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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Measurement Techniques

verfasst von : Klaus Bengler, Heiner Bubb, Christian Lange, Carmen Aringer-Walch, Nicole Trübswetter, Antonia Conti-Kufner, Markus Zimmermann

Erschienen in: Automotive Ergonomics

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Abstract

Any new development of a vehicle is only justified if it is characterised by innovations of what has been available so far. Since innovations generally require high technical and financial expenditure for their realisation, it is necessary to ensure by means of tests whether the expected effect (safety, usability, attractiveness, etc.) is actually achieved before a complex production and market offer is realised. The techniques explained in the previous chapter are applied here in practice. The scientific requirements for experiments are defined by the demand for objectivity (the result is independent of test conditions and of the person carrying out the test), reliability (a repetition of the experiment comes to the same result) and validity (it is really measured what is subject of the investigation). An attempt is made to meet these requirements by means of appropriate experimental design. A distinction is made between objective and subjective measurements. The objective measurements include individual anthropometric measures, postures and body movements, contact forces, eye movements, measurements of performance when performing a driving task and the acquisition of physiological parameters. Subjective measurements are characterized by interviewing test subjects. Therefore, fundamental aspects of the so-called psychophysics are explained followed by questions on interview techniques and the creation and use of standardized questionnaires.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Methods of Ergonomic Vehicle Development

Nächstes Kapitel Statistical Methods

In principle, the PCMAN method can also be combined with the shadow crack method. Due to the lack of information about the individual body parts, however, this adjustment process is very uncomfortable for the user and also leads to worse results. The idea to enable an automatic adjustment with the combination of shadow crack method and PCMAN has not proven to be successful so far.

The LCD-based lens of the shutter glasses becomes milky and therefore opaque by applying a voltage.

recently active electrodes..

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In acoustics, the sound intensity I = R represents the stimulus. At a frequency of 1000 Hz the currently perceivable intensity I₀ with 10⁻¹² W/m² is specified. c = 10 is set. The volume level E = L, which is referred to as the sensation and is dimensionless in itself, is then given in decibels [dB]. Between the sound pressure level Δp measurable at a microphone and the intensity I there is proportionality I ≈ (Δp)². The currently perceivable sound pressure is specified with Δp₀ = 2 · 10⁻¹² N/m². This makes the connection: \( L=10\cdot \log \frac{I}{I_0}=20\cdot \log \frac{\varDelta p}{\varDelta {\mathrm{p}}_0} \)

In the acoustic field, Stevens found that (at a tone from 1000 Hz) from a volume level of L = 40 dB, an increase of 10 dB corresponds to a doubling of the perceived volume E. This allows the constants c and n to be calculated for Steven’s power law. It reads: \( E=\frac{1}{16}\cdot {\left(\frac{\varDelta p}{\varDelta {\mathrm{p}}_0}\right)}^{0.6} \)

e. g.: Which acceleration, depending on the speed level, leads to the sensation of a speed change?

e. g.: Which deceleration of acceleration is just felt during an acceleration process?

The relative frequency or the percentage suggests that this statement refers to a larger stratum of the population. As shown in 7 Chap. 12, such a generalization requires a representative sample or, in the case of a random sample, at least a sufficiently large number of subjects. In most practical cases, however, this is not actually the case (even with test persons in the range between 30 and 50!).

Many test subjects obviously find it difficult to understand the application of semantic differentials correctly. It is the experience of many experimenters that this is made much easier by offering clear positions (due to the phenomenon of the “tendency towards the centre”, it is also recommended to offer an even number of boxes if possible; see 7 Sect. 11.3.2.3).

In principle, this relationship can also be multidimensional. If one has to assume that several influencing variables lead to a sensation (e.g. this is the case with temperature sensation, where the influences air temperature, humidity, air movement and radiation influence lead to a “felt temperature”), the experimental effort increases accordingly.

For example, it cannot be assumed at all that there is a direct correlation between the local pressure values measured at the contact surface between the test person and the seat and the perceived discomfort (Hartung 2006; Mergl 2006).

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Titel: Measurement Techniques
verfasst von: Klaus Bengler
Heiner Bubb
Christian Lange
Carmen Aringer-Walch
Nicole Trübswetter
Antonia Conti-Kufner
Markus Zimmermann
Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Buch: Automotive Ergonomics
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-33940-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-33941-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33941-8_11

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