1 Introduction
2 CSR in China
3 Theoretical framework and hypotheses
3.1 TMT’s influence on CSR
3.2 Financial experience of TMT members and CSR
4 Research design
4.1 Data and sample
4.2 Measurement of key variables
4.2.1 Proxies for CSR
4.2.2 Measuring TMT members’ financial experience
4.3 Empirical model
5 Empirical results
5.1 Univariate results
Year | Percentage of firms with senior executives who have financial experience | Proportion of executives with financial experience on the TMT | CSR performance | No. of obs |
---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 0.2445 | 0.0478 | 28.8922 | 274 |
2010 | 0.2555 | 0.0546 | 31.6110 | 411 |
2011 | 0.2598 | 0.0579 | 34.1646 | 281 |
2012 | 0.2649 | 0.0508 | 36.0147 | 521 |
2013 | 0.2543 | 0.0482 | 37.9659 | 586 |
2014 | 0.2516 | 0.0466 | 39.4625 | 624 |
2015 | 0.2504 | 0.0465 | 41.6688 | 643 |
2016 | 0.1979 | 0.0338 | 41.6022 | 672 |
2017 | 0.2314 | 0.0389 | 42.3867 | 700 |
2018 | 0.2892 | 0.0512 | 41.7502 | 446 |
Average/total | 0.2470 | 0.0462 | 38.6169 | 5158 |
Variable | No. of obs | Mean | SD | Min | P25 | P50 | P75 | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSRSCORE | 5158 | 38.6169 | 12.1592 | 14.1400 | 30.2800 | 36.0304 | 44.3377 | 87.9478 |
MSCORE | 4884 | 13.2619 | 4.4435 | 2.8100 | 10.0800 | 12.8906 | 15.9375 | 27.5625 |
CSCORE | 4884 | 17.2572 | 5.7795 | 2.6367 | 13.3447 | 16.3100 | 20.2148 | 39.5903 |
TSCORE | 4884 | 6.9334 | 1.8926 | 1.7763 | 5.6250 | 6.5132 | 7.7961 | 17.6500 |
CSR_Industry | 5158 | 0.0266 | 10.3259 | − 35.6672 | − 6.7729 | − 1.6149 | 4.5585 | 47.0567 |
Page | 3669 | 2.8571 | 0.8127 | 0.6931 | 2.1972 | 2.7726 | 3.4340 | 5.3083 |
MandatoryPolicy | 20,688 | 0.1083 | 0.3107 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
CSR_Presence | 20,688 | 0.2493 | 0.4326 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
Financial_D | 5158 | 0.2470 | 0.4313 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
Financial_D_ExCEOCFO | 5158 | 0.1644 | 0.3707 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
Financial_regulatory | 5158 | 0.0111 | 0.1046 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
Financial_nonregulatory | 5158 | 0.2359 | 0.4246 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
Financial_CEO | 5158 | 0.0533 | 0.2247 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
Financial_Ratio | 5158 | 0.0462 | 0.1018 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
SOE | 5158 | 0.6262 | 0.4839 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
Size | 5158 | 22.9928 | 1.4450 | 18.2659 | 21.9548 | 22.8300 | 23.8405 | 28.5087 |
Age | 5158 | 2.3638 | 0.6168 | 0.0000 | 2.0794 | 2.5649 | 2.8332 | 3.3322 |
Lev | 5158 | 0.4955 | 0.2002 | 0.0478 | 0.3485 | 0.5090 | 0.6484 | 1.0548 |
ROA | 5158 | 0.0468 | 0.0614 | − 0.2878 | 0.0149 | 0.0401 | 0.0760 | 0.2300 |
Q | 5158 | 1.7766 | 1.1987 | 0.5520 | 1.0512 | 1.3933 | 2.0524 | 10.4585 |
HERF10 | 5158 | 0.1919 | 0.1296 | 0.0141 | 0.0878 | 0.1675 | 0.2684 | 0.5636 |
FCF | 5158 | 0.0362 | 0.1705 | − 0.7972 | − 0.0263 | 0.0631 | 0.1345 | 0.4203 |
RD_Intensity | 5158 | 0.0223 | 0.0330 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0090 | 0.0340 | 0.2170 |
BoardSize | 5158 | 2.3118 | 0.1883 | 1.6094 | 2.1972 | 2.3026 | 2.3979 | 2.9444 |
Duality | 5158 | 0.1634 | 0.3698 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
Indep | 5158 | 0.3740 | 0.0562 | 0.3077 | 0.3333 | 0.3636 | 0.4000 | 0.5714 |
Managerial | 5158 | 2.0664 | 0.3279 | 0.0000 | 1.7918 | 2.0794 | 2.3026 | 3.3673 |
Female | 5158 | 0.1454 | 0.0997 | 0.0000 | 0.0690 | 0.1304 | 0.2000 | 0.5556 |
SSE | 5158 | 0.5931 | 0.4913 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
AnalystCoverage | 5158 | 2.0346 | 1.1007 | 0.0000 | 1.0986 | 2.1972 | 2.9444 | 4.1897 |
BigFour | 5158 | 0.1503 | 0.3574 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
TMT_AcademicRatio | 5158 | 0.0996 | 0.1492 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.1667 | 1.0000 |
TMT_ForeignRatio | 5158 | 0.0456 | 0.1045 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 |
TMT_Age | 5158 | 3.8571 | 0.0773 | 3.5205 | 3.8089 | 3.8636 | 3.9120 | 4.1026 |
MTB | 4526 | 2.4601 | 2.3829 | 0.0384 | 1.1450 | 1.8301 | 2.9486 | 25.1837 |
Variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | CSRSCORE | 1.0000 | ||||||||||
(2) | MSCORE | 0.9144* | 1.0000 | |||||||||
(3) | CSCORE | 0.9308* | 0.7379* | 1.0000 | ||||||||
(4) | TSCORE | 0.8172* | 0.7377* | 0.6934* | 1.0000 | |||||||
(5) | Page | 0.8799* | 0.8361* | 0.8279* | 0.7266* | 1.0000 | ||||||
(6) | Financial_D | 0.0616* | 0.0578* | 0.0529* | 0.0775* | 0.1038* | 1.0000 | |||||
(7) | SOE | 0.1180* | 0.0676* | 0.1516* | 0.0717* | 0.1194* | − 0.1206* | 1.0000 | ||||
(8) | Size | 0.4748* | 0.3984* | 0.4332* | 0.4114* | 0.4277* | 0.0874* | 0.2895* | 1.0000 | |||
(9) | Age | 0.0343* | 0.0504* | − 0.0222 | 0.0466* | 0.0101 | − 0.0509* | 0.2845* | 0.1924* | 1.0000 | ||
(10) | Lev | 0.1095* | 0.0864* | 0.1196* | 0.0913* | 0.1554* | 0.0442* | 0.2330* | 0.4895* | 0.2475* | 1.0000 | |
(11) | ROA | 0.0153 | − 0.0292* | 0.0633* | 0.0038 | 0.0556* | 0.0289* | − 0.1470* | − 0.0341* | − 0.1533* | − 0.4310* | 1.0000 |
(12) | Q | − 0.1091* | − 0.0895* | − 0.1654* | − 0.0688* | − 0.1270* | − 0.0237* | − 0.1616* | − 0.4099* | 0.0300* | − 0.3373* | 0.2078* |
(13) | HERF10 | 0.2029* | 0.1485* | 0.2159* | 0.1376* | 0.1633* | − 0.0092 | 0.2831* | 0.3442* | − 0.1297* | 0.0755* | 0.0722* |
(14) | FCF | 0.0509* | 0.0204 | 0.0786* | 0.0293* | 0.0208 | − 0.0411* | 0.0356* | − 0.0063 | 0.0019 | − 0.0774* | 0.2019* |
(15) | RD_Intensity | 0.0184 | 0.0479* | − 0.0487* | − 0.0178 | − 0.0661* | − 0.0535* | − 0.2655* | − 0.2240* | − 0.2069* | − 0.3012* | − 0.0063 |
(16) | BoardSize | 0.1174* | 0.0721* | 0.1559* | 0.0847* | 0.1273* | − 0.0146 | 0.2442* | 0.2117* | 0.0542* | 0.1024* | − 0.0019 |
(17) | Duality | − 0.0362* | − 0.0142 | − 0.0581* | − 0.0320* | − 0.0450* | 0.0544* | − 0.2806* | − 0.1101* | − 0.1562* | − 0.1204* | 0.0703* |
(18) | Indep | 0.0503* | 0.0515* | 0.0244* | 0.0379* | 0.0275* | 0.0549* | − 0.0228 | 0.1222* | − 0.0301* | 0.0343* | − 0.0126 |
(19) | Managerial | 0.2280* | 0.1877* | 0.2432* | 0.1524* | 0.2279* | 0.0104 | 0.1357* | 0.2739* | − 0.0255* | 0.1528* | 0.0225 |
(20) | Female | − 0.0479* | − 0.0016 | − 0.1053* | − 0.0262* | − 0.0508* | 0.0483* | − 0.2866* | − 0.2316* | 0.0188 | − 0.1757* | 0.1005* |
(21) | SSE | − 0.0088 | − 0.0711* | 0.0158 | 0.0263* | − 0.0150 | 0.0324* | 0.3266* | 0.1818* | 0.1671* | 0.2099* | − 0.0987* |
Variable | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | (20) | (21) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(12) | Q | 1.0000 | |||||||||
(13) | HERF10 | − 0.1657* | 1.0000 | ||||||||
(14) | FCF | 0.0267* | 0.1125* | 1.0000 | |||||||
(15) | RD_Intensity | 0.2714* | − 0.1880* | − 0.0423* | 1.0000 | ||||||
(16) | BoardSize | − 0.1640* | 0.0578* | 0.0481* | − 0.1140* | 1.0000 | |||||
(17) | Duality | 0.0917* | − 0.1014* | − 0.0255* | 0.1964* | − 0.1579* | 1.0000 | ||||
(18) | Indep | 0.0318* | 0.0891* | − 0.0351* | 0.0329* | − 0.3835* | 0.0933* | 1.0000 | |||
(19) | Managerial | − 0.1141* | 0.0352* | 0.0099 | 0.0323* | 0.2188* | 0.0237* | 0.0051 | 1.0000 | ||
(20) | Female | 0.1753* | − 0.1912* | − 0.0487* | 0.0982* | − 0.1818* | 0.1221* | 0.0180 | − 0.1984* | 1.0000 | |
(21) | SSE | − 0.1346* | 0.2021* | 0.0294* | − 0.2463* | 0.1280* | − 0.1760* | − 0.0170 | 0.0357* | − 0.1195* | 1.0000 |
5.2 Main regression results
5.2.1 Effects of the TMT’s financial experience on a firm’s CSR and its dimensions
Dependent variable = | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | MSCORE | CSCORE | TSCORE | Page |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline OLS | Firm fixed effects | Overall quality of CSR strategy, disclosure, and risk control | The effectiveness of the implemented environmental and social strategy | The extent and accuracy of CSR reporting | Sustainability report pages | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
Financial_D | 1.5652*** | 1.0081*** | 0.5566*** | 0.6815*** | 0.2929*** | 0.1374*** |
(4.6222) | (3.6999) | (4.5618) | (3.8824) | (4.9369) | (4.7429) | |
SOE | 0.9243** | 0.3330 | 0.3152** | 0.5866*** | − 0.0121 | 0.0819** |
(2.4873) | (0.4467) | (2.3870) | (2.9605) | (− 0.2070) | (2.4994) | |
Size | 3.9677*** | 1.2908*** | 1.2456*** | 1.8310*** | 0.5619*** | 0.2679*** |
(23.6325) | (4.1919) | (21.2281) | (21.5962) | (19.9030) | (20.5388) | |
Age | − 1.4797*** | − 0.9651* | − 0.5494*** | − 0.6330*** | − 0.2774*** | − 0.1200*** |
(− 5.2333) | (− 1.8390) | (− 5.4272) | (− 4.3638) | (− 5.7486) | (− 5.0487) | |
Lev | − 5.0179*** | 0.9502 | − 1.6139*** | − 2.3036*** | − 0.8435*** | − 0.2248** |
(− 5.1065) | (0.9023) | (− 4.4280) | (− 4.4697) | (− 5.1493) | (− 2.5089) | |
ROA | − 7.1133*** | 5.2476** | − 4.7652*** | − 0.9341 | − 1.7307*** | − 0.4526* |
(− 2.7334) | (2.4354) | (− 4.7653) | (− 0.6681) | (− 4.1635) | (− 1.8974) | |
Q | 0.4130*** | − 0.1148 | 0.2030*** | 0.0864 | 0.0869*** | 0.0240** |
(2.9870) | (− 0.9921) | (4.0850) | (1.1960) | (3.8800) | (1.9757) | |
HERF10 | 5.5505*** | − 0.3029 | 2.0320*** | 2.6378*** | 0.5229** | 0.2998** |
(4.0059) | (− 0.1573) | (4.2422) | (3.5742) | (2.4386) | (2.4833) | |
FCF | 2.5112*** | 0.0367 | 0.4643* | 1.6090*** | 0.4858*** | 0.1416** |
(3.3549) | (0.0741) | (1.6769) | (3.9517) | (4.2194) | (2.0353) | |
RD_Intensity | 7.4721 | − 0.1284 | 1.7468 | 4.4191 | 0.3299 | 0.0471 |
(1.3318) | (− 0.0211) | (0.8948) | (1.4963) | (0.4048) | (0.1011) | |
BoardSize | 2.2529** | 0.6121 | 0.8834*** | 1.2177** | 0.3466** | 0.1950** |
(2.3953) | (0.6291) | (2.6120) | (2.5329) | (2.1782) | (2.5488) | |
Duality | − 1.0818*** | − 0.3287 | − 0.3501*** | − 0.4357** | − 0.1698*** | − 0.0836*** |
(− 2.9462) | (− 0.9560) | (− 2.6129) | (− 2.2678) | (− 2.8595) | (− 2.6908) | |
Indep | − 0.2382 | − 3.7755 | 0.4720 | − 0.1821 | − 0.0324 | − 0.0050 |
(− 0.0902) | (− 1.4589) | (0.4946) | (− 0.1310) | (− 0.0732) | (− 0.0219) | |
Managerial | 3.1500*** | 0.4867 | 0.9262*** | 1.7159*** | 0.2259*** | 0.2254*** |
(6.6541) | (1.0790) | (5.4379) | (7.0962) | (2.9994) | (5.7905) | |
Female | 4.3538*** | − 2.2359 | 1.7960*** | 1.7211** | 0.7017*** | 0.4282*** |
(2.8079) | (− 1.3125) | (3.2709) | (2.1130) | (2.8559) | (3.2202) | |
SSE | − 1.6981*** | – | − 0.9634*** | − 0.7816*** | − 0.0584 | − 0.1867*** |
(− 5.6754) | – | (− 8.7198) | (− 4.8951) | (− 1.2276) | (− 7.2683) | |
_intercept | − 68.8300*** | 0.2462 | − 22.9928*** | − 29.0217*** | − 7.3801*** | − 4.4075*** |
(− 17.0539) | (0.0350) | (− 15.4883) | (− 13.8197) | (− 11.1943) | (− 13.2877) | |
Year effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firm fixed effects | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
No. of obs | 5158 | 5158 | 4884 | 4884 | 4884 | 3669 |
Adj. R-square | 0.405 | 0.273 | 0.446 | 0.322 | 0.379 | 0.300 |
5.2.2 TMT’s financial experience in regulatory authorities and nonregulatory authorities
Dependent variable = | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | MSCORE | CSCORE | TSCORE | Page |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OLS | Firm fixed effects | Overall quality of CSR strategy, disclosure, and risk control | The effectiveness of the implemented environmental and social strategy | The extent and accuracy of CSR reporting | Sustainability report pages | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
Financial_regulatory | 3.5712*** | 2.8805** | 1.6736*** | 1.1123* | 0.6330*** | 0.2087* |
(2.7962) | (2.5103) | (3.7600) | (1.8301) | (2.8711) | (1.8283) | |
Financial_nonregulatory | 1.4740*** | 0.9321*** | 0.5033*** | 0.6610*** | 0.2767*** | 0.1337*** |
(4.2778) | (3.3751) | (4.0585) | (3.6889) | (4.5687) | (4.5350) | |
SOE | 0.9356** | 0.3590 | 0.3223** | 0.5894*** | − 0.0099 | 0.0824** |
(2.5154) | (0.4816) | (2.4393) | (2.9719) | (− 0.1694) | (2.5115) | |
Size | 3.9716*** | 1.2830*** | 1.2480*** | 1.8320*** | 0.5626*** | 0.2681*** |
(23.6443) | (4.1671) | (21.2576) | (21.5987) | (19.9246) | (20.5233) | |
Age | − 1.4952*** | − 0.9435* | − 0.5585*** | − 0.6366*** | − 0.2802*** | − 0.1209*** |
(− 5.2885) | (− 1.7977) | (− 5.5302) | (− 4.3827) | (− 5.7991) | (− 5.0678) | |
Lev | − 5.0283*** | 0.9724 | − 1.6212*** | − 2.3064*** | − 0.8457*** | − 0.2254** |
(− 5.1174) | (0.9234) | (− 4.4475) | (− 4.4754) | (− 5.1656) | (− 2.5149) | |
ROA | − 7.2735*** | 5.1783** | − 4.8577*** | − 0.9698 | − 1.7589*** | − 0.4587* |
(− 2.7967) | (2.4033) | (− 4.8657) | (− 0.6933) | (− 4.2364) | (− 1.9231) | |
Q | 0.4203*** | − 0.1112 | 0.2072*** | 0.0881 | 0.0882*** | 0.0244** |
(3.0367) | (− 0.9603) | (4.1644) | (1.2170) | (3.9324) | (1.9995) | |
HERF10 | 5.5455*** | − 0.3644 | 2.0258*** | 2.6354*** | 0.5210** | 0.2992** |
(4.0023) | (− 0.1892) | (4.2308) | (3.5697) | (2.4302) | (2.4767) | |
FCF | 2.5481*** | 0.0574 | 0.4861* | 1.6175*** | 0.4925*** | 0.1427** |
(3.4048) | (0.1159) | (1.7577) | (3.9685) | (4.2849) | (2.0493) | |
RD_Intensity | 7.8198 | − 0.3140 | 1.9590 | 4.5010 | 0.3946 | 0.0663 |
(1.3929) | (− 0.0516) | (1.0027) | (1.5219) | (0.4841) | (0.1419) | |
BoardSize | 2.2036** | 0.5398 | 0.8540** | 1.2063** | 0.3376** | 0.1923** |
(2.3414) | (0.5544) | (2.5252) | (2.5054) | (2.1199) | (2.5060) | |
Duality | − 1.0658*** | − 0.3180 | − 0.3410** | − 0.4322** | − 0.1670*** | − 0.0834*** |
(− 2.9004) | (− 0.9250) | (− 2.5463) | (− 2.2467) | (− 2.8103) | (− 2.6821) | |
Indep | − 0.2898 | − 3.9537 | 0.4387 | − 0.1950 | − 0.0426 | − 0.0093 |
(− 0.1095) | (− 1.5268) | (0.4581) | (− 0.1401) | (− 0.0959) | (− 0.0402) | |
Managerial | 3.1848*** | 0.4718 | 0.9457*** | 1.7234*** | 0.2318*** | 0.2264*** |
(6.7102) | (1.0459) | (5.5378) | (7.1125) | (3.0693) | (5.8121) | |
Female | 4.4276*** | − 2.2454 | 1.8372*** | 1.7370** | 0.7143*** | 0.4306*** |
(2.8579) | (− 1.3183) | (3.3541) | (2.1326) | (2.9084) | (3.2399) | |
SSE | − 1.6856*** | – | − 0.9565*** | − 0.7789*** | − 0.0563 | − 0.1860*** |
(− 5.6369) | – | (− 8.6667) | (− 4.8796) | (− 1.1839) | (− 7.2369) | |
_intercept | − 68.8070*** | 0.6395 | − 22.9867*** | − 29.0193*** | − 7.3783*** | − 4.4058*** |
(− 17.0459) | (0.0910) | (− 15.4915) | (− 13.8175) | (− 11.1945) | (− 13.2799) | |
Year effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firm fixed effects | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
No. of obs | 5158 | 5158 | 4884 | 4884 | 4884 | 3669 |
Adj. R-square | 0.405 | 0.274 | 0.447 | 0.322 | 0.379 | 0.300 |
5.2.3 Moderating effects of SOEs and slack resources
Dependent variable = | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | MSCORE | CSCORE | TSCORE | Page |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OLS | Firm fixed effects | Overall quality of CSR strategy, disclosure, and risk control | The effectiveness of the implemented environmental and social strategy | The extent and accuracy of CSR reporting | Sustainability report pages | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
Panel A Moderating effect of state-own-enterprises (SOEs) in the link between TMT’s financial experience and CSR | ||||||
Financial_D | 2.4892*** | 1.7489*** | 0.8239*** | 1.0881*** | 0.3487*** | 0.1496*** |
(5.1621) | (4.2308) | (4.9237) | (4.3408) | (4.2645) | (3.6449) | |
Financial_D × SOE | − 1.6509** | − 1.2820** | − 0.4832** | − 0.7348** | − 0.1009 | − 0.0234 |
(− 2.4675) | (− 2.3819) | (− 2.0371) | (− 2.1175) | (− 0.8770) | (− 0.4094) | |
SOE | 1.3329*** | 0.6206 | 0.4347*** | 0.7683*** | 0.0129 | 0.0875** |
(3.4650) | (0.8222) | (3.1213) | (3.7167) | (0.2166) | (2.5151) | |
Size | 3.9868*** | 1.2887*** | 1.2509*** | 1.8390*** | 0.5630*** | 0.2681*** |
(23.6913) | (4.1873) | (21.2511) | (21.6382) | (19.9488) | (20.4982) | |
Age | − 1.4814*** | − 0.9156* | − 0.5508*** | − 0.6352*** | − 0.2777*** | − 0.1204*** |
(− 5.2568) | (− 1.7444) | (− 5.4558) | (− 4.3888) | (− 5.7636) | (− 5.0513) | |
Lev | − 5.2466*** | 0.8769 | − 1.6788*** | − 2.4023*** | − 0.8570*** | − 0.2275** |
(− 5.3185) | (0.8327) | (− 4.5783) | (− 4.6482) | (− 5.2420) | (− 2.5291) | |
ROA | − 7.1734*** | 5.1266** | − 4.7864*** | − 0.9664 | − 1.7351*** | − 0.4532* |
(− 2.7500) | (2.3799) | (− 4.7808) | (− 0.6898) | (− 4.1732) | (− 1.8984) | |
Q | 0.4084*** | − 0.1095 | 0.2015*** | 0.0841 | 0.0865*** | 0.0240** |
(2.9436) | (− 0.9459) | (4.0426) | (1.1603) | (3.8601) | (1.9715) | |
HERF10 | 5.5669*** | − 0.3656 | 2.0349*** | 2.6422*** | 0.5235** | 0.2994** |
(4.0161) | (− 0.1899) | (4.2462) | (3.5791) | (2.4416) | (2.4802) | |
FCF | 2.5646*** | 0.0467 | 0.4767* | 1.6278*** | 0.4884*** | 0.1421** |
(3.4153) | (0.0944) | (1.7177) | (3.9894) | (4.2350) | (2.0410) | |
RD_Intensity | 7.1507 | − 0.2608 | 1.6537 | 4.2776 | 0.3105 | 0.0413 |
(1.2677) | (− 0.0428) | (0.8427) | (1.4428) | (0.3803) | (0.0885) | |
BoardSize | 2.2493** | 0.5703 | 0.8842*** | 1.2189** | 0.3467** | 0.1955** |
(2.3943) | (0.5864) | (2.6165) | (2.5385) | (2.1788) | (2.5554) | |
Duality | − 1.0997*** | − 0.3174 | − 0.3563*** | − 0.4452** | − 0.1711*** | − 0.0841*** |
(− 2.9884) | (− 0.9236) | (− 2.6565) | (− 2.3108) | (− 2.8761) | (− 2.6985) | |
Indep | − 0.1416 | − 3.7588 | 0.5000 | − 0.1396 | − 0.0266 | − 0.0027 |
(− 0.0537) | (− 1.4532) | (0.5245) | (− 0.1004) | (− 0.0600) | (− 0.0118) | |
Managerial | 3.1827*** | 0.4807 | 0.9351*** | 1.7293*** | 0.2277*** | 0.2259*** |
(6.7260) | (1.0663) | (5.4937) | (7.1536) | (3.0129) | (5.7970) | |
Female | 4.3919*** | − 2.1774 | 1.8104*** | 1.7430** | 0.7047*** | 0.4296*** |
(2.8305) | (− 1.2787) | (3.2974) | (2.1368) | (2.8706) | (3.2280) | |
SSE | − 1.6805*** | – | − 0.9579*** | − 0.7732*** | − 0.0572 | − 0.1863*** |
(− 5.6146) | – | (− 8.6696) | (− 4.8404) | (− 1.2023) | (− 7.2297) | |
_intercept | − 69.6344*** | 0.1453 | − 23.2086*** | − 29.3499*** | − 7.4252*** | − 4.4164*** |
(− 17.1902) | (0.0207) | (− 15.5539) | (− 13.9134) | (− 11.2151) | (− 13.2331) | |
Year effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firm fixed effects | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
No. of obs | 5158 | 5158 | 4884 | 4884 | 4884 | 3669 |
Adj. R-square | 0.406 | 0.274 | 0.447 | 0.323 | 0.379 | 0.300 |
Panel B Moderating effect of corporate free cash flow in the link between TMT’s financial experience and CSR | ||||||
Financial_D | 1.4523*** | 0.9389*** | 0.5315*** | 0.6344*** | 0.2733*** | 0.1345*** |
(4.2596) | (3.4114) | (4.3212) | (3.5842) | (4.6326) | (4.5801) | |
Financial_D × FCF | 3.8910** | 1.9736* | 0.8951 | 1.6838* | 0.6993** | 0.0980 |
(2.2181) | (1.7673) | (1.4119) | (1.8120) | (2.4682) | (0.6312) | |
SOE | 0.8947** | 0.2995 | 0.3086** | 0.5743*** | − 0.0172 | 0.0811** |
(2.4063) | (0.4017) | (2.3345) | (2.8990) | (− 0.2945) | (2.4701) | |
Size | 3.9643*** | 1.3059*** | 1.2446*** | 1.8292*** | 0.5611*** | 0.2677*** |
(23.6486) | (4.2403) | (21.2376) | (21.5920) | (19.9194) | (20.5279) | |
Age | − 1.4854*** | − 0.9891* | − 0.5499*** | − 0.6340*** | − 0.2778*** | − 0.1202*** |
(− 5.2601) | (− 1.8846) | (− 5.4322) | (− 4.3745) | (− 5.7584) | (− 5.0563) | |
Lev | − 4.9571*** | 0.9355 | − 1.6021*** | − 2.2813*** | − 0.8342*** | − 0.2226** |
(− 5.0612) | (0.8886) | (− 4.4059) | (− 4.4373) | (− 5.1087) | (− 2.4878) | |
ROA | − 7.0424*** | 5.2235** | − 4.7474*** | − 0.9006 | − 1.7168*** | − 0.4519* |
(− 2.7124) | (2.4248) | (− 4.7518) | (− 0.6458) | (− 4.1285) | (− 1.8980) | |
Q | 0.4022*** | − 0.1163 | 0.2001*** | 0.0810 | 0.0846*** | 0.0238* |
(2.9151) | (− 1.0049) | (4.0358) | (1.1215) | (3.7864) | (1.9531) | |
HERF10 | 5.6227*** | − 0.2885 | 2.0521*** | 2.6755*** | 0.5386** | 0.3017** |
(4.0618) | (− 0.1498) | (4.2842) | (3.6279) | (2.5110) | (2.4985) | |
FCF | 1.5758* | − 0.3997 | 0.2465 | 1.1993*** | 0.3157** | 0.1189 |
(1.9008) | (− 0.7220) | (0.7889) | (2.6347) | (2.5096) | (1.5052) | |
RD_Intensity | 7.4984 | − 0.5729 | 1.7556 | 4.4357 | 0.3368 | 0.0487 |
(1.3386) | (− 0.0940) | (0.9002) | (1.5033) | (0.4141) | (0.1046) | |
BoardSize | 2.2792** | 0.6054 | 0.8913*** | 1.2327** | 0.3528** | 0.1958** |
(2.4206) | (0.6224) | (2.6330) | (2.5603) | (2.2142) | (2.5575) | |
Duality | − 1.0964*** | − 0.3478 | − 0.3539*** | − 0.4428** | − 0.1727*** | − 0.0843*** |
(− 2.9839) | (− 1.0114) | (− 2.6400) | (− 2.3025) | (− 2.9072) | (− 2.7108) | |
Indep | − 0.2455 | − 3.7610 | 0.4733 | − 0.1798 | − 0.0314 | − 0.0056 |
(− 0.0930) | (− 1.4536) | (0.4958) | (− 0.1293) | (− 0.0710) | (− 0.0241) | |
Managerial | 3.1588*** | 0.4829 | 0.9270*** | 1.7174*** | 0.2265*** | 0.2255*** |
(6.6721) | (1.0708) | (5.4421) | (7.1027) | (3.0091) | (5.7909) | |
Female | 4.3555*** | − 2.2489 | 1.7924*** | 1.7144** | 0.6989*** | 0.4284*** |
(2.8163) | (− 1.3204) | (3.2684) | (2.1087) | (2.8510) | (3.2246) | |
SSE | − 1.7010*** | – | − 0.9644*** | − 0.7835*** | − 0.0592 | − 0.1872*** |
(− 5.6865) | – | (− 8.7250) | (− 4.9083) | (− 1.2448) | (− 7.2734) | |
_intercept | − 68.9086*** | 0.0299 | − 23.0115*** | − 29.0570*** | − 7.3948*** | − 4.4058*** |
(− 17.0917) | (0.0043) | (− 15.5112) | (− 13.8454) | (− 11.2363) | (− 13.2783) | |
Year effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firm fixed effects | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
No. of obs | 5158 | 5158 | 4884 | 4884 | 4884 | 3669 |
Adj. R-square | 0.406 | 0.274 | 0.446 | 0.323 | 0.379 | 0.300 |
5.3 Robustness checks
5.3.1 Percentage of financial experts on the TMT
Percentage of financial experts on the TMT | Effects of CEOs with financial experience | Excluding CEOs and CFOs from the TMT | Industry-mean-adjusted CSR | Analyst coverage | Audit quality | TMT heterogeneity | Sample and weights issues | 2009–2013 | 2014–2018 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable = | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | CSR_Industry | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE | CSRSCORE |
OLS | Firm fixed effects | OLS | Firm fixed effects | OLS | OLS | OLS | OLS | OLS | WLS | OLS | OLS | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | |
Financial_Ratio | 4.1400*** | 3.4966** | ||||||||||
(2.6544) | (2.0985) | |||||||||||
Financial_CEO | 3.3809*** | 2.1323*** | ||||||||||
(4.5981) | (3.9079) | |||||||||||
Financial_Ratio_ExCEOCFO | 1.2012*** | |||||||||||
(3.1422) | ||||||||||||
Financial_D | 1.4726*** | 1.5870*** | 1.6868*** | 1.5772*** | 1.0900*** | 1.0012* | 2.0416*** | |||||
(4.4423) | (4.6896) | (5.0430) | (4.7229) | (3.6356) | (1.8817) | (4.5813) | ||||||
AnalystCoverage | 0.2210 | 0.2893* | 0.2960* | |||||||||
(1.3434) | (1.7982) | (1.8530) | ||||||||||
BigFour | 4.9688*** | 4.8706*** | ||||||||||
(8.8371) | (8.6909) | |||||||||||
TMT_AcademicRatio | 5.5745*** | |||||||||||
(5.7251) | ||||||||||||
TMT_ForeignRatio | 4.6388*** | |||||||||||
(3.1606) | ||||||||||||
TMT_Age | 6.2294*** | |||||||||||
(3.0803) | ||||||||||||
SOE | 0.8319** | 0.2818 | 0.8564** | 0.1484 | 0.8195** | 0.8890** | 0.9457** | 0.9709*** | 0.7337** | 1.0886*** | 0.5559 | 1.0738** |
(2.2156) | (0.2728) | (2.3155) | (0.1458) | (2.1832) | (2.4237) | (2.5419) | (2.6551) | (1.9959) | (3.3061) | (0.9390) | (2.1773) | |
Size | 4.0129*** | 1.3141*** | 4.0162*** | 1.2733*** | 4.0364*** | 3.8723*** | 3.8667*** | 3.1673*** | 2.9198*** | 3.1324*** | 4.1639*** | 3.9528*** |
(23.9427) | (2.6683) | (24.2145) | (2.5955) | (24.1683) | (23.5640) | (20.8322) | (16.8548) | (15.4907) | (20.4609) | (15.6018) | (17.7132) | |
Age | − 1.5503*** | − 1.0472 | − 1.6186*** | − 1.0510 | − 1.5080*** | − 1.4934*** | − 1.4321*** | − 1.2335*** | − 1.1027*** | − 1.1116*** | − 2.1420*** | − 1.0142*** |
(− 5.4919) | (− 1.1588) | (− 5.7496) | (− 1.1654) | (− 5.3358) | (− 5.4211) | (− 5.0380) | (− 4.3198) | (− 3.9168) | (− 4.3123) | (− 4.6315) | (− 2.7904) | |
Lev | − 5.0507*** | 0.9794 | − 5.0481*** | 0.8895 | − 5.1248*** | − 4.6428*** | − 4.9588*** | − 3.8227*** | − 3.7630*** | − 3.9191*** | − 5.2434*** | − 4.6224*** |
(− 5.1224) | (0.7206) | (− 5.1325) | (0.6643) | (− 5.1894) | (− 4.8275) | (− 5.0434) | (− 3.8858) | (− 3.8637) | (− 4.3806) | (− 3.2955) | (− 3.5649) | |
ROA | − 7.3130*** | 5.3035* | − 6.8708*** | 5.3812* | − 7.4627*** | − 7.7310*** | − 8.3880*** | − 8.3076*** | − 7.7136*** | − 4.1391* | − 8.9869** | − 7.0902** |
(− 2.8069) | (1.8449) | (− 2.6551) | (1.8896) | (− 2.8650) | (− 3.0430) | (− 3.0088) | (− 3.0006) | (− 2.7991) | (− 1.6649) | (− 2.0714) | (− 2.1240) | |
Q | 0.4179*** | − 0.1207 | 0.4109*** | − 0.1356 | 0.4365*** | 0.3871*** | 0.3839*** | 0.3128** | 0.2523* | 0.2888** | 0.5557** | 0.4302** |
(3.0178) | (− 0.8649) | (2.9730) | (− 0.9783) | (3.1713) | (2.9177) | (2.7688) | (2.2681) | (1.8329) | (2.1536) | (2.0996) | (2.5453) | |
HERF10 | 5.4744*** | − 0.4194 | 5.3827*** | − 0.4845 | 5.5628*** | 5.1969*** | 5.6410*** | 4.5963*** | 4.5228*** | 5.2377*** | 3.4932 | 7.0026*** |
(3.9492) | (− 0.1625) | (3.8764) | (− 0.1892) | (4.0060) | (3.7794) | (4.0663) | (3.4051) | (3.3996) | (4.2551) | (1.6332) | (3.7479) | |
FCF | 2.4715*** | 0.0359 | 2.5277*** | 0.0467 | 2.4868*** | 2.1549*** | 2.5751*** | 1.9881*** | 1.8607** | 1.8301*** | 2.6035** | 1.9581** |
(3.3004) | (0.0773) | (3.3676) | (0.1005) | (3.3232) | (2.9439) | (3.4365) | (2.6635) | (2.4796) | (2.6422) | (2.1777) | (2.0432) | |
RD_Intensity | 7.1406 | − 0.4486 | 7.6273 | 0.1276 | 7.6619 | 10.1714* | 6.6749 | 4.3319 | 2.8265 | 4.9016 | 32.1277*** | 0.2089 |
(1.2728) | (− 0.0643) | (1.3659) | (0.0183) | (1.3612) | (1.8952) | (1.1801) | (0.7689) | (0.5018) | (0.8801) | (2.9727) | (0.0313) | |
BoardSize | 2.2579** | 0.6925 | 2.3931** | 0.7392 | 2.2076** | 2.2067** | 2.1955** | 1.9482** | 2.0659** | 2.2272** | 0.4455 | 3.3066*** |
(2.3967) | (0.4990) | (2.5425) | (0.5343) | (2.3448) | (2.4093) | (2.3367) | (2.0999) | (2.2356) | (2.5701) | (0.2760) | (2.8055) | |
Duality | − 1.0745*** | − 0.3416 | − 1.2467*** | − 0.4237 | − 1.0093*** | − 1.1958*** | − 1.0840*** | − 1.0414*** | − 1.2580*** | − 0.6831* | − 0.3467 | − 1.6252*** |
(− 2.9125) | (− 0.7504) | (− 3.3252) | (− 0.9390) | (− 2.7568) | (− 3.3110) | (− 2.9514) | (− 2.8468) | (− 3.4408) | (− 1.9580) | (− 0.5413) | (− 3.6027) | |
Indep | − 0.0539 | − 3.7097 | 0.1892 | − 3.7096 | − 0.0235 | − 0.0721 | − 0.1807 | − 1.9915 | − 3.0363 | 0.3788 | − 1.9361 | 1.1585 |
(− 0.0204) | (− 0.9391) | (0.0721) | (− 0.9366) | (− 0.0089) | (− 0.0279) | (− 0.0683) | (− 0.7576) | (− 1.1654) | (0.1523) | (− 0.4700) | (0.3302) | |
Managerial | 3.3192*** | 0.6195 | 3.1671*** | 0.5360 | 3.1281*** | 3.0474*** | 3.0862*** | 2.9132*** | 2.9474*** | 3.4223*** | 3.7591*** | 2.8468*** |
(6.8922) | (1.0510) | (6.7033) | (0.9054) | (6.6009) | (6.6040) | (6.4471) | (6.2546) | (6.3713) | (7.9761) | (4.8912) | (4.6540) | |
Female | 4.3001*** | − 2.2340 | 3.9031** | − 2.5235 | 4.3541*** | 4.5244*** | 4.2927*** | 4.5780*** | 5.1678*** | 6.4286*** | 8.4047*** | 2.4463 |
(2.7714) | (− 0.9215) | (2.5089) | (− 1.0378) | (2.8070) | (2.9575) | (2.7641) | (3.0216) | (3.3987) | (4.2987) | (3.0144) | (1.3045) | |
SSE | − 1.6502*** | – | − 1.6294*** | – | − 1.6177*** | − 1.5967*** | − 1.6603*** | − 1.8958*** | − 1.4504*** | − 1.9969*** | − 1.6387*** | − 1.7264*** |
(− 5.4957) | – | (− 5.4460) | – | (− 5.3816) | (− 5.4126) | (− 5.5275) | (− 6.4071) | (− 4.7669) | (− 7.2521) | (− 3.2947) | (− 4.5504) | |
_intercept | − 69.7859*** | − 0.4748 | − 69.5088*** | 0.7826 | − 70.0237*** | − 91.7208*** | − 66.8679*** | − 50.7366*** | − 70.3375*** | − 49.9554*** | − 63.1054*** | − 66.4104*** |
(− 17.2527) | (− 0.0427) | (− 17.2461) | − 0.0708 | (− 17.3749) | (− 23.8799) | (− 15.4930) | (− 11.4346) | (− 8.5165) | (− 13.4131) | (− 10.4616) | (− 12.3394) | |
Year effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Firm fixed effects | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
No. of obs | 5158 | 5158 | 5158 | 5158 | 5158 | 5158 | 5158 | 5158 | 5158 | 5158 | 2073 | 3085 |
Adj. R-square | 0.403 | 0.392 | 0.406 | 0.394 | 0.404 | 0.206 | 0.405 | 0.420 | 0.427 | 0.405 | 0.383 | 0.343 |
5.3.2 Effect of CEOs with financial expertise on CSR
5.3.3 Excluding CEOs and CFOs from the TMT
5.3.4 Industry-adjusted CSR performance
5.3.5 Accounting for analyst coverage, audit quality, and TMT heterogeneity
5.3.6 Weighted least squares
5.3.7 Role of CSR rules by the regulatory authority in the link between financial experts and CSR
6 Endogeneity concerns
6.1 PSM approach
Panel A ATT in PSM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated ATT with replacement | |||||
Outcome variable = CSRSCORE | ATT (T-Statistics) | Treatment group’s CSR level | Control group’s CSR level | No. of obs | Treated: control |
Financial_D | 1.834*** (3.05) | 39.9571 | 38.1231 | 5075 | 1243: 3832 |
Panel B Average firm characteristics in the treatment group and the control group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables in the matching process | Mean of the treatment group | Mean of the control group | Difference | Significance level (p value) |
SOE | 0.5326 | 0.5157 | 0.0169 | 0.399 |
Size | 23.2280 | 23.2550 | − 0.0270 | 0.662 |
Age | 2.3205 | 2.3106 | 0.0099 | 0.701 |
Lev | 0.5128 | 0.5223 | − 0.0095 | 0.222 |
ROA | 0.0499 | 0.0482 | 0.0018 | 0.432 |
Q | 1.7187 | 1.6372 | 0.0815 | 0.073 |
HERF10 | 0.1901 | 0.1837 | 0.0064 | 0.238 |
FCF | 0.0240 | 0.0218 | 0.0023 | 0.745 |
RD_Intensity | 0.0195 | 0.0203 | − 0.0008 | 0.546 |
BoardSize | 2.3065 | 2.3082 | − 0.0017 | 0.829 |
Duality | 0.1939 | 0.2076 | − 0.0137 | 0.395 |
Indep | 0.3795 | 0.3798 | − 0.0003 | 0.914 |
Managerial | 2.0738 | 2.0830 | − 0.0092 | 0.500 |
Female | 0.1511 | 0.1525 | − 0.0015 | 0.711 |
SSE | 0.6291 | 0.6155 | 0.0137 | 0.482 |
Panel C PSM sample | |
---|---|
Outcome (Explained) variable = CSRSCORE | PSM sample with replacement |
Financial_D | 1.9366*** |
(3.7024) | |
SOE | − 0.0852 |
(− 0.1001) | |
Size | 4.5759*** |
(12.9400) | |
Age | − 1.1990** |
(− 2.1548) | |
Lev | − 3.1149 |
(− 1.3223) | |
ROA | − 13.2002** |
(− 2.4174) | |
Q | 0.2345 |
(0.9169) | |
HERF10 | 10.5217*** |
(3.6707) | |
FCF | 5.1502*** |
(3.1093) | |
RD_Intensity | 23.1471* |
(1.8496) | |
BoardSize | − 0.1797 |
(− 0.0854) | |
Duality | − 0.3639 |
(− 0.5018) | |
Indep | 1.3523 |
(0.2266) | |
Managerial | 3.0218*** |
(2.7781) | |
Female | − 1.7561 |
(− 0.5173) | |
SSE | − 0.0122 |
(− 0.0160) | |
_intercept | − 77.9790*** |
(− 9.1827) | |
Year effects | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes |
No. of obs | 5075 |
Adj. R-square | 0.520 |
6.2 Heckman two-stage procedure
Dependent variable = | CSR_Presence | CSRSCORE |
---|---|---|
First-stage regression | Second-stage regression | |
(1) | (2) | |
MandatoryPolicy | 2.7400*** | |
(30.8129) | ||
Financial_D | 1.5175*** | |
(4.5699) | ||
Lambda | 3.2443*** | |
(6.6069) | ||
SOE | 0.1588*** | 1.5090*** |
(5.2541) | (4.0225) | |
Size | 0.4679*** | 4.9023*** |
(28.3980) | (21.3414) | |
Age | 0.0338 | − 0.8268*** |
(1.5616) | (− 2.7678) | |
Lev | − 0.7034*** | − 6.1065*** |
(− 9.0951) | (− 6.1879) | |
ROA | 0.9700*** | − 3.4696 |
(4.0656) | (− 1.3222) | |
Q | 0.0646*** | 0.5714*** |
(6.0793) | (4.1572) | |
HERF10 | 0.0857 | 3.9504*** |
(0.7643) | (2.7993) | |
FCF | 0.1590** | 2.9256*** |
(2.4056) | (3.9028) | |
RD_Intensity | 0.6128 | 13.0847** |
(1.4112) | (2.3395) | |
BoardSize | 0.1562* | 2.2845** |
(1.8689) | (2.4670) | |
Duality | − 0.0414 | − 1.1287*** |
(− 1.3742) | (− 3.1005) | |
Indep | 0.7467*** | 0.3363 |
(2.9199) | (0.1282) | |
Managerial | 0.2299*** | 3.7122*** |
(5.3944) | (7.7168) | |
Female | − 0.2891** | 2.9386* |
(− 2.2986) | (1.8797) | |
SSE | 0.1287*** | − 0.1416 |
(4.6610) | (− 0.3587) | |
_intercept | − 12.4177*** | − 96.0718*** |
(− 29.3300) | (− 16.0516) | |
Year effects | Yes | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes | Yes |
No. of obs | 20,688 | |
Selected | 5158 | |
Censored obs | 15,530 | |
Wald test of independent equations Chi2 (p-value) | 40.10***(0.0000) | |
ρ | 0.3582*** | |
σ | 2.2451*** |
6.3 Dynamic GMM approach
Dependent variable = CSRSCORE | Dynamic panel-data estimation |
---|---|
System GMM | |
(1) | |
Financial_D | 0.6580*** |
(5.6242) | |
LAG_CSRSCORE | 0.7706*** |
(103.1311) | |
SOE | 0.5953*** |
(2.8431) | |
Size | 1.0060*** |
(10.4593) | |
Age | − 0.6270*** |
(− 4.9040) | |
Lev | 0.4680 |
(0.8432) | |
ROA | 0.4463 |
(0.4132) | |
Q | 0.2069*** |
(4.1717) | |
HERF10 | 2.1314** |
(2.3719) | |
FCF | 0.3483* |
(1.8110) | |
RD_Intensity | − 0.2499 |
(− 0.0947) | |
BoardSize | 2.0132*** |
(4.1978) | |
Duality | − 0.5162*** |
(− 3.7830) | |
Indep | 5.2272*** |
(4.3418) | |
Managerial | 0.5162** |
(2.3100) | |
Female | 0.1206 |
(0.1354) | |
SSE | − 0.5298*** |
(− 2.9779) | |
Year effects | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes |
AR(1) test (p value) | 0.000 |
AR(2) test (p value) | 0.321 |
Standard errors | Corrected |
Sargan test over-identification (p value) | 0.000 |
Hansen test over-identification (p value) | 0.271 |
No. of obs | 4226 |
No. of Firms | 770 |
7 Further analysis
Dependent variable = | MTB | MTB |
---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | |
Financial_D | 0.1499** | − 0.3726 |
(2.0077) | (− 1.6366) | |
CSRSCORE | 0.0128*** | 0.0086*** |
(4.9353) | (3.0613) | |
Financial_D × CSRSCORE | 0.0135*** | |
(2.6196) | ||
SOE | 0.1627* | 0.1658* |
(1.8480) | (1.8761) | |
Size | − 0.7958*** | − 0.7986*** |
(− 17.8648) | (− 17.9244) | |
Age | 0.2725*** | 0.2834*** |
(3.6667) | (3.8009) | |
Lev | 2.2256*** | 2.2409*** |
(6.4790) | (6.5378) | |
ROA | 0.2998 | 0.3098 |
(0.2210) | (0.2285) | |
HERF10 | 1.3995*** | 1.3968*** |
(4.2678) | (4.2582) | |
BoardSize | − 0.0912 | − 0.0720 |
(− 0.4928) | (− 0.3882) | |
Duality | 0.0454 | 0.0499 |
(0.4954) | (0.5461) | |
Indep | 2.1335*** | 2.1258*** |
(3.1564) | (3.1473) | |
_intercept | 19.4528*** | 19.6150*** |
(20.7528) | (20.9106) | |
Year effects | Yes | Yes |
Industry effects | Yes | Yes |
No. of obs | 4526 | 4526 |
Adj. R-square | 0.279 | 0.280 |