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2014 | Buch

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Mapping Antarctica

A Five Hundred Year Record of Discovery

verfasst von: Robert Clancy, John Manning, Henk Brolsma

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Springer Praxis Books

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

Everyone likes maps and maps are always used to illustrate the many books on the Antarctic. Here the focus is reversed with contemporary maps telling the story – one that should be attractive to the widest audience as it is a unique approach complimenting what has gone before and providing something different for all interested in Antarctica.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Arctic and Antarctic Regions are not Poles Apart

Abstract

Sir Clements Markham recorded essential relationships between the Arctic and Antarctica in his book, The Lands of Silence: A History of Arctic and Antarctic Exploration published posthumously in 1921.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 2. Drivers of Discovery

Abstract

Discovery is rarely pure accident. The hypothesis may be wrong but explorers usually have an idea of what they are looking for. The discovery of Antarctica was the result of whittling away at an expected southern land mass.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 3. Antarctica: The Concept—from Ptolemy to Cook

Abstract

Today the Antarctic is most commonly defined as the land and sea south of 60S, an area dominated by a continental landmass surrounding the South Pole and largely covered by ice. Popular use of the name ‘‘Antarctica’’, however, only came about after scattered sightings of land at high latitude were made in the early part of the 19th century.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 4. Antarctica: the Reality—from Cook to the International Geographical Congress

Abstract

James Cook bequeathed to Antarctic geography knowledge of the limits to the size of the two continental landmasses contained within the Southern Hemisphere. Less obvious, but no less important, was the example he set to the 19th century voyager: to combine their reason for adventure—be it commerce or science—with the urge to explore and document new discoveries.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 5. Antarctica: The Heroic Age—Heroes, Legends, and Land

Abstract

The heroic age of Antarctic exploration dates from the International Geographical Congress held in London in 1895, when Antarctica was identified at an international level as the next great challenge for exploration. It can be said to have ended in 1921 with the death of Sir Ernest Shackleton off South Georgia.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 6. Antarctica—Wings Over the Continent:From Wilkins to War

Abstract

On December 20, 1928 Hubert Wilkins with Ben Eielson took off from a roughlyfashioned airstrip on Deception Island to fly southeast across Bransfield Strait andclimb above the Graham Land plateau and then south to a latitude of 71_200S,and in his words ‘‘to realize that for the first time human eyes—our eyes—weregoing to see it—for the first time in history new land was being discovered fromthe air.’’ Exploration in Antarctica was changed forever

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 7. Antarctica 1940–1960: A Second World Warand a New Order of Business

Abstract

The Second World War was to have a very different impact on the global politicalpicture and its effect on Antarctica than its predecessor. The First World Warpunctuated the end of the heroic age of Antarctic exploration, with its Eurocentricfocus stopping Antarctic exploration in its tracks! This was a predictable outcomefor a war that was in everyone’s backyard, characterized by patriotism andsupport for king and country. Following the First World War the world wasreduced in size by a revolution in communication and transport systems. TheFirst World War dominated to the extent that news of Shackleton’s survival—astory of unparalleled endurance against the odds—failed to make the front pageof London papers. The equally dramatic story of Shackleton’s support partystranded at the Ross Sea was largely forgotten. It was a decade after war’send before the next chapter of Antarctic discovery was to begin—and then paradoxicallywith a technology owing much to the war effort: aerial survey introducedby the Australian aviator Sir Hubert Wilkins in 1928.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 8. Consolidation of Political Interest and National Mapping Programs (1950–2010)

Abstract

In the period following the Second World War and before the Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959, the focus on Antarctica became increasingly a national one, especially from those nations connected by discovery. The idea of ‘‘national claims’’ had been around for 50 years, with individual enthusiasm and flag flying dating back to the times of James Cook and William Smith. Events around the Second World War sharpened interest in Antarctica, including Germany’s challenge to Norwegian interests in Dronning Maud Land and Britain’s reinforcement of its ‘‘rights’’ in the Antarctic Peninsula.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 9. Antarctic Science Comes of Age: Window on the World (1960–2010)

Abstract

In 1961 the Antarctic Treaty came into effect and science became a major item on the Antarctic agenda. For scientific advice the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) leant heavily for advice on the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) which had been established in 1958. The SCAR Executive Secretariat was based in the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge and by 1987 had 18 nations as full members and a total of 10 permanent working parties.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Chapter 10. Atlas Maps

Abstract

The atlas map has defined the genre of antiquarian maps over the last century, for both the collector and the student of historic cartography. The atlas evolved as a commercial response to an opportunity provided by the educated and wealthy being hungry for the latest information on new discoveries in a previously unknown world, and of changes in the world they knew.

Robert Clancy, John Manning, Hank Brolsma

Backmatter

Titel: Mapping Antarctica
verfasst von: Robert Clancy
John Manning
Henk Brolsma
Copyright-Jahr: 2014
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN: 978-94-007-4321-2
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4320-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4321-2