Skip to main content

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Mechanistic Insight into the Coagulation Efficiency of Polysaccharide-based Coagulants

verfasst von : Nurudeen A. Oladoja, Ph.D., Emmanuel I. Unuabonah, Ph.D., Omotayo S. Amuda, Ph.D., Olatunji M. Kolawole, Ph.D.

Erschienen in: Polysaccharides as a Green and Sustainable Resources for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In order to optimise the coagulation efficiencies of polysaccharide-based coagulants (PBC), it is expedient that the underlying coagulation mechanism of this green resource should be elucidated to enable proper understanding of the process. Consequently, the present chapter provides an overview of the active coagulating species in PBCs that have been investigated in water and wastewater treatment operations. Based on the identities of the different active coagulating species in PBC, an insight into the underlying coagulation mechanisms of these varieties of coagulants are provided in this chapter.  

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat I. Simkovic, Review: What could be greener than composites made from polysaccharides? Carbohydr. Polym. 74, 759–762 (2008)CrossRef I. Simkovic, Review: What could be greener than composites made from polysaccharides? Carbohydr. Polym. 74, 759–762 (2008)CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Tiwari, Polysaccharides: Development, Properties and Applications (Nova Science Publisher Inc., New York, 2010) A. Tiwari, Polysaccharides: Development, Properties and Applications (Nova Science Publisher Inc., New York, 2010)
3.
Zurück zum Zitat E.V. Datskevich, V.V. Goncharuk, Perspectives for the use of polysaccharides in water treatment: a short review with examples. Appl. Res. Polysaccharides, 41–71 (2015) E.V. Datskevich, V.V. Goncharuk, Perspectives for the use of polysaccharides in water treatment: a short review with examples. Appl. Res. Polysaccharides, 41–71 (2015)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Hossain Md, I.H. Mondal Md, Biodegradable surfactant from natural starch for the reduction of environmental pollution and safety for water living organism. Int. J. Innov. Res. Adv. Eng. 1, 424–433 (2014) M. Hossain Md, I.H. Mondal Md, Biodegradable surfactant from natural starch for the reduction of environmental pollution and safety for water living organism. Int. J. Innov. Res. Adv. Eng. 1, 424–433 (2014)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat E.E. Haslan, Comprehensive Organic Chemistry: The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds, Biological Compounds, vol. 5 (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985) E.E. Haslan, Comprehensive Organic Chemistry: The Synthesis and Reactions of Organic Compounds, Biological Compounds, vol. 5 (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat J.F. Kennedy, Chemically reactive derivatives of polysaccharides. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 29, 305–405 (1974)CrossRef J.F. Kennedy, Chemically reactive derivatives of polysaccharides. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 29, 305–405 (1974)CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Lee, N. Morad, T. Teng, B.J. Poh, Development, characterization and the application of hybrid materials in coagulation/flocculation of wastewater: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 203, 370–386 (2012)CrossRef K. Lee, N. Morad, T. Teng, B.J. Poh, Development, characterization and the application of hybrid materials in coagulation/flocculation of wastewater: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 203, 370–386 (2012)CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Crini, Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Prog. Polym. Sci. 30, 38–70 (2005)CrossRef G. Crini, Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Prog. Polym. Sci. 30, 38–70 (2005)CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat L.S. Oliveira, A.S. Franca, Food Sciences and Technology, vol. 171 (Nova Publishers New Research, New York, 2008) L.S. Oliveira, A.S. Franca, Food Sciences and Technology, vol. 171 (Nova Publishers New Research, New York, 2008)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Renault, B. Sancey, P.M. Badot, G. Crini, Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes–an eco-friendly approach. Eur. Polym. J. 45, 1337–1348 (2009)CrossRef F. Renault, B. Sancey, P.M. Badot, G. Crini, Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes–an eco-friendly approach. Eur. Polym. J. 45, 1337–1348 (2009)CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Matilainen, M. Versalainen, N. Sillanpaa, Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: a review. Adv. Colloid Int. Sci. 159, 189–197 (2010)CrossRef A. Matilainen, M. Versalainen, N. Sillanpaa, Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: a review. Adv. Colloid Int. Sci. 159, 189–197 (2010)CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat M.M. Kemp, R.J. Linhardt, Heparin based nanoparticles. WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2, 77–87 (2010)CrossRef M.M. Kemp, R.J. Linhardt, Heparin based nanoparticles. WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2, 77–87 (2010)CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Trindade, A.L. Daniel-Da-Silva, Biofunctional composites of polysaccharides containing inorganic nanoparticles, in Advances in Nanocomposite Technology, ed. by D.A. Hashim (InTech, 2011) T. Trindade, A.L. Daniel-Da-Silva, Biofunctional composites of polysaccharides containing inorganic nanoparticles, in Advances in Nanocomposite Technology, ed. by D.A. Hashim (InTech, 2011)
14.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Corot, P. Robert, J.M. Idée, M. Port, Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58, 1471–1504 (2006)CrossRef C. Corot, P. Robert, J.M. Idée, M. Port, Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58, 1471–1504 (2006)CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat S.E. Bailey, T.J. Olin, R.M. Bricka, D.D. Adrian, A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals. Water Res. 33, 2469–2479 (1999)CrossRef S.E. Bailey, T.J. Olin, R.M. Bricka, D.D. Adrian, A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals. Water Res. 33, 2469–2479 (1999)CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat M.N.V.R. Kumar, A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React. Funct. Polym. 46, 1–27 (2000)CrossRef M.N.V.R. Kumar, A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React. Funct. Polym. 46, 1–27 (2000)CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Synowiecki, N.A. Al-Khateeb, Production, properties, and some new applications of chitin and its derivatives. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 43, 145–171 (2003)CrossRef J. Synowiecki, N.A. Al-Khateeb, Production, properties, and some new applications of chitin and its derivatives. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 43, 145–171 (2003)CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat P.A. Sandford, J. Baird (eds.), Industrial Utilization of Polysaccharides (Academic Press, New York, 1983) P.A. Sandford, J. Baird (eds.), Industrial Utilization of Polysaccharides (Academic Press, New York, 1983)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat O.B. Wurzburg (ed.), Modified Starches: Properties and Uses (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1986) O.B. Wurzburg (ed.), Modified Starches: Properties and Uses (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1986)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Crini, N. Morin, J.C. Rouland, L. Janus, M. Morcellet, S. Bertini, Adsorption de beta-naphtol sur des gels de cyclodextrine-carboxyme thylcellulose reticulés. Eur. Polym. J. 38, 1095–1103 (2002)CrossRef G. Crini, N. Morin, J.C. Rouland, L. Janus, M. Morcellet, S. Bertini, Adsorption de beta-naphtol sur des gels de cyclodextrine-carboxyme thylcellulose reticulés. Eur. Polym. J. 38, 1095–1103 (2002)CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Singh, R. Sharma, U.C. Banerjee, Biotechnological applications of cyclodextrins. Biotechnol. Adv. 20, 341–359 (2002)CrossRef M. Singh, R. Sharma, U.C. Banerjee, Biotechnological applications of cyclodextrins. Biotechnol. Adv. 20, 341–359 (2002)CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Babel, T.A. Kurniawan, Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 97, 219–243 (2003)CrossRef S. Babel, T.A. Kurniawan, Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 97, 219–243 (2003)CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat A.J. Varma, S.V. Deshpande, J.F. Kennedy, Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydr. Polym. 55, 77–93 (2004)CrossRef A.J. Varma, S.V. Deshpande, J.F. Kennedy, Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydr. Polym. 55, 77–93 (2004)CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat E.M.M. Del-Valle, Cyclodextrins and their uses: a review. Proc. Biochem. 39, 1033–1046 (2004)CrossRef E.M.M. Del-Valle, Cyclodextrins and their uses: a review. Proc. Biochem. 39, 1033–1046 (2004)CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Polaczek, F. Starzyk, K. Malenki, P. Tomasik, Inclusion complexes of starches with hydrocarbons. Carbohydr. Polym. 43, 291–297 (2000)CrossRef E. Polaczek, F. Starzyk, K. Malenki, P. Tomasik, Inclusion complexes of starches with hydrocarbons. Carbohydr. Polym. 43, 291–297 (2000)CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat W. Ciesielski, C.Y. Lii, M.T. Yen, P. Tomasik, Interactions of starch with salts of metals from the transition groups. Carbohydr. Polym. 51, 47–56 (2003)CrossRef W. Ciesielski, C.Y. Lii, M.T. Yen, P. Tomasik, Interactions of starch with salts of metals from the transition groups. Carbohydr. Polym. 51, 47–56 (2003)CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Bratby, Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 2nd edn. (IWA Publishing, 2007) J. Bratby, Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 2nd edn. (IWA Publishing, 2007)
29.
Zurück zum Zitat C.C. Dorea, Use of Moringa spp. seeds for coagulation: a review of a sustainable option. Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply 6, 219–227 (2006) C.C. Dorea, Use of Moringa spp. seeds for coagulation: a review of a sustainable option. Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply 6, 219–227 (2006)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat S.Y. Choy, K.M.N. Prasad, T.Y. Wu, M.E. Raghunandan, R.N. Ramanan, Utilization of plant-based natural coagulants as future alternatives towards sustainable water clarification. J. Environ. Sci. 26, 2178–2189 (2014)CrossRef S.Y. Choy, K.M.N. Prasad, T.Y. Wu, M.E. Raghunandan, R.N. Ramanan, Utilization of plant-based natural coagulants as future alternatives towards sustainable water clarification. J. Environ. Sci. 26, 2178–2189 (2014)CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat G.S. Simate, S.E. Iyuke, S. Ndlovu, M. Heydenrych, L.F. Walubita, Human health effects of residual carbon nanotubes and traditional water treatment chemicals in drinking water. Environ. Int. 39, 38–49 (2012)CrossRef G.S. Simate, S.E. Iyuke, S. Ndlovu, M. Heydenrych, L.F. Walubita, Human health effects of residual carbon nanotubes and traditional water treatment chemicals in drinking water. Environ. Int. 39, 38–49 (2012)CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Vijayaraghavan, T. Sivakumar, A. Vimal Kumar, Application of plant based coagulants for wastewater treatment. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Stud. 1 (2011) G. Vijayaraghavan, T. Sivakumar, A. Vimal Kumar, Application of plant based coagulants for wastewater treatment. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Stud. 1 (2011)
33.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Rudén, Acrylamide and cancer risk—expert risk assessments and the public debate. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42, 335–349 (2004)CrossRef C. Rudén, Acrylamide and cancer risk—expert risk assessments and the public debate. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42, 335–349 (2004)CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Nkhata, Moringa as an alternative to aluminium sulphate, in Procroceedings of People and Systems for Water, Sanitation and Health 27thWEDC Conference, Lusaka, Zambia, 236–238 (2001) D. Nkhata, Moringa as an alternative to aluminium sulphate, in Procroceedings of People and Systems for Water, Sanitation and Health 27thWEDC Conference, Lusaka, Zambia, 236–238 (2001)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat N.A. Oladoja, Headway on natural polymeric coagulants in water and wastewater treatment operations. J. Water Process Eng. 6, 174–192 (2015)CrossRef N.A. Oladoja, Headway on natural polymeric coagulants in water and wastewater treatment operations. J. Water Process Eng. 6, 174–192 (2015)CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-medicinal Plants (Springer, New York, 2012)CrossRef T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-medicinal Plants (Springer, New York, 2012)CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat S.Z. Shaheen, K. Bolla, K. Vasu, M.A. SingaraCharya, Antimicrobial activity of the fruit extracts of Coccinia indica. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8, 7073–7076 (2009) S.Z. Shaheen, K. Bolla, K. Vasu, M.A. SingaraCharya, Antimicrobial activity of the fruit extracts of Coccinia indica. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8, 7073–7076 (2009)
38.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Boshou, H. Corley, Groundnut (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2006) L. Boshou, H. Corley, Groundnut (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2006)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat N.K. Fageria, V.C. Baligar, C.A. Jones, Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2010)CrossRef N.K. Fageria, V.C. Baligar, C.A. Jones, Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2010)CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Ahmad, P.M. Gaur, J. Croser, Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering and Crop Improvement: Grain Legumes, ed. by R.J. Singh, P.P. Jauhar (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005), pp. 187–217 F. Ahmad, P.M. Gaur, J. Croser, Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering and Crop Improvement: Grain Legumes, ed. by R.J. Singh, P.P. Jauhar (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005), pp. 187–217
42.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Brink, Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verde, in Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. Cereals and Pulses, ed. by M. Brink, G. Belay (PROTA Foundation/Backhuys Publishers/CTA, Wageningen, 2006) M. Brink, Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verde, in Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. Cereals and Pulses, ed. by M. Brink, G. Belay (PROTA Foundation/Backhuys Publishers/CTA, Wageningen, 2006)
43.
Zurück zum Zitat R.J. Frederic, The Book of Edible Nuts (Dover Publications, USA, 2004) R.J. Frederic, The Book of Edible Nuts (Dover Publications, USA, 2004)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat R.E. Peter, W. Qi, R. Phillippa, R. Yilong, R.-M. Simon, Guargum: agricultural and botanical aspects, physicochemical and nutritional properties, and its use in the development of functional foods, in Handbook of Dietary Fiber, ed. by S.S. Cho, M.L. Dreher (Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2001) R.E. Peter, W. Qi, R. Phillippa, R. Yilong, R.-M. Simon, Guargum: agricultural and botanical aspects, physicochemical and nutritional properties, and its use in the development of functional foods, in Handbook of Dietary Fiber, ed. by S.S. Cho, M.L. Dreher (Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2001)
45.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Small, Top 100 Food Plants (NRC Research Press, 2009) E. Small, Top 100 Food Plants (NRC Research Press, 2009)
46.
Zurück zum Zitat P.C.M. Jansen, Vigna angularis (Willd.), in Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. Cereals and Pulses, ed. by M. Brink, G. Belay (PROTA Foundation/Backhuys Publishers/CTA, Wageningen, 2006) P.C.M. Jansen, Vigna angularis (Willd.), in Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. Cereals and Pulses, ed. by M. Brink, G. Belay (PROTA Foundation/Backhuys Publishers/CTA, Wageningen, 2006)
47.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Diaz, N. Rincon, A. Escorihuela, N. Fernandez, E. Chacin, C. Forster, A preliminary evaluation of turbidity removal by natural coagulants indigenous to Venezuela. Process Biochem. 35, 391–395 (1999)CrossRef A. Diaz, N. Rincon, A. Escorihuela, N. Fernandez, E. Chacin, C. Forster, A preliminary evaluation of turbidity removal by natural coagulants indigenous to Venezuela. Process Biochem. 35, 391–395 (1999)CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat S.L.C. Fuentes, S.I.A. Mendoza, M.A.M. López, V.M.F. Castro, M.C.J. Urdaneta, Effectiveness of a coagulant extracted from Stenocereus griseus (Haw.) Buxb in water purification. Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia 34, 48–56 (2011) S.L.C. Fuentes, S.I.A. Mendoza, M.A.M. López, V.M.F. Castro, M.C.J. Urdaneta, Effectiveness of a coagulant extracted from Stenocereus griseus (Haw.) Buxb in water purification. Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia 34, 48–56 (2011)
49.
Zurück zum Zitat J.D. Zhang, F. Zhang, Y.H. Luo, H. Yang, A preliminary study on cactus as coagulant in water treatment. Process Biochem. 41, 730–733 (2006)CrossRef J.D. Zhang, F. Zhang, Y.H. Luo, H. Yang, A preliminary study on cactus as coagulant in water treatment. Process Biochem. 41, 730–733 (2006)CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat S.M. Miller, E.J. Fugate, V.O. Craver, J.A. Smith, J.B. Zimmerman, Toward understanding the efficacy and mechanism of Opuntia spp. as a natural coagulant for potential application in water treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 4274–4279 (2008)CrossRef S.M. Miller, E.J. Fugate, V.O. Craver, J.A. Smith, J.B. Zimmerman, Toward understanding the efficacy and mechanism of Opuntia spp. as a natural coagulant for potential application in water treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 4274–4279 (2008)CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat P.C. Mane, A.B. Bhosle, C.M. Jangam, S.V. Mukate, Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution by Opuntia: a natural polyelectrolyte. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 1, 75–80 (2011) P.C. Mane, A.B. Bhosle, C.M. Jangam, S.V. Mukate, Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution by Opuntia: a natural polyelectrolyte. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 1, 75–80 (2011)
52.
Zurück zum Zitat B.S. Shilpaa, K. Akankshaa, P. Girish, Evaluation of cactus and hyacinth bean peels as natural coagulants. Int. J. Chem. Environ. Eng. 3, 187–191 (2012) B.S. Shilpaa, K. Akankshaa, P. Girish, Evaluation of cactus and hyacinth bean peels as natural coagulants. Int. J. Chem. Environ. Eng. 3, 187–191 (2012)
53.
Zurück zum Zitat V.B. Thakre, A.G. Bhole, Relative evaluation of a few natural coagulants. J Water Supply Res. Technol. 44, 89–92 (1985) V.B. Thakre, A.G. Bhole, Relative evaluation of a few natural coagulants. J Water Supply Res. Technol. 44, 89–92 (1985)
54.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Crini, P.M. Badot, Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. Prog. Polym. Sci. 33, 399–447 (2008)CrossRef G. Crini, P.M. Badot, Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. Prog. Polym. Sci. 33, 399–447 (2008)CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Guibal, Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorvents: a review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 38, 43–74 (2004)CrossRef E. Guibal, Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorvents: a review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 38, 43–74 (2004)CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Sorlier, A. Denuzière, C. Viton, A. Domard, Relation between the degree of acetylation and the electrostatic properties of chitin and chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2, 765–772 (2001)CrossRef P. Sorlier, A. Denuzière, C. Viton, A. Domard, Relation between the degree of acetylation and the electrostatic properties of chitin and chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2, 765–772 (2001)CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Guibal, J. Roussy, Coagulation and flocculation of dye-containing solutions using a biopolymer (Chitosan). React. Funct. Polym. 67, 33–42 (2007)CrossRef E. Guibal, J. Roussy, Coagulation and flocculation of dye-containing solutions using a biopolymer (Chitosan). React. Funct. Polym. 67, 33–42 (2007)CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat M.S. Otegui, Endosperm cell walls: formation, composition and functions. Plant Cell Monographies 8, 159–174 (2007)CrossRef M.S. Otegui, Endosperm cell walls: formation, composition and functions. Plant Cell Monographies 8, 159–174 (2007)CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat V. Singh, V. Srivastava, M. Pandey, R. Sethi, R. Sanghi, Ipomoea turpethum seeds: a potential source of commercial gum. Carbohydr. Polym. 51, 357–359 (2003)CrossRef V. Singh, V. Srivastava, M. Pandey, R. Sethi, R. Sanghi, Ipomoea turpethum seeds: a potential source of commercial gum. Carbohydr. Polym. 51, 357–359 (2003)CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Buckeridge, V.R. Panagassi, D.C. Rocha, S.M.C. Dietrich, Seed galactomannan in the classification and evolution of the Leguminosae. Phytochemistry 34(4), 871–875 (1995)CrossRef M. Buckeridge, V.R. Panagassi, D.C. Rocha, S.M.C. Dietrich, Seed galactomannan in the classification and evolution of the Leguminosae. Phytochemistry 34(4), 871–875 (1995)CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat A.A. Mohamed, P. Yatas-Duarte, Nonstarchy polysaccharide analysis of cotyledon and hull of Lapinus albus. Ceral Chem. 72(6), 648–651 (1995) A.A. Mohamed, P. Yatas-Duarte, Nonstarchy polysaccharide analysis of cotyledon and hull of Lapinus albus. Ceral Chem. 72(6), 648–651 (1995)
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Y.C. Ho, I.N. Abbas, F.M. Alkarkhi, N. Morad, New vegetal biopolymeric flocculant: a degradation and flocculation study. Iran. J. Energy Environ. 5(1), 26–33 (2014) Y.C. Ho, I.N. Abbas, F.M. Alkarkhi, N. Morad, New vegetal biopolymeric flocculant: a degradation and flocculation study. Iran. J. Energy Environ. 5(1), 26–33 (2014)
63.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Saag, G. Sanderson, P. Moyna, G. Ramos, Cactaceae mucilage composition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26, 993–1000 (1975)CrossRef L. Saag, G. Sanderson, P. Moyna, G. Ramos, Cactaceae mucilage composition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 26, 993–1000 (1975)CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Matsuhiro, L. Lillo, C. Saıenz, C. Urzuıa, O. Zaırate, Chemical characterization of the mucilage from fruits of Opuntia ficus indica. Carbohydr. Polym. 63, 263–267 (2006)CrossRef B. Matsuhiro, L. Lillo, C. Saıenz, C. Urzuıa, O. Zaırate, Chemical characterization of the mucilage from fruits of Opuntia ficus indica. Carbohydr. Polym. 63, 263–267 (2006)CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Goycoolea, A. Caırdenas, Pectins from Opuntia spp.: a short review. J. Prof. Assoc. Cactus Dev. 5, 17–29 (2004) F. Goycoolea, A. Caırdenas, Pectins from Opuntia spp.: a short review. J. Prof. Assoc. Cactus Dev. 5, 17–29 (2004)
66.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Majdoub, S. Roudesli, L. Picton, D. Le-Cerf, G. Muller, M. Grisel, Prickly pear nopals pectin from Opuntia ficus indica physicochemical study in dilute and semi-dilute solutions. Carbohydr. Polym. 46, 69–79 (2001)CrossRef H. Majdoub, S. Roudesli, L. Picton, D. Le-Cerf, G. Muller, M. Grisel, Prickly pear nopals pectin from Opuntia ficus indica physicochemical study in dilute and semi-dilute solutions. Carbohydr. Polym. 46, 69–79 (2001)CrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat S.M. Miller, E.J. Fugate, V.O. Craver, J.A. Smith, J.B. Zimmerman, Toward understanding the efficacy and mechanism of Opuntia spp. as a natural coagulant for potential application in water treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 4274–4279 (2008)CrossRef S.M. Miller, E.J. Fugate, V.O. Craver, J.A. Smith, J.B. Zimmerman, Toward understanding the efficacy and mechanism of Opuntia spp. as a natural coagulant for potential application in water treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 4274–4279 (2008)CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat P.K. Raghuwanshi, M. Mandloi, A.J. Sharma, H.S. Malviya, S. Chaudhari, Improving filtrate quality using agro-based materials as coagulant aid. Water Qual. Res. J. Can. 37, 745–756 (2002) P.K. Raghuwanshi, M. Mandloi, A.J. Sharma, H.S. Malviya, S. Chaudhari, Improving filtrate quality using agro-based materials as coagulant aid. Water Qual. Res. J. Can. 37, 745–756 (2002)
69.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Sanghi, B. Bhatttacharya, V. Singh, Cassia angustifolia seed gum as an effective natural coagulant for decolourisation of dye solutions. Green Chem. 4, 252–254 (2002) R. Sanghi, B. Bhatttacharya, V. Singh, Cassia angustifolia seed gum as an effective natural coagulant for decolourisation of dye solutions. Green Chem. 4, 252–254 (2002)
70.
Zurück zum Zitat M.B. Sciban, M.T. Klasnja, J.L. Stojimirovic, Investigation of coagulation activity of natural coagulants from seeds of different leguminose. Acta Period. Technol. 36, 81–87 (2005)CrossRef M.B. Sciban, M.T. Klasnja, J.L. Stojimirovic, Investigation of coagulation activity of natural coagulants from seeds of different leguminose. Acta Period. Technol. 36, 81–87 (2005)CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Sciban, M. Klasnja, M. Antov, B. Skrbic, Removal of water turbidity by natural coagulants obtained from chestnut and acorn. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 6639–6643 (2009)CrossRef M. Sciban, M. Klasnja, M. Antov, B. Skrbic, Removal of water turbidity by natural coagulants obtained from chestnut and acorn. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 6639–6643 (2009)CrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat S.Y. Choy, K.M.N. Prasad, T.Y. Wu, R.N. Ramanan, A review on common vegetables and legumes as promising plant-based natural coagulants in water clarification. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12(1), 367–390 (2015) S.Y. Choy, K.M.N. Prasad, T.Y. Wu, R.N. Ramanan, A review on common vegetables and legumes as promising plant-based natural coagulants in water clarification. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12(1), 367–390 (2015)
73.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Ndabigengesere, K.S. Narasiah, B.G. Talbot, Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa oleifera. Water Res. 29(2), 703–710 (1995)CrossRef A. Ndabigengesere, K.S. Narasiah, B.G. Talbot, Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa oleifera. Water Res. 29(2), 703–710 (1995)CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat U. Gassenschmidt, K.D. Jany, B. Tauscher, H. Niebergall, Isolation and characterization of a flocculating protein from Moringa oleifera Lam. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1243, 477–481 (1995)CrossRef U. Gassenschmidt, K.D. Jany, B. Tauscher, H. Niebergall, Isolation and characterization of a flocculating protein from Moringa oleifera Lam. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1243, 477–481 (1995)CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Okuda, A.U. Baes, W. Nishijima, M. Okada, Improvement of extraction method of coagulation active components from Moringa oleifera seed. Water Res. 33, 3373–3378 (1999)CrossRef T. Okuda, A.U. Baes, W. Nishijima, M. Okada, Improvement of extraction method of coagulation active components from Moringa oleifera seed. Water Res. 33, 3373–3378 (1999)CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Broin, C. Santaella, S. Cuine, K. Kakou, G. Peltier, T. Joet, Flocculent activity of a recombinant protein from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 114–119 (2002)CrossRef M. Broin, C. Santaella, S. Cuine, K. Kakou, G. Peltier, T. Joet, Flocculent activity of a recombinant protein from Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 114–119 (2002)CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Okuda, A.U. Baes, W. Nishijima, M. Okada, Coagulation mechanism of salt solution-extracted active component in Moringa oleifera seeds. Water Res. 35, 830–834 (2001)CrossRef T. Okuda, A.U. Baes, W. Nishijima, M. Okada, Coagulation mechanism of salt solution-extracted active component in Moringa oleifera seeds. Water Res. 35, 830–834 (2001)CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Okuda, A.U. Baes, W. Nishijima, M. Okada, Isolation and characterization of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seed by salt solution. Water Res. 35, 405–410 (2001)CrossRef T. Okuda, A.U. Baes, W. Nishijima, M. Okada, Isolation and characterization of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seed by salt solution. Water Res. 35, 405–410 (2001)CrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Agrawal, C. Shee, A.K. Sharma, Isolation of a 66 kDa protein with coagulation activity from seeds of Moringa oleifera. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3(5), 418–421 (2007) H. Agrawal, C. Shee, A.K. Sharma, Isolation of a 66 kDa protein with coagulation activity from seeds of Moringa oleifera. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3(5), 418–421 (2007)
80.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Bratby, Coagulation and Flocculation (Uplands Press, England, 1980) J. Bratby, Coagulation and Flocculation (Uplands Press, England, 1980)
81.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Ozacar, I.A. Sengil, Effectiveness of tannins obtained from valonia as a coagulant aid for dewatering of sludge. Water Res. 34, 1407–1412 (2000)CrossRef M. Ozacar, I.A. Sengil, Effectiveness of tannins obtained from valonia as a coagulant aid for dewatering of sludge. Water Res. 34, 1407–1412 (2000)CrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Ozacar, I.A. Sengil, The use of tannins from Turkish acorns (valonia) in water treatment as a coagulant and coagulant aid. Turk. J. Eng. Environ. Sci. 26, 255–263 (2002) M. Ozacar, I.A. Sengil, The use of tannins from Turkish acorns (valonia) in water treatment as a coagulant and coagulant aid. Turk. J. Eng. Environ. Sci. 26, 255–263 (2002)
83.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Ozacar, I.A. Sengil, Evaluation of tannin biopolymer as a coagulant aid for coagulation of colloidal particles. Colloids Surf. A 229, 85–96 (2003)CrossRef M. Ozacar, I.A. Sengil, Evaluation of tannin biopolymer as a coagulant aid for coagulation of colloidal particles. Colloids Surf. A 229, 85–96 (2003)CrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat N.A. Oladoja, Y.B. Alliu, A.E. Ofomaja, I.E. Unuabonah, Synchronous attenuation of metal ions and colour in aqua stream using tannin–alum synergy. Desalination 271, 34–40 (2011)CrossRef N.A. Oladoja, Y.B. Alliu, A.E. Ofomaja, I.E. Unuabonah, Synchronous attenuation of metal ions and colour in aqua stream using tannin–alum synergy. Desalination 271, 34–40 (2011)CrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat J.R. Jeon, E.J. Kim, Y.M. Kim, K. Murugesan, J.H. Kim, Y.S. Chang, Use of grape seed and its natural polyphenol extracts as a natural organic coagulant for removal of cationic dyes. Chemosphere 77, 1090–1098 (2009)CrossRef J.R. Jeon, E.J. Kim, Y.M. Kim, K. Murugesan, J.H. Kim, Y.S. Chang, Use of grape seed and its natural polyphenol extracts as a natural organic coagulant for removal of cationic dyes. Chemosphere 77, 1090–1098 (2009)CrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat C.Y. Yin, Emerging usage of plant-based coagulants for water and wastewater treatment. Process Biochem. 45, 1437–1444 (2010)CrossRef C.Y. Yin, Emerging usage of plant-based coagulants for water and wastewater treatment. Process Biochem. 45, 1437–1444 (2010)CrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Graham, F. Gang, J. Fowler, M. Watts, Characterisation and coagulation performance of a tannin-based cationic polymer: a preliminary assessment. Colloids Surf. A 327, 9–16 (2008)CrossRef N. Graham, F. Gang, J. Fowler, M. Watts, Characterisation and coagulation performance of a tannin-based cationic polymer: a preliminary assessment. Colloids Surf. A 327, 9–16 (2008)CrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat I. Dogu, A.I. Arol, Separation of dark-colored minerals from feldspar by selective flocculation using starch. Powder Technol. 139, 258–263 (2004)CrossRef I. Dogu, A.I. Arol, Separation of dark-colored minerals from feldspar by selective flocculation using starch. Powder Technol. 139, 258–263 (2004)CrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat C.Y. Teh, T.Y. Wu, J.C. Juan, Optimization of agro-industrial wastewater treatment using unmodified rice starch as a natural coagulant. Ind. Crops Prod. 56, 17–26 (2014)CrossRef C.Y. Teh, T.Y. Wu, J.C. Juan, Optimization of agro-industrial wastewater treatment using unmodified rice starch as a natural coagulant. Ind. Crops Prod. 56, 17–26 (2014)CrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat N.A. Oladoja, Appraisal of cassava starch as coagulant aid in the alum coagulation of congo red from aqua system. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. Solut. 2(1), 47–58 (2014) N.A. Oladoja, Appraisal of cassava starch as coagulant aid in the alum coagulation of congo red from aqua system. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. Solut. 2(1), 47–58 (2014)
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Wei, F. Cheng, H. Zheng, Synthesis and flocculating properties of cationic starch derivatives. Carbohydr. Polym. 74, 673–679 (2008)CrossRef Y. Wei, F. Cheng, H. Zheng, Synthesis and flocculating properties of cationic starch derivatives. Carbohydr. Polym. 74, 673–679 (2008)CrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat S.K. Rath, R.P. Singh, Flocculation characteristics of grafted and ungrafted starch, amylose, and amylopectin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 66, 1721–1729 (1997)CrossRef S.K. Rath, R.P. Singh, Flocculation characteristics of grafted and ungrafted starch, amylose, and amylopectin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 66, 1721–1729 (1997)CrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat A.I. Zouboulis, X.L. Chai, I.A. Katsoyiannis, The application of the bioflocculant for the removal of humic acids from stabilized landfill leachates. J. Environ. Manag. 70, 35–41 (2004)CrossRef A.I. Zouboulis, X.L. Chai, I.A. Katsoyiannis, The application of the bioflocculant for the removal of humic acids from stabilized landfill leachates. J. Environ. Manag. 70, 35–41 (2004)CrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Q. Yang, K. Luo, D. Liao, X. Li, D. Wang, X. Liu, G. Zeng, X. Li, A novel bioflocculant produced by Klebsiella sp. and its application to sludge dewatering. Water Environ. J. 26, 560–566 (2012)CrossRef Q. Yang, K. Luo, D. Liao, X. Li, D. Wang, X. Liu, G. Zeng, X. Li, A novel bioflocculant produced by Klebsiella sp. and its application to sludge dewatering. Water Environ. J. 26, 560–566 (2012)CrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat U.U. Nwodo, E. Green, L.V. Mabinya, K. Okaiyeto, K. Rumbold, L.C. Obi, A.I. Okoh, Bioflocculant production by a consortium of Streptomyces and Cellulomonas species and media optimization via surface response model. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 116, 257–264 (2014)CrossRef U.U. Nwodo, E. Green, L.V. Mabinya, K. Okaiyeto, K. Rumbold, L.C. Obi, A.I. Okoh, Bioflocculant production by a consortium of Streptomyces and Cellulomonas species and media optimization via surface response model. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 116, 257–264 (2014)CrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Toeda, R. Kurane, Microbial flocculant from Alcaligenes cupidus KT 201. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55, 2793–2799 (1991) K. Toeda, R. Kurane, Microbial flocculant from Alcaligenes cupidus KT 201. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55, 2793–2799 (1991)
97.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Kurane, Y. Nohata, Microbial flocculation of waste liquids and oil emulsions by a bioflocculant from Alcaligenes latus. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55(4), 1127–1129 (1991) R. Kurane, Y. Nohata, Microbial flocculation of waste liquids and oil emulsions by a bioflocculant from Alcaligenes latus. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55(4), 1127–1129 (1991)
98.
Zurück zum Zitat H.H. Suh, G.S. Kwon, C.H. Lee, S.H. Kim, H.M. Oh, B.D. Yoon, Characterization of bioflocculant produced by Bacillus sp. DP-152. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 82(2), 108–112 (1997) H.H. Suh, G.S. Kwon, C.H. Lee, S.H. Kim, H.M. Oh, B.D. Yoon, Characterization of bioflocculant produced by Bacillus sp. DP-152. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 82(2), 108–112 (1997)
99.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Salehizadeh, S.A. Shojaosadati, Isolation and characterisation of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus firmus. Biotechnol. Lett. 24, 35–40 (2002)CrossRef H. Salehizadeh, S.A. Shojaosadati, Isolation and characterisation of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus firmus. Biotechnol. Lett. 24, 35–40 (2002)CrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat L.V. Mabinya, S. Cosa, U.U. Nwodo, A.I. Okoh, Studies on bioflocculant production by Arthrobacter sp. Raats, a freshwater bacteria isolated from Tyume River, South Africa. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, 1054–1065 (2012)CrossRef L.V. Mabinya, S. Cosa, U.U. Nwodo, A.I. Okoh, Studies on bioflocculant production by Arthrobacter sp. Raats, a freshwater bacteria isolated from Tyume River, South Africa. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, 1054–1065 (2012)CrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Prasertsan, W. Dermlim, H. Doelle, J.F. Kennedy, Screening, characterization and flocculating property of carbohydrate polymer from newly isolated Enterobacter cloacae WD7. Carbohydr. Polym. 66, 289–297 (2006)CrossRef P. Prasertsan, W. Dermlim, H. Doelle, J.F. Kennedy, Screening, characterization and flocculating property of carbohydrate polymer from newly isolated Enterobacter cloacae WD7. Carbohydr. Polym. 66, 289–297 (2006)CrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Piyo, S. Cosa, V.L. Mabinya, A.I. Okoh, Assessment of bioflocculant production by Bacillus sp. Gilbert, a marine bacterium isolated from the bottom sediment of Algoa Bay. Mar. Drugs 9, 1232–1242 (2011)CrossRef N. Piyo, S. Cosa, V.L. Mabinya, A.I. Okoh, Assessment of bioflocculant production by Bacillus sp. Gilbert, a marine bacterium isolated from the bottom sediment of Algoa Bay. Mar. Drugs 9, 1232–1242 (2011)CrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat W.W. Li, W.Z. Zhou, Y.Z. Zhang, J. Wang, X.B. Zhu, Flocculation behaviour and mechanism of exopolysaccharide from deep-sea psychrophilic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. SM9913. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 6893–6899 (2008)CrossRef W.W. Li, W.Z. Zhou, Y.Z. Zhang, J. Wang, X.B. Zhu, Flocculation behaviour and mechanism of exopolysaccharide from deep-sea psychrophilic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. SM9913. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 6893–6899 (2008)CrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat J. He, Q. Zhen, N. Qiu, Z. Liu, B. Wang, Z. Shao, Z. Yu, Medium Optimization for the production of a novel bioflocculant from Halmonas sp. V3a using response surface methodology. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 5922–5927 (2009)CrossRef J. He, Q. Zhen, N. Qiu, Z. Liu, B. Wang, Z. Shao, Z. Yu, Medium Optimization for the production of a novel bioflocculant from Halmonas sp. V3a using response surface methodology. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 5922–5927 (2009)CrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat U.U. Nwodo, A.I. Okoh, Characterization and flocculation properties of biopolymeric flocculant (glycosaminoglycan) produced by Cellulomonas sp. Okoh. J. Appl. Microbiol. 114, 1325–1337 (2012)CrossRef U.U. Nwodo, A.I. Okoh, Characterization and flocculation properties of biopolymeric flocculant (glycosaminoglycan) produced by Cellulomonas sp. Okoh. J. Appl. Microbiol. 114, 1325–1337 (2012)CrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat D.T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 2nd edn. (McCraw-Hill, London, 1978) D.T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 2nd edn. (McCraw-Hill, London, 1978)
107.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Margaritis, G.W. Pace, Microbial polysaccharides, in, Comprehensive Biotechnology, ed. by H.W. Blanch, S. Drew, D.I.C. Wang. The Practice of Biotechnology: Current Commodity Products, vol. 3 (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985), pp. 1006–1040 A. Margaritis, G.W. Pace, Microbial polysaccharides, in, Comprehensive Biotechnology, ed. by H.W. Blanch, S. Drew, D.I.C. Wang. The Practice of Biotechnology: Current Commodity Products, vol. 3 (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985), pp. 1006–1040
108.
Zurück zum Zitat J.E. Scott, Fractionation by Precipitation with Quaternary Ammonium Salts (Academic Press, New York, 1965) J.E. Scott, Fractionation by Precipitation with Quaternary Ammonium Salts (Academic Press, New York, 1965)
109.
Zurück zum Zitat G.W. Pace, R.C. Righelato (eds.), Production of Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharides (Springer, Berlin, 1980) G.W. Pace, R.C. Righelato (eds.), Production of Extracellular Microbial Polysaccharides (Springer, Berlin, 1980)
110.
Zurück zum Zitat I.W. Sutherland, Bacterial Exopolysaccharides—Their Nature and Production (Academic Press, London, 1977) I.W. Sutherland, Bacterial Exopolysaccharides—Their Nature and Production (Academic Press, London, 1977)
111.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Ikeda, A. Takemura, H. Ono, Preparation of low-molecular weight alginic acid by acid hydrolysis. J. Carbohydr. Polym. 42, 421–425 (2000)CrossRef A. Ikeda, A. Takemura, H. Ono, Preparation of low-molecular weight alginic acid by acid hydrolysis. J. Carbohydr. Polym. 42, 421–425 (2000)CrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Haug, B. Larsen, Study on the composition of alginic acid by partial acid hydrolysis. Proc. Int. Sea Weed Symp. 5, 271–277 (1966) A. Haug, B. Larsen, Study on the composition of alginic acid by partial acid hydrolysis. Proc. Int. Sea Weed Symp. 5, 271–277 (1966)
113.
Zurück zum Zitat K.I. Draget, O. Smidsrod, G. Skjak-Break, Alginates from algae, in Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry, Properties, Products and Patents (Wiley, Weinheim, 2005), pp. 1–30 K.I. Draget, O. Smidsrod, G. Skjak-Break, Alginates from algae, in Polysaccharides and Polyamides in the Food Industry, Properties, Products and Patents (Wiley, Weinheim, 2005), pp. 1–30
114.
Zurück zum Zitat A.H. King, Brown seaweed extracts (alginates), ed. by M. Glicksman (Elsevier, 1983) A.H. King, Brown seaweed extracts (alginates), ed. by M. Glicksman (Elsevier, 1983)
115.
Zurück zum Zitat G.T. Grant, E.R. Morris, D.A. Rees, P.J.C. Smith, D. Thom, Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: the egg-box model. FEBS Lett. 32, 195–198 (1973)CrossRef G.T. Grant, E.R. Morris, D.A. Rees, P.J.C. Smith, D. Thom, Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: the egg-box model. FEBS Lett. 32, 195–198 (1973)CrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat N.E. Simpson, C.L. Stabler, C.P. Simpson, A. Sambanis, The role of the CaCl2–guluronic acid interaction on alginate encapsulated βTC3 cells. J. Biomater. 25, 2603–2610 (2004) N.E. Simpson, C.L. Stabler, C.P. Simpson, A. Sambanis, The role of the CaCl2–guluronic acid interaction on alginate encapsulated βTC3 cells. J. Biomater. 25, 2603–2610 (2004)
117.
Zurück zum Zitat J.C. Crittenden, R.R. Trussell, D.W. Hand, K.J. Howe, G. Tchobanoglous, Water Treatment—Principles and Design, 2nd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2005) J.C. Crittenden, R.R. Trussell, D.W. Hand, K.J. Howe, G. Tchobanoglous, Water Treatment—Principles and Design, 2nd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2005)
118.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Duan, A. Niu, D. Shi, F. Wilson, N.J.D. Graham, Factors affecting the coagulation of seawater by ferric chloride. Desalin. Water Treat. 11, 173–183 (2009)CrossRef J. Duan, A. Niu, D. Shi, F. Wilson, N.J.D. Graham, Factors affecting the coagulation of seawater by ferric chloride. Desalin. Water Treat. 11, 173–183 (2009)CrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Duan, J. Gregory, Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 100–102, 475–502 (2003)CrossRef J. Duan, J. Gregory, Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 100–102, 475–502 (2003)CrossRef
120.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Beltrán-Heredia, J. Sánchez-Martín, G. Frutos-Blanco, Schinopsis balansae tannin-based flocculant in removing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. Sep. Purif. Technol. 67, 295–303 (2009)CrossRef J. Beltrán-Heredia, J. Sánchez-Martín, G. Frutos-Blanco, Schinopsis balansae tannin-based flocculant in removing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. Sep. Purif. Technol. 67, 295–303 (2009)CrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Beltrán-Heredia, J. Sánchez-Martín, C. Solera-Hernández, Removal of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate from water by means of a new tannin-based coagulant: optimisation studies through design of experiments. Chem. Eng. J. 153, 56–61 (2009)CrossRef J. Beltrán-Heredia, J. Sánchez-Martín, C. Solera-Hernández, Removal of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate from water by means of a new tannin-based coagulant: optimisation studies through design of experiments. Chem. Eng. J. 153, 56–61 (2009)CrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Chaibakhsh, N. Ahmadi, M.A. Zanjanchi, Use of Plantago major L. as a natural coagulant for optimized decolorization of dye-containing wastewater. Ind. Crops Prod. 61, 169–175 (2014)CrossRef N. Chaibakhsh, N. Ahmadi, M.A. Zanjanchi, Use of Plantago major L. as a natural coagulant for optimized decolorization of dye-containing wastewater. Ind. Crops Prod. 61, 169–175 (2014)CrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Bolto, J. Gregory, Organic polyelectrolytes in water treatment. Water Res. 41, 2301–2324 (2007)CrossRef B. Bolto, J. Gregory, Organic polyelectrolytes in water treatment. Water Res. 41, 2301–2324 (2007)CrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Muhle, Floc stability in laminar and turbulent flow, in Coagulation and Flocculation, ed. by B. Dobiás (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993), pp. 355–390 K. Muhle, Floc stability in laminar and turbulent flow, in Coagulation and Flocculation, ed. by B. Dobiás (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993), pp. 355–390
125.
Zurück zum Zitat S.Y. Yoon, Y.L. Deng, Flocculation and reflocculation of clay suspension by different polymer systems under turbulent conditions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 278, 139–145 (2004)CrossRef S.Y. Yoon, Y.L. Deng, Flocculation and reflocculation of clay suspension by different polymer systems under turbulent conditions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 278, 139–145 (2004)CrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat M.D. Sikora, R.A. Stratton, The shear stability of flocculated colloids. Tappi 64, 97–101 (1981) M.D. Sikora, R.A. Stratton, The shear stability of flocculated colloids. Tappi 64, 97–101 (1981)
127.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Kleimann, C. Gehin-Delval, H. Auweter, M. Borkovec, Super-stoichiometric charge neutralization in particle-polyelectrolyte systems. Langmuir 21, 3688–3698 (2005)CrossRef J. Kleimann, C. Gehin-Delval, H. Auweter, M. Borkovec, Super-stoichiometric charge neutralization in particle-polyelectrolyte systems. Langmuir 21, 3688–3698 (2005)CrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat D.R. Kasper, Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Flocculation of Charged Particles in Aqueous Solution by Polyelectrolytes of Opposite Charge (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 1971) D.R. Kasper, Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Flocculation of Charged Particles in Aqueous Solution by Polyelectrolytes of Opposite Charge (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 1971)
129.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Gregory, Rates of flocculation of latex particles by cationic polymers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 42, 448–456 (1973)CrossRef J. Gregory, Rates of flocculation of latex particles by cationic polymers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 42, 448–456 (1973)CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Mechanistic Insight into the Coagulation Efficiency of Polysaccharide-based Coagulants
verfasst von
Nurudeen A. Oladoja, Ph.D.
Emmanuel I. Unuabonah, Ph.D.
Omotayo S. Amuda, Ph.D.
Olatunji M. Kolawole, Ph.D.
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56599-6_2