Introduction
Literature Review
Tensions in CSR, Searching for Moral Foundations at a Micro-level
Spiritual Practice as a Normative Foundation to Engage with CSR
Theoretical Underpinning: Spirituality as a Source of Justification Work
Research Context and Method
Research Context
Data Collection and Analysis
Ref | Gender | Age | Role seniority | Managerial level | Organization unit | Industry |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | M | 50–55 | > 10 years | CEO | Shareholder | Construction |
V2 | M | 40–45 | 5–10 | Managing Director | Marketing and Communication | Construction |
V3 | M | 40–45 | 3–5 | Project Leader | CSR | Business Consultancy Service |
V4 | F | 50–55 | > 10 years | CFO | Shareholder | Construction |
V5 | F | 35–40 | 2–3 | Head of Project Division | Investment and Sustainability | Finance & Investment |
V6 | M | 40–45 | 3–5 | Project supervisor | Marketing and Communication | Printing |
V7 | F | 55–60 | > 10 years | CEO | Shareholder | Pharmaceutical |
V8 | M | 50–55 | 5–10 | Deputy Director | Communication and Marketing | Education |
V9 | M | 40–45 | 3–5 | Head of PR Department | Communication and Marketing | Information Technology |
V10 | F | 40–45 | 5–10 | Managing Director | Marketing and Sustainability | Hospitality |
V11 | F | 50–55 | 5–10 | Country Manager | Human Resources | Food & Beverage |
V12 | F | 50–55 | 5–10 | Regional Manager | Human Resources | Manufacturing |
V13 | M | 35–40 | 3–5 | CSR Advisor | CSR | Construction |
V14 | M | 35–40 | 2–3 | Project Lead | CSR | Health Services |
V15 | F | 50–55 | 5–10 | Deputy Head | Marketing | Publishing |
V16 | M | 40–45 | 3–5 | Project Advisor | Communication and Public Relations | Telecommunication |
V17 | F | 45–50 | 3–5 | Strategy Advisor | Marketing and Communication | Construction |
V18 | M | 55–60 | > 10 years | CEO | Shareholder | Transportation |
Findings
Interplay Between the EW and the Buddhist Spirituality
I follow the Noble Eightfold Path to guide my business decisions and approaches. I strongly believe that the right intention and right actions are closely related and are inseparable from CSR. Without the right intention and action for the community, CSR just sounds very instrumental to me. (V18)
You may think that most people think that as a business my main priority is to make money. Building as many commercial buildings as possible to maximize our influence and profit. But if that were my main purpose, I would not be a Buddhist practitioner. Making money is important, because it creates jobs for my employees and it can be used to support the community. However, running only after competitions, brands and profits reflect greed and suffering in Buddhism. (V1)
When a business only knows how to run after profit at all cost and make it a priority, it forgets about long-term effects and can potentially suffer from it. (V10)
Being a Buddhist practitioner carries a mission to help the community. Part of the Buddhist practice is to show compassion to the community. Living is not just about fulfilling the need of yourself and your beloved ones, but to think about extending that fulfilment to help the community. (V8)How you live and treat others defines you as a human. Being a human and being able to fulfil your responsibility always comes before being a Buddhist. Being a Buddhist further promotes humanistic values through right intention, right view, right effort and right livelihood. (V18)
Profit is a useful resource to help others. Utilizing your resources for the common good is part of the Buddhist practice and part of the right livelihood that Buddhist practitioners live by. (V13)Money for me is a skilful means. It does not end with making money and profit, it is about how you use that as a useful resource. (V11)
Buddhist Business Practitioners’ Responses to the Tensions: Two Types of Justification Work
Compartmentalizing Work: Justification Based on Karmic Reasoning
I will weigh the social benefit we aim to bring in the long-run like building new schools in poor villages to help children improve education against the costs associated with lobbying and bribery and their consequences. At the end of the day, I have to raise the question in our board meeting whether is worth paying for both social initiatives at the exchange of contributing to the non-transparent nature of the country’s system. (V4)
[…] We are a construction company, which means that we can easily pollute the surrounding area if we ignore our social responsibilities with the local community or easily use lower cost materials for financial reasons. However, we all know the karmic consequences associated with such motives. You may not see it now, but future generations, including our grandchildren can be seriously affected. (V2)
To get the business running and to make sure that our project to build local businesses support and provide job opportunities for local people and the minorities can be approved, unfortunately, we cannot just adhere to commonly good practices of implementing CSR. It sometimes involves lobbying and other bribery-related small initiatives to get projects approved. While it may seem unethical, our motive and the outcome for the community is more important. As long as our intent is valid and the outcomes of our actions bring benefit for the community, the sacrifice we make with our actions are somewhat justified. At the end of the day, it is a personal sacrifice against our own values in exchange for larger social responsibilities. Being flexible and skilful is important in this transitional context. (V14)
I am really reluctant to be involved in CSR initiatives with deliberate intentions to promote an organizational image. Even though some of those activities may seem beneficial to the community like how we at first built a training centre for minorities to allow them to learn craftmanship and other skills to improve their capabilities to earn their living, however, after that project was successfully promoted in the media, our company left the centre to the local authorities without any follow-up or further funds. (V5)
Sad as it is, the lack of trust within the society due to weak legal systems in the country has facilitated instrumental CSR orientations. People have become more sceptical of the promotion of CSR, which can be extremely challenging for us and other organizations, who have genuine social pursuits in our CSR implementation. (V17)
[…] Obviously, such projects [building libraries and innovating infrastructure for Northern villages] not only bring us profit but also help us to promote our company’s image in helping local communities. Now, these projects sometimes are not monitored closely by the local authorities and we can just use low quality materials to lower the cost or speed up the construction. So, with that motive, we can actually harm the local community in the long run by providing low quality products. [but we don’t do that.] (V2)
Compartmentalizing Work: Justification on the Basis of Skilful Means
I always support CSR initiatives embracing social values. However, as a big hospitality company with many chains across the country, I also understand that shareholders have their priorities. For example, even a suggestion to change one of our products into an environmentally-friendly one can cost jobs of many people in some regions and projects, not to mention major decisions in implementing CSR activities with a larger scope. (V10)
Being a Buddhist is nothing like turning away when there is a challenge, but to deal with it skilfully. Most organizations just care about earning profit. What’s important for me is how to design CSR practices that can improve my company’s image and with the profit, we earn by improving our image, it becomes resources to deliver benefits for the community. It is like an ongoing investment where resources are utilized to their best benefits. (V9)[…] However, I am guided by Buddhist values. Let’s be honest, we cannot initiate CSR activities without the needed funds. (V11)
At the end of the day, the most important thing is that the funds we generate are useful to support communities, we are delivering the promises we made, having the right intention, right action and right livelihood. (V5)
[…] being influential can be really useful. If we can show that we can make a huge impact on the community with proactive and effective CSR practices, other businesses may follow and learn from us […] (V3)
Contextualizing Work: Justifications of the Needs for Localization on the Basis of Skilful Means
CSR activities needs to be skilfully implemented and should be considered to be skilful means. Without context-sensitivity, many people will just read CSR activities as instrumental ones to promote organizational images rather than bringing benefit socially. (V3)
We failed because we tried too hard trying to accommodate standardized CSR practices in our company and promote such practices to our customers. Some of the CSR standards we tried to adopt by consulting with CSR experts from Europe were not practical in the country. Even today, many standardized CSR practices are unrealistic […] like relying on environmentally friendly materials… (V3)
[…] International standards sometimes do not make sense in the local context. What I am saying is that some standards need to go through a process of localization to attain alignment with local conditions […] yes it takes time and effort, and we may not see outcomes straight away, but these are necessary steps to build up a strong basis for CSR initiatives, especially when it is still considered a luxury in the country. It needs to be implemented as skilful means mindful of the hidden agendas in our transitional economy. (V6)
We are selective in localizing CSR practices. For us, it makes more sense to invest in enhancing education and poverty reduction. It is more useful compared to following [globally standardized] sustainable practices that only benefit the firm’s image. (V4)
[…] To be honest, in Vietnam recycling is a big issue. We do not have proper recycling centres. To invest in it is a long-term plan that requires efforts from the government as well. So, to strategize green approaches in our company is costly and would affect our profit that could have been used to promote employee well-being, which is more important in the context of Vietnam. (V6)
When you ask Vietnamese people about environmental responsibility, some may just say why bother when many people are struggling to make ends meet. So, for many firms, employee well-being is what needs to be maintained. (V10)
Clearly, the transitional developing context of Vietnam plays an important role in shaping individuals’ awareness over environmental issues as there are more urgent demands that need to be addressed first as stated by respondent (V10).Social sustainability in our context is more important than environmental sustainability. (V18)
Discussion and Implications
Types of justification work | Themes | Worlds/EW interpretation |
---|---|---|
Compartmentalizing work Basis: Karmic reasoning and skilful means Definition: the influence of compromise among motives, actions and outcomes of CSR | Karmic reasoning: (1) Emphasis on the civic and domestic orders in outcomes (2) Negotiations among the intention, the act, and outcomes Skilful means: (1) Resolving the tensions between the civic order and the market/fame orders through skilful means | The inspired order provides the bases for the moral foundation of CSR dynamics Within the influence of the inspired order, the civic (and domestic) orders are superior to other moral foundational elements Motives and outcomes of CSR are non-compromised; the means, on the other hand, are subject to justification utilizing karmic reasoning |
Contextualizing work Basis: Skilful means Definition: Skilful compromise and adaptation of CSR for contextual practicality | The needs for localizing global CSR standards Prioritizing civic and domestic orders over green order | Focusing on what is working well and what matters in a given context (the domestic and civic orders) is skilful means. Through this work, less contextually sensitive values (e.g. the green order) can be compromised |