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International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal

Erschienen in:

01.09.2016

A configurational approach to understanding gender differences in entrepreneurial activity: a fuzzy set analysis of 40 countries

verfasst von: Krista B. Lewellyn, Maureen I. Muller-Kahle

Erschienen in: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal | Ausgabe 3/2016

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Abstract

This paper explores entrepreneurial activity for men and women across 40 countries. Building on research grounded in social cognitive and institutional theories, we propose a configurational approach to explore how effects of different causal conditions are interdependent in explaining gender specific entrepreneurial activity. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we find that no one causal element is sufficient for promoting entrepreneurial activity. Instead micro-level attributes of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and opportunity recognition in combination with macro-level business environment formal institutions and national culture create configurations of conditions that lead to high levels of entrepreneurial activity amongst men and women. Moreover, the causal factors configure in different ways for male and female entrepreneurs. This study demonstrates the value of using a configurational analytical technique to explore together the micro- and macro- complexities of what drives men and women around the world to engage in entrepreneurial activity.

Vorheriger Artikel What’s new in female entrepreneurship research? Answers from the literature

Nächster Artikel Evaluating the impact of prior experience in entrepreneurial intention

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Detailed explanations of the principles and methods of calibration are provided by Ragin (2008, pp. 71–105) and Schneider and Wagemann (2012, pp. 31–41)

Consistency values reflect the degree to which the cases (countries) sharing a given condition or combination of conditions agree in the occurrence of a given outcome (EA) and is calculated as follows (Ragin 2008: 134):

Consistency of condition or combination X as a subset of the outcome Y: (X_i ≤ Y_i) = ∑[min(X_i,Y_i)]/ ∑(X_i)

Based on Boolean algebra, the software first creates a truth table of the 2^k (k = number of conditions) possible combinations^. Based on the frequency and consistency thresholds set, any combinations that do not meet those values are deleted. The fsQCA software employs the Quine-McCluskey algorithm to simplify the causal combinations. Ragin (2008) provides an in-depth discussion of the specific steps.

Other recommended ways of selecting minimum consistency thresholds, include using values where there are gaps in the raw consistency values reported in the truth table (Ragin 2008). For our data, these occurred at 0.83 and 0.87 for men and women, on either side of our chosen value of 0.85. As we are interested in comparing the combinations between men and women we deemed it more appropriate to use the same threshold value for both. Subsequent analysis using 0.83 for men and 0.87 for women gave identical results as those we report

Coverage values should only be calculated after confirming that consistency values are at an appropriate level. Coverage and consistency often move in opposing directions, such that high consistency leads to low coverage. Coverage is calculated as follows (Ragin 2008): Coverage of condition or combination X as a subset of the outcome Y: (X_i ≤ Y_i) = ∑[min(X_i,Y_i)]/ ∑(Y_i)

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Titel: A configurational approach to understanding gender differences in entrepreneurial activity: a fuzzy set analysis of 40 countries
verfasst von: Krista B. Lewellyn
Maureen I. Muller-Kahle
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2016
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal / Ausgabe 3/2016
Print ISSN: 1554-7191
Elektronische ISSN: 1555-1938
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0366-3

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