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2016 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Asian Foreign Policy in a Changing Arctic

The Diplomacy of Economy and Science at New Frontiers

verfasst von: Aki Tonami

Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book examines the growing interest by Asian states, which are normally considered as ‘outsiders’ in the Arctic governance system. Whilst existing research asserts that Asian states are mostly interested in the economic aspect of the changing Arctic, including its mineral and fossil sources and the opening up of new sea routes, the book argues that the relation between Asian states and the Arctic is much more complex and dynamic, grounded in their unique perspective on national security and the role of economic development in securing their national interests.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Climatic changes and their effects in the Arctic have revealed the need for significant adjustments to the existing Arctic governance system. One example of this is the growing interest by Asian states, which are normally considered as Arctic “outsiders.” Existing research asserts that Asian states are mostly interested in the economic aspect of the changing Arctic, be it vast deposits of mineral sources, fossil sources, or the opening of the new sea routes, with an underlying assumption that they take a Machiavellian approach in their international relations. On the contrary, I argue that the relation of Asian states and the Arctic is much more complex and dynamic, grounded on their unique perspective on national security and the role of economic development in securing their national interests.
Aki Tonami
Chapter 2. China’s Arctic Policy
Abstract
China entered the Arctic as part of its “omnidirectional diplomacy” from the late 1990s, branching out and going global, supported by rapid economic growth. As a “near-Arctic state,” China has a strong desire to understand the implications of a changing Arctic, due to its potentially beneficial or harmful effects. China regards itself as deserving a say in Arctic affairs, given its global prominence and rise in economic and political power elsewhere. China’s interest in the Arctic lies mostly in the economic sphere, and China seeks to pursue economic security via energy development projects and new shipping routes. China has not been reticent about marking that the Arctic has a political significance but is also very conscious of how it is seen by other actors.
Aki Tonami
Chapter 3. Japan’s Arctic Policy
Abstract
With a history of polar engagement, Japan takes a liberal position in the Arctic and tries to promote multilateral solutions. Japan’s official Arctic policy lists global environment, indigenous peoples, science and technology, the rule of law and international cooperation, sea routes, natural resources, and national security as areas of priority. This rather all-embracing Arctic policy is due to a policy-making process of an iron triangle composed of bureaucracy, politicians, and business groups, each of which hold varying interests. Japan regards the Arctic as a region too difficult to generate any financial benefits in the short term, but sufficiently important to continue planting flags to be used in the future; in doing so, science and technology, including scientific research, is considered as a useful tool.
Aki Tonami
Chapter 4. Arctic Policy of South Korea (Republic of Korea)
Abstract
Despite its recent entry into the Arctic arena, South Korea envisages itself as a future Polar leading nation with an official Arctic policy that aims to strengthen international cooperation, scientific research activities, and Arctic business. Supported by the chaebol big business groups, Korea openly expresses its interest in exploring commercial opportunities in the Arctic. Korea attempts to kill many birds with one stone; Korean modern technologies can be used to solve environmental problems in the Arctic while boosting the Korean domestic economy, thereby enhancing Korea’s international profile. Meanwhile, Korea’s ability to swiftly adapt to changing internal and external environments, newly established or adjusted policies and institutions can lack a holistic view on the matter to be tackled, as, for example, tensions over maritime safety policy show.
Aki Tonami
Chapter 5. Singapore’s Arctic Policy
Abstract
Singapore regards itself as vulnerable to the external environment due to its size, geography, and ethnic diversity. Singapore perceives developments in the Arctic, particularly the emergence of the new sea route, could potentially threaten Singapore’s position as a maritime node and make Singapore a global irrelevance as with other historic maritime powers, such as Venice. Because Singapore is a developmental state where the legitimacy of the leadership and the bureaucratic management of the economy are intricately entwined with economic prosperity, challenges to the economy are perceived as national security challenges. To manage this vulnerability and counter-potential economic and security challenges, Singapore takes a proactive stance of utilizing international or multilateral organizations of Arctic governance and seeks to exert influence beyond its size.
Aki Tonami
Chapter 6. India’s Arctic Policy
Abstract
India tends to look at its Arctic engagement through an Antarctic lens, preferring to treat the Arctic as a global commons subject to an international legal regime similar to the Antarctic Treaty. India’s foreign policy towards the Arctic is backed by a pragmatic awareness of an intra-Asia competition against China, a sense of victimization under colonialism and a deep desire to gain and regain status especially regarding territories. Some refer to the need to relate the Arctic to the Himalayas, the “third pole” of the world, but this idea appears to remain conceptual. It remains to be seen whether India’s actions will match its rhetoric in the Arctic.
Aki Tonami
Chapter 7. Conclusions
Abstract
Asian states’ Arctic policies incorporate various tools of economic diplomacy. They use more of political tools to achieve primarily economic goals, rather than economic tools to achieve primarily political goals. Of the five Asian states, China, Japan, and South Korea are more actively engaged in the Arctic using similar approaches in order to secure long-term economic goals. These findings confirm that, for the time being, Asian states regard the economic aspect of the Arctic as far more important than the political aspect. As countries that pursue state-led development, achieving economic security, the economic prosperity, and political stability of a nation remain their primary motivation. Nonetheless, there remain questions around China’s ultimate objective in the Arctic.
Aki Tonami
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Asian Foreign Policy in a Changing Arctic
verfasst von
Aki Tonami
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Electronic ISBN
978-1-137-53746-1
Print ISBN
978-1-137-53745-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53746-1

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