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Cognitive Neurodynamics
Erschienen in: Cognitive Neurodynamics 1/2010

01.03.2010 | Review

Mapping of contextual modulation in the population response of primary visual cortex

verfasst von: David M. Alexander, Cees Van Leeuwen

Erschienen in: Cognitive Neurodynamics | Ausgabe 1/2010

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Abstract

We review the evidence of long-range contextual modulation in V1. Populations of neurons in V1 are activated by a wide variety of stimuli outside of their classical receptive fields (RF), well beyond their surround region. These effects generally involve extra-RF features with an orientation component. The population mapping of orientation preferences to the upper layers of V1 is well understood, as far as the classical RF properties are concerned, and involves organization into pinwheel-like structures. We introduce a novel hypothesis regarding the organization of V1’s contextual response. We show that RF and extra-RF orientation preferences are mapped in related ways. Orientation pinwheels are the foci of both types of features. The mapping of contextual features onto the orientation pinwheel has a form that recapitulates the organization of the visual field: an iso-orientation patch within the pinwheel also responds to extra-RF stimuli of the same orientation. We hypothesize that the same form of mapping applies to other stimulus properties that are mapped out in V1, such as colour and contrast selectivity. A specific consequence is that fovea-like properties will be mapped in a systematic way to orientation pinwheels. We review the evidence that cytochrome oxidase blobs comprise the foci of this contextual remapping for colour and low contrasts. Neurodynamics and motion in the visual field are argued to play an important role in the shaping and maintenance of this type of mapping in V1.
Nächster Artikel Ecological expected utility and the mythical neural code

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Fußnoten
1
To be exact, a hypercolumn encompasses the input from both eyes, such that what is described here is effectively half of a hypercolumn.
 
2
The position p G can be determined empirically as the centre of the aggregate RF of all z G in the local map. Aggregate RF is defined as the union of individual receptive fields of the population of neurons.
 
3
Similar arguments have been used to explain the uptake of metabolic and anatomical tracer in layer 4C. The cortical magnification factor can be thought of as rescaling cone densities to an essentially flat distribution of colour selectivity in the input layer of V1 (Tootell et al. 1988b). The cortical magnification factor increases more steeply toward the fovea than does the density of ganglion cells in the monkey retina (Silveira et al. 1993; Azzopardi and Cowey 1996); this may be why intra-ocular [3H]-proline uptake in the granular layers labels the foveal region of V1 more faintly than the periphery (Adams and Horton 2003).
 
4
We should recall that our review is not directly concerned with patterns of response properties of individual neurons but with the spatial organization of the population response. It is logically possible, for example, that within a CO blob, neurons of a particular orientation preference are interspersed with colour selective neurons in a 'salt and pepper' fashion. It may also be worth emphasizing that the mapping of spatial gradients in the retina to spatial gradients in local maps of context does not determine the exact tuning characteristics of individual neurons in V1. Contextual responses in V1 differ markedly from response characteristics in the retina, yet both can still display a related spatial organization.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Mapping of contextual modulation in the population response of primary visual cortex
verfasst von
David M. Alexander
Cees Van Leeuwen
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2010
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Cognitive Neurodynamics / Ausgabe 1/2010
Print ISSN: 1871-4080
Elektronische ISSN: 1871-4099
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-009-9098-9

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