1 Background
1.1 Free trade, free trade agreements, and the evolution of NAFTA
Intermediate inputs | Final goods | Intermediate inputs exports’ share of total exports | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | Mexico | USA | Canada | Mexico | USA | Canada | Mexico | USA | |
1995 | 81,391 | 30,412 | 102,715 | 62,041 | 26,187 | 58,351 | 56.7 | 53.7 | 63.8 |
1996 | 90,274 | 36,345 | 115,757 | 67,332 | 34,221 | 63,644 | 57.3 | 51.5 | 64.5 |
1997 | 97,474 | 42,118 | 136,498 | 73,487 | 43,449 | 77,090 | 57.0 | 49.2 | 63.9 |
1998 | 99,859 | 40,275 | 138,907 | 79,102 | 49,790 | 81,816 | 55.8 | 44.7 | 62.9 |
1999 | 111,244 | 46,962 | 150,267 | 94,142 | 58,085 | 85,785 | 54.2 | 44.7 | 63.7 |
2000 | 130,064 | 57,633 | 175,508 | 105,014 | 69,347 | 95,668 | 55.3 | 45.4 | 64.7 |
2001 | 128,109 | 52,388 | 155,203 | 128,109 | 52,104 | 128,027 | 56.8 | 42.6 | 63.2 |
2002 | 121,539 | 56,774 | 152,120 | 95,732 | 71,367 | 86,908 | 55.9 | 44.3 | 63.6 |
2003 | 134,088 | 60,532 | 156,656 | 101,022 | 69,265 | 90,548 | 57.0 | 46.6 | 63.4 |
2004 | 159,687 | 83,741 | 174,647 | 112,083 | 64,714 | 96,904 | 58.8 | 56.4 | 64.3 |
2005 | 184,378 | 95,448 | 189,270 | 118,424 | 64,383 | 106,489 | 60.9 | 59.7 | 64.0 |
2006 | 196,919 | 112,236 | 204,882 | 121,682 | 76,028 | 115,882 | 61.8 | 59.6 | 63.9 |
2007 | 204,808 | 120,462 | 220,043 | 124,304 | 77,643 | 127,677 | 62.2 | 60.8 | 63.3 |
2008 | 219,896 | 126,529 | 220,022 | 108,145 | 78,349 | 132,211 | 67.0 | 61.8 | 62.5 |
2009 | 154,063 | 91,760 | 173,648 | 84,295 | 72,391 | 108,179 | 64.6 | 55.9 | 61.6 |
2010 | 187,719 | 126,712 | 222,595 | 99,017 | 86,498 | 130,855 | 65.5 | 59.4 | 63.0 |
2011 | 217,057 | 149,499 | 260,142 | 109,225 | 99,947 | 155,451 | 66.5 | 59.9 | 62.6 |
Canada | Mexico | USA | |
---|---|---|---|
Intermediate inputs
| |||
Primary goods | 11.2 | 14.2 | 3.5 |
Manufacturing | 41.6 | 36.3 | 51.3 |
A. Manufacturing industries based on natural resources | 12.5 | 2.2 | 8.5 |
B. Medium-tech manufacturing industries | 16.3 | 9.1 | 19.5 |
C. High-tech manufacturing industries | 11.8 | 21.7 | 22.8 |
D. Manufacturing, Nec; Recycling | 1.0 | 3.3 | 0.5 |
Other exports | 6.9 | 2.2 | 8.7 |
Final goods
| |||
Primary goods | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.6 |
Manufacturing | 37.4 | 44.5 | 34.5 |
A. Manufacturing industries based on natural resources | 6.1 | 7.5 | 7.1 |
B. Medium-tech manufacturing industries | 4.3 | 1.8 | 3.5 |
C. High-tech manufacturing industries | 24.8 | 34.0 | 22.4 |
D. Manufacturing, Nec; Recycling | 2.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 |
Other exports | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2.3 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
2 Methods
2.1 Value-added and employment content in trade
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Balance of trade in value added and its factorial distribution
Canada | Mexico | USA | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VA | Direct VA | GV | VA/GV | DVA/VA | VA | Direct VA | GV | VA/GV | DVA/GV | VA | Direct VA | GV | VA/GV | DVA/GV | |
1995 | 90,882 | 50,870 | 143,432 | 63.4 | 56.0 | 34,707 | 19,373 | 56,599 | 61.3 | 55.8 | 120,574 | 57,983 | 161,066 | 74.9 | 48.1 |
1996 | 100,951 | 56,058 | 157,606 | 64.1 | 55.5 | 43,233 | 25,693 | 70,566 | 61.3 | 59.4 | 134,923 | 64,871 | 179,402 | 75.2 | 48.1 |
1997 | 107,024 | 60,215 | 170,961 | 62.6 | 56.3 | 51,940 | 31,535 | 85,566 | 60.7 | 60.7 | 160,962 | 76,211 | 213,589 | 75.4 | 47.3 |
1998 | 111,230 | 62,987 | 178,961 | 62.2 | 56.6 | 53,508 | 31,282 | 90,065 | 59.4 | 58.5 | 168,216 | 80,728 | 220,723 | 76.2 | 48.0 |
1999 | 128,723 | 74,408 | 205,386 | 62.7 | 57.8 | 61,838 | 36,423 | 105,047 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 178,123 | 84,748 | 236,052 | 75.5 | 47.6 |
2000 | 148,640 | 84,407 | 235,078 | 63.2 | 56.8 | 74,116 | 44,829 | 126,980 | 58.4 | 60.5 | 201,246 | 97,676 | 271,176 | 74.2 | 48.5 |
2001 | 145,453 | 80,429 | 225,673 | 64.5 | 55.3 | 72,472 | 42,696 | 122,966 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 185,994 | 89,140 | 245,443 | 75.8 | 47.9 |
2002 | 141,618 | 77,202 | 217,272 | 65.2 | 54.5 | 76,765 | 44,898 | 128,141 | 59.9 | 58.5 | 183,293 | 91,142 | 239,029 | 76.7 | 49.7 |
2003 | 157,294 | 85,703 | 235,110 | 66.9 | 54.5 | 76,877 | 45,825 | 129,797 | 59.2 | 59.6 | 188,624 | 92,897 | 247,204 | 76.3 | 49.2 |
2004 | 179,219 | 99,659 | 271,769 | 65.9 | 55.6 | 86,539 | 53,274 | 148,454 | 58.3 | 61.6 | 198,233 | 104,486 | 271,551 | 73.0 | 52.7 |
2005 | 202,210 | 113,375 | 302,802 | 66.8 | 56.1 | 95,020 | 58,125 | 159,831 | 59.4 | 61.2 | 214,300 | 110,495 | 295,759 | 72.5 | 51.6 |
2006 | 211,100 | 118,462 | 318,601 | 66.3 | 56.1 | 112,605 | 70,396 | 188,264 | 59.8 | 62.5 | 230,425 | 119,465 | 320,764 | 71.8 | 51.8 |
2007 | 219,029 | 123,094 | 329,112 | 66.6 | 56.2 | 118,660 | 74,921 | 198,105 | 59.9 | 63.1 | 250,371 | 125,861 | 347,720 | 72.0 | 50.3 |
2008 | 220,479 | 130,105 | 328,041 | 67.2 | 59.0 | 123,914 | 78,675 | 204,878 | 60.5 | 63.5 | 248,779 | 123,217 | 352,233 | 70.6 | 49.5 |
2009 | 166,852 | 94,459 | 238,358 | 70.0 | 56.6 | 98,531 | 58,262 | 164,151 | 60.0 | 59.1 | 215,604 | 112,081 | 281,827 | 76.5 | 52.0 |
2010 | 200,423 | 110,507 | 286,737 | 69.9 | 55.1 | 124,664 | 77,149 | 213,210 | 58.5 | 61.9 | 257,778 | 138,824 | 353,450 | 72.9 | 53.9 |
2011 | 226,512 | 127,604 | 326,283 | 69.4 | 56.3 | 147,124 | 94,797 | 249,446 | 59.0 | 64.4 | 293,773 | 160,338 | 415,593 | 70.7 | 54.6 |
Brazil | Canada | China | India | Mexico | Russia | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B_Xa
| B_VA | B_X | B_VA | B_X | B_VA | B_X | B_VA | B_X | B_VA | B_X | B_VA | |
1995 | −2202 | −2776 | 30,351 | 6384 | 27,569 | 19,909 | 5398 | 3637 | 4276 | −4561 | −436 | −18 |
1996 | −1768 | −2556 | 38,533 | 11,904 | 28,695 | 21,527 | 5904 | 4033 | 4354 | −6872 | −435 | 256 |
1997 | −4135 | −4633 | 31,683 | 3062 | 36,178 | 27,637 | 7639 | 5381 | 4469 | −9968 | −1013 | −290 |
1998 | −2469 | −3308 | 40,851 | 7574 | 43,009 | 34,301 | 8834 | 6003 | −318 | −16,453 | 809 | 1271 |
1999 | 1200 | −374 | 59,331 | 20,176 | 43,406 | 33,265 | 10,991 | 7456 | 4158 | −14,856 | 1232 | 1676 |
2000 | 2752 | 439 | 73,942 | 31,084 | 55,253 | 40,319 | 15,393 | 10,725 | 3480 | −18,305 | 271 | 1953 |
2001 | 3820 | 859 | 76,059 | 35,070 | 54,529 | 40,055 | 12,953 | 8846 | 13,776 | −11,972 | −1408 | 652 |
2002 | 7851 | 4242 | 67,455 | 29,297 | 71,435 | 51,397 | 14,169 | 9510 | 25,413 | −3051 | −97 | 2142 |
2003 | 9026 | 5675 | 75,610 | 37,076 | 89,077 | 59,813 | 11,529 | 7688 | 27,927 | −917 | 958 | 3120 |
2004 | 11,496 | 7749 | 92,167 | 48,512 | 122,499 | 76,264 | 19,372 | 11,685 | 39,512 | 8161 | 4223 | 7288 |
2005 | 12,206 | 8802 | 104,319 | 58,140 | 160,200 | 101,180 | 26,526 | 14,720 | 43,690 | 12,523 | 4810 | 10,301 |
2006 | 11,465 | 8672 | 104,973 | 57,795 | 187,396 | 120,968 | 32,667 | 18,103 | 58,655 | 20,827 | 5265 | 12,869 |
2007 | 8482 | 5884 | 100,066 | 53,612 | 217,141 | 140,649 | 29,398 | 15,012 | 54,786 | 17,342 | 4100 | 10,749 |
2008 | 6675 | 4290 | 97,995 | 57,379 | 223,870 | 153,902 | 27,524 | 13,551 | 55,782 | 20,294 | 6669 | 17,432 |
2009 | −2807 | −3306 | 52,199 | 23,310 | 187,676 | 131,522 | 40,236 | 15,338 | 47,469 | 12,810 | 3666 | 9603 |
2010 | −7778 | −7025 | 57,278 | 29,536 | 229,216 | 155,549 | 48,790 | 19,755 | 60,348 | 18,982 | 10,693 | 17,693 |
2011 | −6969 | −6866 | 66,414 | 37,669 | 237,503 | 159,112 | 51,581 | 22,468 | 60,211 | 19,901 | 17,035 | 23,856 |
3.2 Number of persons engaged in NAFTA and labor compensations per hour by skill levels
Canada_HS | Mexico_HS | United States_HS | Canada_MS | Mexico_MS | United States_MS | Canada_LS | Mexico_LS | United States_LS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 16.41 | 3.48 | 28.68 | 13.25 | 2.04 | 16.89 | 10.21 | 0.68 | 11.90 |
1996 | 17.21 | 3.61 | 29.07 | 13.33 | 2.14 | 17.37 | 10.19 | 0.70 | 12.09 |
1997 | 18.26 | 4.09 | 30.39 | 13.32 | 2.39 | 17.74 | 10.21 | 0.82 | 12.83 |
1998 | 17.81 | 4.14 | 31.86 | 13.01 | 2.44 | 18.44 | 9.67 | 0.82 | 12.66 |
1999 | 18.88 | 4.54 | 33.82 | 13.22 | 2.68 | 19.56 | 9.78 | 0.91 | 12.93 |
2000 | 19.65 | 5.24 | 37.38 | 13.87 | 3.15 | 19.87 | 10.20 | 1.11 | 13.25 |
2001 | 19.61 | 5.56 | 39.07 | 13.71 | 3.40 | 20.67 | 10.28 | 1.20 | 13.72 |
2002 | 19.97 | 5.75 | 40.50 | 13.78 | 3.48 | 22.07 | 9.83 | 1.23 | 13.89 |
2003 | 22.78 | 5.19 | 43.23 | 16.10 | 3.16 | 23.53 | 11.48 | 1.09 | 15.26 |
2004 | 25.24 | 4.99 | 45.35 | 17.89 | 2.98 | 23.76 | 12.80 | 1.02 | 15.02 |
2005 | 28.01 | 5.46 | 47.48 | 20.17 | 3.40 | 24.41 | 14.06 | 1.13 | 15.39 |
2006 | 31.71 | 5.81 | 50.00 | 22.56 | 3.58 | 25.12 | 15.35 | 1.20 | 15.82 |
2007 | 34.37 | 6.01 | 50.39 | 24.92 | 3.76 | 25.95 | 17.54 | 1.19 | 16.41 |
2008 | 36.23 | 5.83 | 51.50 | 26.13 | 3.72 | 26.17 | 18.07 | 1.12 | 16.64 |
2009 | 33.98 | 4.72 | 52.00 | 23.61 | 2.99 | 26.52 | 15.54 | 0.89 | 16.37 |
2010 | 39.71 | 4.71 | 52.35 | 27.76 | 3.07 | 26.73 | 18.18 | 0.90 | 16.57 |
2011 | 43.35 | 4.75 | 52.20 | 30.33 | 3.12 | 26.69 | 19.82 | 0.90 | 16.52 |