244 | 0.47 | 798 | 51 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.16 | 4.7E + 04 | ||
1,000 | 305 | 0.47 | 798 | 0 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.23 | 5.6E + 04 | ||
16/15-26 N3 | Unknown | 700 | 213 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
800 | 244 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 | ||
910 | 277 | 0.19 | 323 | 323 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.07 | 1.9E + 04 | ||
1,000 | 305 | 0.26 | 442 | 119 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.09 | 2.6E + 04 | ||
1,100 | 335 | 0.00 | 0 | −442 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 | ||
17/15-27 K1 | 912–2,130 ft | 925 | 282 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(278–649 m) | 975 | 297 | 0.18 | 306 | 306 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.06 | 1.8E + 04 | |
1,025 | 312 | 0.48 | 815 | 510 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.17 | 4.8E + 04 | ||
1,100 | 335 | 0.48 | 815 | 0 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.23 | 5.7E + 04 | ||
1,200 | 366 | 0.48 | 815 | 0 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.23 | 5.7E + 04 | ||
1,300 | 396 | 0.48 | 815 | 0 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.23 | 5.7E + 04 | ||
17/16-4 E1 | 416–1,580 ft | 475 | 145 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(127–482 m) | 485 | 148 | 0.54 | 917 | 917 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.26 | 6.4E + 04 | |
500 | 152 | 0.36 | 612 | −306 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.17 | 4.3E + 04 | ||
525 | 160 | 0.46 | 781 | 170 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.22 | 5.5E + 04 | ||
549 | 167 | 1.09 | 1852 | 1070 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.53 | 1.3E + 05 | ||
600 | 183 | 0.96 | 1631 | −221 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.46 | 1.1E + 05 | ||
17/16-8 L1 | 553–1,800 ft | 550 | 168 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(169–549 m) | 650 | 198 | 0.54 | 917 | 917 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.19 | 5.4E + 04 | |
700 | 213 | 0.14 | 238 | −679 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.05 | 1.4E + 04 | ||
800 | 244 | 0.13 | 221 | −17 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.04 | 1.3E + 04 | ||
900 | 274 | 0.27 | 459 | 238 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.09 | 2.7E + 04 | ||
1,000 | 305 | 0.20 | 340 | −119 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.07 | 2.0E + 04 | ||
1,100 | 335 | 0.16 | 272 | −68 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.06 | 1.6E + 04 | ||
1,200 | 366 | 0.00 | 0 | −272 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 | ||
19/17-19 D1 | 721–2,063 ft | 700 | 213 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(220–629 m) | 800 | 244 | 0.12 | 204 | 204 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.04 | 1.2E + 04 | |
900 | 274 | 0.12 | 204 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.04 | 1.2E + 04 | ||
1,000 | 305 | 0.00 | 0 | −204 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 | ||
19/17-19 P1 | 665–2,030 ft | 400 | 122 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 16.00 | 41 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(203–619 m) | 450 | 137 | 0.51 | 866 | 866 | 16.00 | 41 | 0.11 | 4.1E + 04 | |
700 | 213 | 0.21 | 357 | −510 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.07 | 2.1E + 04 | ||
900 | 274 | 0.16 | 272 | −85 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.06 | 1.6E + 04 | ||
1,100 | 335 | 0.16 | 272 | 0 | 10.75 | 27 | 0.08 | 1.9E + 04 | ||
19/18-33 N2 | 632–2,025 ft | 575 | 175 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 16.00 | 41 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 |
(193–617 m) | 600 | 183 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 16.00 | 41 | 0.00 | 0.0E + 00 | |
625 | 191 | 0.42 | 713 | 713 | 16.00 | 41 | 0.09 | 3.4E + 04 | ||
650 | 198 | 0.47 | 798 | 85 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.16 | 4.7E + 04 | ||
750 | 229 | 0.40 | 679 | −119 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.14 | 4.0E + 04 | ||
850 | 259 | 0.38 | 646 | −34 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.13 | 3.8E + 04 | ||
950 | 290 | 0.38 | 646 | 0 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.13 | 3.8E + 04 | ||
1,050 | 320 | 0.43 | 730 | 85 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.15 | 4.3E + 04 | ||
1,150 | 351 | 0.39 | 662 | −68 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.13 | 3.9E + 04 | ||
1,240 | 378 | 0.38 | 646 | −17 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.13 | 3.8E + 04 | ||
1,350 | 411 | 0.37 | 629 | −17 | 12.75 | 32 | 0.13 | 3.7E + 04 |
Overview of flow and transport processes
Conditions when intraborehole flows occur
Transport impacts from intraborehole flows
Methods of investigation
Field work
Management analysis
Well-specific approaches
Regional approaches
Results and discussion of field investigations
Measurements of intraborehole flow
Field example No. 1: upward flow in a regional discharge area
Field example No. 2: downward flow in a heavily pumped basin
Extent of water quality impact
Field example No. 3: water quality degradation at the well scale
Field example No. 4: water quality degradation at the wellfield scale
Results and discussion of management analysis
Well-specific approaches
Regional approaches
Conclusions
Field example | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrostratigraphy | Alternating fine- and coarse-grained strata | Sand/aquitard | Alternating fine- and coarse-grained strata | Alternating fine- and coarse-grained strata |
Hydrologic stress | Regional discharge to river | Deep pumping recharge operations | Deep pumping irrigation | Deep pumping irrigation |
Vertical gradienta
| Upward | −0.3 to −0.8 | Downward | 0 to −0.04 |
Screen length (m) | 70 continuous | Upper: 8; lower: 15 | 18 total across 137 | 6 continuous |
Gravel pack length (m) | 106 | Upper: 11; lower: 29 | None | Confirmed: 15; likely: 46 |
Casing diameter (cm) | 36 | 20 | 41 | 22 |
Flow rate (l/min) | 132 | 300–1,360 | Unknown | Unknown |
Volume transferred (L) | Unknown | 1.3 × 109
| >246 × 106 Impacted | Unknown but regional |
Timeframe | May reverse seasonally | 47 months | Unknown | Seasonal over decades |
Contaminant present? | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |