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2002 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Networks, Alliances and Partnerships in the Innovation Process

herausgegeben von: John de la Mothe, Albert N. Link

Verlag: Springer US

Buchreihe : Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

In an era of intense knowledge-based globalization and technology-based competition, the central role of networks, alliances and partnerships is now becoming recognized. By looking at the dynamics of these strategic organizational activities, leading authors in the field examine, in this book, how firms align themselves, how they use networks and enter into partnerships in order to develop new or radically improved processes, and how they introduce new or radically improved products to the market. The topic excludes, as the primary interest, spatial effects, such as those found in geographic clusters, or in regional innovation systems. The focus here is instead on the innovation process, and therefore examines framework issues about how we can assess networks of innovators, measurement issues for both researchers and official statisticians, and impact issues for both industry strategists and policy makers.

Using an evolutionary perspective, and drawing on a range of disciplines, Networks, Partnerships and Alliances explores important issues at the conceptual, methodological and comparative levels concerning the construction of comparative advantage.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction and Frameworks

Frontmatter
Chapter One. Introduction
Abstract
Why should we be concerned about networks, alliances, and partnerships in the innovation process, now, in the 21st century? After all, there have always been such linkages in the history of human social and economic activity and they have always played a role in bringing new products to market, in creating new processes or in developing new services. So what makes this an important topic for current research?
John de la Mothe, Albert N. Link
Chapter Two. Private-Sector and Public-Sector Strategies to Encourage Technological Alliances
Abstract
‘Technological alliances,’ ‘research joint ventures,’ ‘strategic networks’ are all terms that have become commonplace, as well as synonymous, within the so-called science and technology policy literature; however, few have attempted to distinguish among the meaning of these terms, much less to systematically conceptualize precisely to what they refer. For nearly two decades, innovative agents, firms specifically, have formally gone outside of their organizational boundaries to acquire technological knowledge from others in an effort to reduce innovation costs, to decrease time to market, and/or to leap-frog existing technologies. Whatever the strategic motive, and innovation is indeed a purposeful strategic action, these alliances have emphasized through example the importance of knowledge flows to on-going research agendas. Thus, one might think of ‘technological alliances’ as an arrangement—formal or informal—that comes about—intentionally, culturally, or by accident—for the purpose of facilitating knowledge flows.
Albert N. Link
Chapter Three. Collaborative Innovation
Rationale,Indicators and Significance
Abstract
Schumpeter (1947) argued that the ability to make innovation routine would be a major determinant of the future nature of capitalism. Schumpeter argued that the ability to make innovation a routine function in large companies would lead to a situation in which these companies would become indistinguishable in their scope of activity and size from other constituencies of society, and would therefore require some form of democratic control to resolve the diversity of social interests. Examination of the division of labor in innovation achieved through inter-organizational collaboration is therefore, ultimately, an enquiry into the future of capitalism (Pavitt and Steinmueller, 2002), a matter of some interest to those living in ‘free market’ economies.
W. Edward Steinmueller

Measurement

Frontmatter
Chapter Four. An Analysis of Patterns of Collaboration in Canadian Manufacturing and Biotechnology Firms
Abstract
Innovation plays a pivotal role in economic development. The processes of innovation at firm and national levels have been the subject of much investigation and analysts have sought to clearly understand the innovation process. One very important aspect of the innovative process is how and why firms use alliances, collaborations and networks with external partners in the development of their innovative products and processes.
Frances Anderson, Chuck McNiven, Antoine Rose
Chapter Five. In-House Versus Ex-House
The Sourcing of Knowledge for Innovation
Abstract
Innovation researchers over the past decade have increasingly stressed the importance of external knowledge sources to the ability of firms to innovate. These include user-producer networks (Lundvall, 1992), collaborative research with other firms or universities (Hagedoornet al2000) informal and formal links with universities (Mansfield, 1991; Pavitt, 1991), and contracted-out research (Howells, 1999). Several researchers have argued that innovative activities will increasingly depend on external knowledge sources (Gibbons, 1994; Georghiou, 1998), with Antonelli (1999) suggesting that “the systematic use of technological cooperation” will become “the dominant form” of producing new knowledge. Coombset al. (2001) refer to “distributed innovation processes” in which many different firms and institutions are involved in an innovation. One of the main justifications for the increasing importance of cooperation is the belief that modern technology is growing in complexity and consequently beyond the abilities of a single firm (Kash and Rycroft, 1994). Under these conditions, firms must collaborate in order to develop competitive new products and processes.
Anthony Arundel, Catalina Bordoy

Practice

Frontmatter
Chapter Six. Innovation Through Linkages and Networks at the National Research Council
Measuring the Output
Abstract
The Conference Board of Canada defines innovation as: “a process through which economic value is extracted from knowledge through the generation, development and implementation of ideas to produce new and improved products processes and services.” The innovation process requires investments in a number of activities that must be linked in dynamic and creative ways in order to produce desired outcomes: wealth and prosperity. This new setting has affected the way they go about their business, reshaping our social, cultural and organizational entrepreneurship behavior. In this context, networks have become the instrument of choice in the innovative economy. They provide a platform, to maintain connections, to move within and between organizations, to build relationships, to share knowledge, etc. Networks thus make it possible to create intellectual capital in a collaborative and virtual way.
Jacques Lyrette
Chapter Seven. R&D Alliances and Networks Indicators at the Division of Science Resources Statistics, National Science Foundation
Abstract
Alliances, joint ventures, and other networking activities allow firms to share research and development (R&D) costs, pool risks, and enjoy access to partners’ firm-specific know-how and commercialization resources. Increasingly, corporate R&D requires a combination of technology exchange and technology co-development through strategic alliances and other linkages in order to excel in innovation and market performance. At the same time, collaborative networks are not without risks. For example, unintended transfer of intellectual property and competitive implications of collaborations have occupied business and public policy making and research for a number of years.
Francisco Moris, John Jankowski
Chapter Eight. Implications of the Division of Knowledge for Innovation in Networks
Abstract
In this chapter we approach innovation in networks and alliances from the perspective of knowledge processes. The central question is encapsulated in the above quotation from Bruce Kogut. Networks comprised of such individual firms each creating and accumulating specialized knowledge may, in an ideal world, benefit from the aggregate specialist knowledge of all the participating organizations. For each participating firm, their partners bring different knowledge from their own-i.e. they bring variety. There is a division of knowledge between participating organizations, implying lack of duplication. The central question is: how do they then understand, access or assimilate knowledge from their partners?
Paul Quintas

Impacts

Frontmatter
Chapter Nine. Organizational Requirements for the Innovation of Complex Technologies
Abstract
Networks, alliances, and partnerships are essential to the innovation of complex technologies.As used here, networks refer to organizational systems that exist to carry out the innovation of technologies. Networks are composed of multiple organizations that, at a minimum, range from the holders of core capabilities, to the suppliers of complimentary assets, to user organizations (see Figure 1). Alliances and partnerships are organizational relationships (of varying structure) commonly used to establish critical linkages in the networks that carry out the innovation of complex technologies.
Don E. Kash, Robin N. Auger, Ning Li
Chapter Ten. Complex systems and collective adoption
The Role of Networks and Partnerships as an Endogenous Mechanism to Reduce Dynamic Transaction Costs in the Context of Systemic Innovations
Abstract
A systemic innovation is one whose value, or private and social “return on investment”, depends on its adoption by a number of economic agents: for example, the adoption of the experimental method by the scientific community in the 19th century, quality standards, new inventory-management practices, and electronic data-interchange networks. Note that all these innovations facilitate either intellectual or logistical and physical coordination. In each case, the value of the innovation is therefore highly dependent in its collective adoption.
Dominique Foray
Chapter Eleven. Industry Life Cycle, Knowledge Generation and Technological Networks
Abstract
Industry Life Cycle theories have launched a vigorous research program studying the forces governing the evolution of industrial structures (Abernathy and Utterback, 1978; Utterback and Abernathy, 1975). As such, they challenge the traditional approach of industrial organization by underlying the intrinsically changing nature of industries. Evidently, industry structures evolve on the basis of market selection. However, as technologies and competencies, mobilized in a given production chain do change, firms ought to devote additional resources to learning and eventually to mastering new knowledge. Less efficient actors are not only those that fail in implementing their own production function in the short run. They may also be those that fail in modifying it in the long run (March, 1991).
Lionel Nesta, Vincent Mangematin
Chapter Twelve. Networks in the Knowledge Economy Restructuring Value Chains
Impacts of the Internet
Abstract
Information and communications technologies (ICTs) are becoming increasingly ubiquitous, and firms, industries and countries are reaping increasing benefits from their ongoing investments in ICTs and the more widespread use of the Internet. These benefits are continuing despite questions about the existence of a “new”, knowledge-based economy, in light of the recent sharp price decline in technology stocks and the severe slump in the ICT equipment industry. The diffusion of ICTs throughout the economy has enhanced economic efficiency and the ICT-producing and ICT-using sectors have accounted for the bulk of overall productivity growth in a wide range of OECD countries (see OECD 2002a, 2001a and 200 lb).
Graham Vickery
Chapter Thirteen. Toward the Capture of Innovation Potentiality in Social Environments
Abstract
There is something of what Pitrim Sorokin, the esteemed Russian émigré social theorist, has called the “Columbus complex” in many contemporary discussions of innovation. It is the rediscovery of something well known, only new to those who have never before seen it. That this may apply to innovation gives potential power as well as a delusionary cast to any ostensibly new analytical examination of innovation.
Susan A. McDaniel, FRSC
Chapter Fourteen. Policy Networks in Adaptive Innovation Systems
Abstract
Public policy-making is, by definition, the result of network interaction. And in our complex interactive world which Ralf Dahrendorf typified as ‘the Age of Schumpeter, the Age of Innovation’, this notion of policy networks in support of innovation has taken on renewed, intensified, meaning. After all, as most governments understand, innovation is intimately related with economic growth, productivity, competition and improved standards ofliving. (OECD, 2001c)
John de la Mothe

Conclusion

Frontmatter
Chapter Fifteen. Conclusion
Abstract
One theme that is present in each of the chapters in this research volume is that alliances, networks, and partnerships are important. They are important to the innovation process because they represent innovative strategic arrangements that both enhance the process as well as foster mechanisms to internalize knowledge spillovers. They are important to policy makers as well since they describe current trends in innovative activity and thus foretell related patterns in innovation-related investments that both private-sector organizations (e.g., firms) and public-sector organizations (e.g., universities and government agencies) will be making. The latter are especially important both as an indicator of flows into the stock of technological knowledge — an important current policy issue — and as a barometer to the changing nature of the boundaries of organizations — a burgeoning policy and governance issue.
John de la Mothe, Albert N. Link
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Networks, Alliances and Partnerships in the Innovation Process
herausgegeben von
John de la Mothe
Albert N. Link
Copyright-Jahr
2002
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4615-1151-9
Print ISBN
978-1-4613-5417-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1151-9