nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.12.2011

Multiple Effects of Changes in Arctic Snow Cover

verfasst von: Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Ross D. Brown, Pavel Ya. Groisman, Niklas Labba, Vladimir Radionov, Raymond S. Bradley, Sylvie Blangy, Olga N. Bulygina, Torben R. Christensen, Jonathan E. Colman, Richard L. H. Essery, Bruce C. Forbes, Mads C. Forchhammer, Vladimir N. Golubev, Richard E. Honrath, Glenn P. Juday, Anna V. Meshcherskaya, Gareth K. Phoenix, John Pomeroy, Arja Rautio, David A. Robinson, Niels M. Schmidt, Mark C. Serreze, Vladimir P. Shevchenko, Alexander I. Shiklomanov, Andrey B. Shmakin, Peter Sköld, Matthew Sturm, Ming-ko Woo, Eric F. Wood

Erschienen in: Ambio | Sonderheft 1/2011

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Snow cover plays a major role in the climate, hydrological and ecological systems of the Arctic and other regions through its influence on the surface energy balance (e.g. reflectivity), water balance (e.g. water storage and release), thermal regimes (e.g. insulation), vegetation and trace gas fluxes. Feedbacks to the climate system have global consequences. The livelihoods and well-being of Arctic residents and many services for the wider population depend on snow conditions so changes have important consequences. Already, changing snow conditions, particularly reduced summer soil moisture, winter thaw events and rain-on-snow conditions have negatively affected commercial forestry, reindeer herding, some wild animal populations and vegetation. Reductions in snow cover are also adversely impacting indigenous peoples’ access to traditional foods with negative impacts on human health and well-being. However, there are likely to be some benefits from a changing Arctic snow regime such as more even run-off from melting snow that favours hydropower operations.

Vorheriger Artikel The Changing Face of Arctic Snow Cover: A Synthesis of Observed and Projected Changes

Nächster Artikel Arctic Freshwater Ice and Its Climatic Role

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Aanes, R., B.E. Saether, and N.A. Oritsland. 2000. Fluctuations of an introduced population of Svalbard reindeer: the effects of density dependence and climatic variation. Ecography 23: 437–443.CrossRef

Adam, J.C., A.F. Hamlet, and D.P. Lettenmaier. 2009. Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the 21st century. Hydrologic Processes 23: 962–972.CrossRef

AMAP. 2011. Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the arctic (SWIPA). Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), 542.

Aziz, A.O.I., and D.H. Burn. 2006. Trends and variability in the hydrological regime of the Mackenzie River Basin. Journal of Hydrology 319: 282–294.CrossRef

Barry, R.G., R. Armstrong, T. Callaghan, J. Cherry, S. Gearheard, A. Nolin, D. Russell, and C. Zöckler. 2007. Snow. In Global outlook for Ice & Snow, ed. UNEP. ISBN: 978-92-807-2799-9.

Bartsch, A., T. Kumpula, B.C. Forbes, and F. Stammler. 2010. Detection of snow surface thawing and refreezing in the Eurasian Arctic using QuikSCAT: Implications for reindeer herding. Ecological Applications 20: 2346–2358.CrossRef

Bewley, D., J.W. Pomeroy, and R.L.H. Essery. 2007. Solar radiation transfer through a subarctic shrub canopy. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 39: 365–374.CrossRef

Beier, C.M., S.E. Sink, P.E. Hennon, D.V. D’Amore, and G.P. Juday. 2008. Twentieth-century warming and the dendroclimatology of declining yellow-cedar forests in southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38: 1319–1334.CrossRef

Bhatt, U.S., D.A. Walker, M.K. Raynolds, J.C. Comiso, H.E. Epstein, G.S. Jia, R. Gens, J.E. Pinzon, et al. 2010. Circumpolar Arctic tundra vegetation change is linked to sea ice decline. Earth Interactions 14: 1–20.CrossRef

Bjerregaard, P., T.K. Young, E. Dewailly, and S.O.E. Ebbesson. 2004. Indigenous health in the Arctic: an overview of the circumpolar Inuit population. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 32: 390–395.CrossRef

Bokhorst, S., J.W. Bjerke, H. Tömmervik, T.V. Callaghan, and G.K. Phoenix. 2009. Winter warming events damage sub-Arctic vegetation: consistent evidence from an experimental manipulation and a natural event. Journal of Ecology 97: 1408–1415.CrossRef

Bull, W.B., P. Schlyter, and S. Brogaard. 1995. Lichenometric analysis of the Kärkerieppe slush-avalanche fan, Kärkevagge, Sweden. Geografiska Annaler 77A: 231–248.CrossRef

Bulygina, O.N., N.N. Korshunova, and V.N. Razuvaev. 2007. Changes in snow cover characteristics in recent decades. In Proceedings of the RIHMI-WDC, vol. 173, 54–66 (in Russian).

Bulygina, O.N., V.N. Razuvaev, and N.N. Korshunova. 2009. Changes in snow cover over Northern Eurasia in the last few decades. Environmental Research Letters 4: 045026. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045026.CrossRef

Bulygina O.N., P. Ya. Groisman, V.N. Razuvaev, and N.N. Korshunova. 2011. Changes in snow cover characteristics over northern Eurasia since 1966. Environmental Research Letters 6:045204. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045204.

Callaghan, T.V., and C.E. Tweedie. 2011. Multi-Decadal Changes in Tundra Environments and Ecosystems: The International Polar Year Back to the Future Project. Ambio 40: 555–716.CrossRef

Callaghan, T.V., M. Johansson, R.D. Brown, P. Ya. Groisman, N. Labba, and V. Radionov. 2011a. Chapter 4. Changing snow cover and its impacts. In Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).

Callaghan, T.V., M. Johansson, R.D. Brown, P. Ya. Groisman, N. Labba, and V. Radionov et al. 2011b. The changing face of Arctic snow cover: A synthesis of observed and projected changes. In Arctic cryosphere—Changes and impacts, ed. T.V. Callaghan, M. Johansson, and T.D. Prowse. Ambio 40(S1). doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0212-y.

Callaghan, T.V., M. Johansson, O. Anisimov, H.H. Christiansen, A. Instanes, V. Romanovsky, and S. Smith. 2011c. Chapter 5: Changing permafrost and its impacts. In Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).

Clark, M.P., and M.C. Serreze. 2000. Effects of variations in east Asian snow cover on modulating atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Climate 13: 3700–3710.CrossRef

Curtis, T., S. Kvermmo, and P. Bjerregaard. 2005. Changing living conditions, life style and health. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 64: 442–450.

Daerga, L., A. Edin-Liljegren, and P. Sjölander. 2004. Work-related musculoskeletal pain among reindeer herding Sami in Sweden–a pilot study on causes and prevention. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 63: 343–348.

Dawson, J., P.T. Maher, and D. Scott Solcombe. 2007. Climate change, marine tourism, and sustainability in the Canadian Arctic: Contributions from Systems and complexity approaches. Tourism in Marine 4: 69–83.CrossRef

Déry, S.J., and R.D. Brown. 2007. Recent Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent trends and implications for the snow-albedo feedback. Geophysical Research Letters 34: L22504. doi:10.1029/2007GL031474,2007.CrossRef

Dietz, R., J. Pacyna, and D.J. Thomas. 1998. Heavy Metals. Chapter 7, In AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment programme (AMAP). Norway: Oslo.

Dingman, S.L. 2002. Physical hydrology, 2nd edition. Chapter 5: snow and snowmelt, 159–209. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Euskirchen, E.S., A.D. McGuire, D.W. Kicklighter, Q. Zhuang, J.S. Clein, R.J. Dargaville, D.G. Dye, J.S. Kimball, et al. 2006. Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems. Global Change Biology 12: 731–750.CrossRef

Euskirchen, E.S., A.D. Mcguire, and F.S. Chapin III. 2007. Energy feedbacks of northern high-latitude ecosystems to the climate system due to reduced snow cover during 20th century warming. Global Change Biology 13: 2425–2438.CrossRef

Evans, B.M., D.A. Walker, C.S. Benson, E.A. Nordstrand, and G.W. Petersen. 1989. Spatial interrelationships between terrain, snow distribution and vegetation patterns at an arctic foothills site in Alaska. Holarctic Ecology 12: 270–278.

Fahnestock, J.T., M.H. Jones, P.D. Brooks, D.A. Walker, and J.M. Welker. 1998. Winter and early spring CO2 efflux from tundra communities of northern Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 103(D22): 29023–29027.CrossRef

Fernandes, R., H. Zhao, X. Wang, J. Key, X. Qu, and A. Hall. 2009. Controls on Northern Hemisphere snow albedo feedback quantified using satellite Earth observations. Geophysical Research Letters 36: L21702. doi:10.1029/2009GL040057,2009.CrossRef

Fletcher, C.G., P.J. Kushner, A. Hall, and X. Qu. 2009a. Circulation responses to snow albedo feedback in climate change. Geophysical Research Letters 36: L09702. doi:10.1029/2009GL038011.CrossRef

Fletcher, C.G., S.C. Hardiman, P.J. Kushner, and J. Cohen. 2009b. The dynamical response to snow cover perturbations in a large ensemble of atmospheric GCM integrations. Journal of Climate 22: 1208–1222. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2505.1.CrossRef

Forbes, B.C. 2008. Equity, vulnerability and resilience in social-ecological systems: a contemporary example from the Russian Arctic. Research in Social Problems and Public Policy 15: 203–236.CrossRef

Forchhammer, M.C., N.M. Schmidt, T.T. Høye, T.B. Berg, D.K. Hendrichsen, and E. Post. 2008. Population dynamical responses to climate change. Advances in Ecological Research 40: 391–420.CrossRef

Furgal, C. and T.D. Prowse. 2008. Northern Canada. In From impacts to adaptation: canada in a changing climate 2007, ed. D.S. Lemmen, F.J. Warren, J. Lacroix, and E. Busch, 57–118. Ottawa: Government of Canada.

Gode, J., J. Axelsson, S. Eriksson, K. Holmgren, G. Hovsenius, E. Kjellström, P. Larsson, L. Lundström, and G. Persson. 2007. Tänkbara konsekvenser för energisektorn av klimatförändringar—Effekter, sårbarhet, anpassning. [Possible consequences of climate change on the energy sector—effects, vulnerability and adaptation] Elforsk rapport 07:39 (in Swedish).

Golubeva, N.I. 2007. Pollution of Arctic atmosphere by toxic heavy metals. Biology and Oceanography of Northern Sea Route. The Barents and Kara Seas. Moscow: Nauka, 173–189 (in Russian).

Gong, G., D. Entekhabi, J. Cohen, and D. Robinson. 2004. Sensitivity of atmospheric response to modeled snow anomaly characteristics. Journal of Geophysical Research 109: D06107. doi:10.1029/2003JD004160.CrossRef

Grogan, P., and S. Jonasson. 2006. Ecosystem CO₂ production during winter in a Swedish subarctic region: the relative importance of climate and vegetation type. Global Change Biology 12: 1479–1495.CrossRef

Groisman, P.Ya., T.R. Karl, R.W. Knight, and G.L. Stenchikov. 1994a. Changes of snow cover, temperature, and the radiative heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of Climate 7: 1633–1656.CrossRef

Groisman, P.Ya., T.R. Karl, and R.W. Knight. 1994b. Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures. Science 263: 198–200.CrossRef

Gude, M., and D. Scherer. 1995. Snowmelt and slush torrents–Preliminary report from a field campaign in Kärkevagge, Swedish Lappland. Geografiska Annaler 77A: 199–206.CrossRef

Hansen, J.C., B. Deutch, and J.Ø. Odland. 2008. Dietary Transition and Contaminants in the Arctic; Emphasis on Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health (suppl 2), 91 pp.

Hassler, S., P. Sjölander, R. Johansson, H. Grönberg, and L. Damber. 2004. Fatal accidents among reindeer herding Sami in Sweden. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 63: 384–388.

Hedstrom, N.R., and J.W. Pomeroy. 1998. Measurement and modelling of snow interception in the boreal forest. Hydrological Processes 12: 1611–1625.CrossRef

Heikkinen, T., R. Österback, V. Peltola, T. Jartti, and R. Vainionpää. 2008. Human metapneumovirous infections in children. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal 14: 101–106.CrossRef

Helle, T., and I. Kojola. 2008. Demographics in an alpine reindeer herd: effects of density and winter weather. Ecography 31: 221–230.CrossRef

Hennon, P., D. D’Amore, D. Wittwer, A. Johnson, P. Schaberg, G. Hawley, C. Beier, S. Sink, and G. Juday. 2006. Climate warming. Reduced snow, and freezing injury could explain the demise of yellow-cedar in southeast Alaska, USA. World Resource Review 18: 427–445.

Holland, M.M., J. Finnis, and M.C. Serreze. 2006. Simulated Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets in the 20^th and 21^st centuries. Journal of Climate 19: 6221–6242.CrossRef

Hörnfeldt, B., T. Hipkiss, and U. Eklund. 2005. Fading out of vole and predator cycles? Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences B 272: 2045–2049.CrossRef

Johansson, C. V.A. Pohjola, T.V. Callaghan, and C. Jonasson. 2011. Changes in snow characteristics in sub-Arctic Sweden. In: Multi-decadal changes in tundra environments and ecosystems: The international polar year back to the future Project, ed. T.V. Callaghan, and C.E. Tweedie. Ambio 40: 555–574.

Juday, G.P. 2009. Boreal forests and climate change. In: Oxford companion to global change, ed. A. Goudie, and D. Cuff. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-19-532488-4.

Kallenborn, R. R. Macdonald, C. Halsall, J. Pawlak, and T. Bidleman. 2011. Contaminant pathways and change in the cryosphere. Chapter 11.3. In Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).

Kattsov, V.M., J.E. Walsh, W.L. Chapman, V.A. Govorkova, T.V. Pavlova, and X. Zhang. 2007. Simulation and projection of Arctic freshwater budget components by the IPCC AR4 Global Climate Models. Journal of Hydrometeorology 8: 571–589.CrossRef

Kausrud, K.L., A. Mysterud, H. Steen, J.O. Vik, E. Østbye, B. Cazelles, E. Framstad, A.M. Eikeset, et al. 2008. Linking climate change to lemming cycles. Nature 456: 93–97.CrossRef

Kilpelainen, A., H. Gregow, H. Strandman, S. Kellomaki, A. Venalainen, and H. Peltola. 2010. Impacts of climate change on the risk of snow-induced forest damage in Finland. Climatic Change 99: 193–209.CrossRef

King J.C., J.W. Pomeroy, D.M. Gray, C. Fierz, P.M.B. Föhn, R.J. Harding, R.E. Jordan, E. Martin, and C. Plüss. 2008. Snow-atmosphere energy and mass balance. In: Snow and climate ed. R.L. Armstrong, and E. Brun, 70–124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kumpula, J., and A. Colpaert. 2003. Effects of weather and snow conditions on reproduction and survival of semi- domesticated reindeer (R.t. tarandus). Polar Research 22: 225–233.CrossRef

Larsen, K.S., P. Grogan, S. Jonasson, and S. Michelsen. 2007. Respiration and microbial dynamics in two subarctic ecosystems during winter and spring thaw: effects of increased snow depth. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 39: 268–276.CrossRef

Lazar, B., and M. Williams. 2008. Climate change in western ski areas: Potential changes in the timing of wet avalanches and snow quality for the Aspen ski area in the years 2030 and 2100. Cold Regions Science and Technology 51: 219–228.CrossRef

Lehning, M., P. Bartelt, R.L. Brown, T. Russi, U. Stöckli, and M. Zimmerli. 1999. Snowpack model calculations for avalanche warning based upon a new network of weather and snow stations. Cold Regions Science and Technology 30: 145–157.CrossRef

Madsen, J., M. Tamstorf, M. Klaassen, N. Eide, C. Glahder, F. Rigét, H. Nyegaard, and F. Cottaar. 2007. Effects of snow cover on the timing and success of reproduction in high-Arctic pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus. Polar Biology 30: 1363–1372.CrossRef

Mech, L.D. 2004. Is climate affecting wolf populations in the high Arctic? Climatic Change 67: 87–93.CrossRef

Meyer, A., K. Ladefoged, P. Poulsen, and A. Koch. 2008. Population-based survey of invasive bacterial diseases in Greenland, 1995–2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal 14: 16–19.

Moen, J. 2008. Climate Change: Effects on the Ecological Basis for Reindeer Husbandry in Sweden. Ambio 37: 304–311.CrossRef

Miller, F.L., and S.J. Barry. 2009. Long-term control of peary caribou numbers by unpredictable, exceptionally severe snow or ice conditions in a non-equilibrium grazing system. Arctic 62: 175–189.

Molotch, N.P., P.D. Blanken, M.W. Williams, A.A. Turnipseed, R.K. Monson, and S.A. Margulis. 2007. Estimating sublimation of intercepted and sub-canopy snow using eddy covariance systems. Hydrological Processes 21: 1567–1575.CrossRef

Näyhä, S. 2005. Environmental temperature and mortality. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 64: 451–458.

Nobrega, S., and P. Grogan. 2007. Deeper snow enhances winter respiration from both plant-associated and bulk soil carbon pools in birch hummock tundra. Ecosystems 10: 419–431.CrossRef

Parkinson, A.J., and J.C. Butler. 2005. Potential impacts of climate change on infectious diseases in the Artic. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 64: 478–486.

Pomeroy, J.W. and E. Brun. 2001. Physical properties of snow Chapter 2, In Snow ecology, ed. H. G. Jones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pomeroy, J.W., D.S. Bewley, R.L.H. Essery, N.R. Hedstrom, T. Link, R.J. Granger, J.-E. Sicart, C.R. Ellis, and J.R. Janowicz. 2006. Shrub Tundra Snowmelt. Hydrological Processes 20: 923–941.CrossRef

Pomeroy, J.W., D. Marks, T. Link, C. Ellis, J. Hardy, A. Rowlands, and R. Granger. 2009. The impact of coniferous forest temperature on incoming longwave radiation to melting snow. Hydrological Processes 23: 2513–2525.CrossRef

Prowse, T.D., K. Alfredsen, S. Beltaos, B. Bonsal, C. Duguay, A. Korhola, J. McNamara, W.F. Vincent et al. 2011. Changing lake and river ice regimes: Trends, effects and implications. In Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).

Prowse, T.D., K. Alfredsen, S. Beltaos, B.R. Bonsal, C. Duguay, A. Korhola, J. McNamara, R. Pienitz, et al. 2012. Past and future changes in Arctic lake and river ice. In Arctic cryosphere—Changes and impacts, ed. T.V. Callaghan, M. Johansson, and T.D. Prowse. Ambio 40(S1). doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0216-7.

Rawlins, M.A., M. Steele, M.M. Holland, J.C. Adams, J.E. Cherry, et al. 2010. Analysis of the Arctic system for freshwater cycle intensification: Observations and expectations. Journal of Climate 23: 5715–5737.CrossRef

Rennert, K.J., G. Roe, J. Putkonen, and C.M. Bitz. 2009. Soil thermal and ecological impacts of rain on snow events in the circumpolar Arctic. Journal of Climate 22: 2302–2315.CrossRef

Riseth, J.Å., H. Tømmervik, E. Helander-Renvall, V. Pohjola, N.T. Labba, N. Labba, E.A. Niia, H. Kuhmunen, A. Schanche, C. Jonasson, C. Johansson, L.-E. Sarri, J.W. Bjerke, E. Malnes, and T.V. Callaghan. 2010. “Snow and Ice” Sami TEK and Science in concert for understanding climate change effects on reindeer pasturing. Polar Record 47: 202–217.CrossRef

Robinson, R.A., et al. 2009. Travelling through a warming world: climate change and migratory species. Endangered Species Research 7: 87–99.CrossRef

Saxe, H., G.R. Melvin, M.G.R. Cannell, O. Johnsen, M.G. Ryan, and G. Vourlitis. 2001. Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming. New Phytologist 149: 369–400.CrossRef

Sharp, M., M. Ananicheva, A. Arendt, J-O Hagen, R. Hock, E. Joseberger, R.D. Moore, W.T. Pfeffer, and G.J. Wolken. 2011. Chapter 7: Mountain glaciers and ice caps. In Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).

Sicart, J.-E., J.W. Pomeroy, R.L.H. Essery, J. Hardy, T. Link, and D. Marks. 2004. A sensitivity study of daytime net radiation during snowmelt to forest canopy and atmospheric conditions. Journal of Hydrometeorology 5: 774–784.CrossRef

Sitch, S., C. Huntingford, N. Gedney, P.E. Levy, M. Lomas, S.L. Piao, R. Betts, P. Ciais, et al. 2008. Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs). Global Change Biology 14: 2015–2039.CrossRef

Snyder, J.M., and B. Stonehouse. 2007. Prospects for polar tourism. Wallingford: Cabi Publishing.CrossRef

Starr, G., S.F. Oberbauer, and L.E. Ahlquist. 2008. The photosynthetic response of Alaskan tundra plants to increased season length and soil warming. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40: 181–191.CrossRef

Stewart, E.J. 2007. Sustainable cruise tourism in Arctic Canada: An integrated coastal management approach. Tourism in Marine Environments 3: 77–88.CrossRef

Stewart, E.J., S.E.L. Howell, D. Draper, J. Yackel, and A. Tivy. 2007. Sea ice in Canada’s Arctic: Implications for cruise tourism. Arctic 60: 370–380.

Stirling, I., and T.G. Smith. 2004. Implications of warm temperatures and an unusual rain event for the survival of ringed seals on the coast on southeastern Baffin Island. Arctic 57: 59–67.

Tape, K., M. Sturm, and C. Racine. 2006. The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biology 12: 686–702.CrossRef

Turunen, M., P. Soppela, H. Kinnunen, M.-L. Sutinen, and F. Martz. 2009. Does climate change influence the availability and quality of reindeer forage plants? Polar Biology 32: 813–832. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0609-2.CrossRef

Walland, D.J., and I. Simmonds. 1997. Modeled atmospheric response to changes in Northern Hemisphere snow cover. Climate Dynamics 13: 25–34.CrossRef

Walker, D.A., W.D. Billings, and J.G. De Molenaar. 2001. Snow-vegetation interactions in tundra environments, pp 266–324. In Snow Ecology: an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems, ed. H.G. Jones, J.W. Pomeroy, D.A. Walker, and R.W. Hoham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Walsh, J.E., J.E. Overland, P.Y. Groisman, and B. Rudolf. 2011a. Chapter 2: Arctic climate: Recent variations. In Snow, water, ice and permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).

Walsh, J.E., J.E. Overland, P.Y. Groisman, and B. Rudolf. 2011b. Ongoing climate change in the Arctic. In Arctic cryosphere—Changes and impacts, ed. T.V. Callaghan, M. Johansson, and T.D. Prowse. Ambio 40(S1). doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0211-z.

Wolf, A., K. Larsson, and T.V. Callaghan. 2008. Future vegetation changes in the Barents Region. Climatic Change 87: 51–73.CrossRef

Woo, M.K. 1980. Hydrology of a small lake in the Canadian High Arctic. Arctic and Alpine Research 12: 227–235.CrossRef

Woo, M.K., and X.J. Guan. 2006. Hydrological connectivity and seasonal storage change of tundra ponds in a polar oasis environment, Canadian High Arctic. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 17: 309–323.CrossRef

Yarie, J.H. 2008. Effects of moisture limitation on tree growth in upland and floodplain forest ecosystems in interior Alaska. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 1055–1063.CrossRef

Titel: Multiple Effects of Changes in Arctic Snow Cover
verfasst von: Terry V. Callaghan
Margareta Johansson
Ross D. Brown
Pavel Ya. Groisman
Niklas Labba
Vladimir Radionov
Raymond S. Bradley
Sylvie Blangy
Olga N. Bulygina
Torben R. Christensen
Jonathan E. Colman
Richard L. H. Essery
Bruce C. Forbes
Mads C. Forchhammer
Vladimir N. Golubev
Richard E. Honrath
Glenn P. Juday
Anna V. Meshcherskaya
Gareth K. Phoenix
John Pomeroy
Arja Rautio
David A. Robinson
Niels M. Schmidt
Mark C. Serreze
Vladimir P. Shevchenko
Alexander I. Shiklomanov
Andrey B. Shmakin
Peter Sköld
Matthew Sturm
Ming-ko Woo
Eric F. Wood
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2011
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Ambio / Ausgabe Sonderheft 1/2011
Print ISSN: 0044-7447
Elektronische ISSN: 1654-7209
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0213-x

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 1/2011

Preface

Ongoing Climate Change in the Arctic

Arctic Societies, Cultures, and Peoples in a Changing Cryosphere

Arctic Cryosphere: Changes and Impacts

Past and Future Changes in Arctic Lake and River Ice

Feedbacks and Interactions: From the Arctic Cryosphere to the Climate System