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2021 | Buch | 1. Auflage

Introduction: New Ways of Working, Organizations and Organizing in the Digital Age Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

New Ways of Working

Organizations and Organizing in the Digital Age

herausgegeben von: Nathalie Mitev, Jeremy Aroles, Kathleen A. Stephenson, Julien Malaurent

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Technology, Work and Globalization

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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This volume focuses on new ways of working, and explores implications of these new practices with a particular emphasis on the place occupied by technology, materiality and bodies within contemporary working configurations. It draws together an international range of scholars to examine diverse subjects such as: the gig economy, social media as a work space, the role of materiality in living labs, managerial techniques and organizational legitimacy. Drawing on global perspectives, from France to Nigeria, this book presents a fascinating examination of the many new ways people are working, and relating to their work.

Part of the esteemed Technology, Work and Globalization series, this book is valuable reading for scholars working on organizational studies, ethnography, technology management, and management more generally.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Introduction: New Ways of Working, Organizations and Organizing in the Digital Age
Abstract
The focus of this edited volume is first enunciated, in the context of the Organizations, Artefacts and Practices Workshop Series, together with its intended readership. This is followed by a short literature review of the literature on New Ways of Working (NWW) in order to position the contribution of the volume, compared to recently published books. This book is divided into five parts, NWW and the Sharing Economy, NWW and Collaborative Spaces, NWW and Telework, NWW Organizational Spaces and finally Organizational Aspects of NWW; and each chapter is briefly outlined.
Nathalie Mitev, Jeremy Aroles, Kathleen A. Stephenson, Julien Malaurent

New Ways of Working and the Sharing Economy

Frontmatter
2. Platforms and the New Division of Labor Between Humans and Machines
Abstract
The emergence of platforms as key architectures of the new economy has not only shifted the space of technical innovation and economic activity; it is also giving rise to a new political economy. This chapter is an attempt to outline the contours of this political economy. With a focus on heteromation as the division of labor between humans and machines, we introduce “decomposition” of tasks as a key mechanism that allows platforms to extract value from users and gig workers in expansive and often invisible ways. The continuities as well as novelties of the decompositional approach compared to earlier organizations of work (the workshop and the factory) are explored, and the implications for the future of work are examined, allowing us to steer away from the dominant substitution-complementation debate.
Attila Marton, Hamid Ekbia
3. Social Media as a New Workspace: How Working Out Loud (Re)Materializes Work
Abstract
Social media platforms are more than virtual spaces for banal interactions or personal content sharing. In this chapter, we present empirical examples of ‘working out loud’ (WOL) practices, in which individuals voluntarily turn to mainstream social media platforms (such as Instagram and Twitter) to share what is part of their daily work. We highlight five dimensions that render visible traditional elements of work and workspaces including (1) the work, (2) the worker, (3) the work process, (4) the experience of work and (5) the work context. We propose that it is through those WOL practices that work materializes and that social media are more than simple tools used by workers but rather constitute new workspaces where work and workers are constituted and performed.
Claudine Bonneau, Nada Endrissat, Viviane Sergi
4. Institutionalizing Crowdwork as a Mode of Employment: The Case of Crowdworkers in Nigeria
Abstract
Crowdwork is one type of crowdsourcing of work enabled by digital platforms and the global widespread of Internet connectivity. While employers find it a model of sourcing temporary labor to perform specific tasks with light employment obligations, recent statistics show that workers increasingly adopt it as a model of full-time long-term employment. This study examines workers’ lived experience to uncover how workers adopt crowdwork as a model of full-time employment. It does so in the context of a developing country in Africa—in particular, Nigeria—where international organizations and governments particularly find it holding potential to reduce the serious unemployment problems in these countries. Through an inductive research process, the theoretical lens of institutional work emerges as a plausible explanation of the research findings. It shows that crowdworkers in the context of Nigeria create full-time long-term employment of crowdwork through five interlinked strategies that mediate between the constraints of their existing institutions and their need to sustain crowdwork employment.
Ayomikun Idowu, Amany Elbanna

New Ways of Working and Collaborative Spaces

Frontmatter
5. Materiality as Ingredients of Events: Comprehending Materiality as a Temporal Phenomenon in a Makerspace
Abstract
This chapter addresses the relation between materiality and organizational temporality. An events-based approach of materiality is suggested to understand how materiality participates in the definition of past, present and future events; and how, in turn, materiality is defined through those events. This approach is then illustrated with data collected from an ethnography in a makerspace. This events-based approach of materiality aims at overcoming the social and material dualism, as they are not here seen as two elements in relation but rather as a unique definition process of the organizational phenomenon. This chapter contributes to our understanding about organizational temporalities by highlighting the role of materiality in the re/definition of past, present and future events.
Anthony Hussenot
6. The Role of Digital Materiality for Organizing a Living Lab
Abstract
Living labs gather individuals and organizations with different interests (private, public, non-profit) in open infrastructures around common goals. They are clusters aiming to organize partnerships on a territory, support interaction among stakeholders, and bridge academic knowledge with lay knowledge by providing “access to technology-related facilities, such as technological services, training courses, dialogue cafés, and other initiatives”. However, living labs are difficult to manage. They require attention to resources, facilities, spatial arrangements, but also how people work and connect together. Our in-depth analysis of a French living lab shows the importance of materiality in the organizing processes of living labs. We demonstrate that this materiality can take both physical and digital forms. We suggest that the latter should not be perceived as a substitute of the former.
Philippe Eynaud, Julien Malaurent
7. Do Coworking Spaces Promise a Revolution or Spark Revenge? A Foucauldian Spatio-Material Approach to the Re-spatialization of Remote Work in Coworking Spaces
Abstract
Work hybridation and re-spatialization in new workspaces have been poorly theorized, failing to address the meaning and implications of such re-spatialization of work and its consequent re-regulation. This study focuses on the re-regulation of remote work in coworking spaces, increasingly used by companies to re-materialize their remote employees’ activities. It proposes a symbolic/narrative, material, and experienced tryptic, based on Michel Foucault’s thought, and applies this framework to a real company. The case shows how the re-spatialization produces a specific disciplinarization of managerial norms and suggests the need to rethink the relations among organizational space, materiality, and management control in a hybridation context. In particular, it challenges the conventional contrast of corporate and coworking values, by showing that coworking spaces sometimes implicitly materialize business values.
Aurélie Leclercq-Vandelannoitte
8. More than Perks and a Shared Office: How Coworking Spaces Participate in Entrepreneurs’ Resource Acquisition
Abstract
Coworking spaces have received a lot of attention from both practitioners and social science scholars in recent years. They host self-employed professionals, freelancers, entrepreneurs, and employees of large enterprises in the same office environment with shared facilities. Recently coworking spaces have become the primary location for many entrepreneurs as they offer a resourceful environment. However, how coworking spaces enable their participants to access various resources is an open question. In this chapter, we study two prominent and distinctly different coworking spaces in Istanbul. In analyzing our empirical data, we employ the forms of capital framework of Bourdieu (The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1986) to understand the underlying mechanisms of resource acquisition enabled by coworking spaces. Based on our results, we develop a theoretical framework explaining what mechanisms cultivate tangible and intangible resources for the participants of coworking spaces. We outline our contributions and potential lines for further research.
Kutay Güneştepe, Zehra Topal, Deniz Tunçalp

New Ways of Working and Telework

Frontmatter
9. From De-materialization to Re-materialization: A Social Dynamics Approach to New Ways of Working
Abstract
The chapter highlights to what extent the introduction of New Ways of Working practices has resulted in different ways of organizing work involving a reconfiguration of responsibilities, a transformation of control and an evolution of coordination modes. These transformations translate a process of work de-materialization (individualization, invisibilization) and also a counter-movement of re-materialization. The contribution of the chapter is twofold. First, it explores the political dimension underlying the process of building social relationships in organizations by questioning how and why telework is regulated by actors. Second, it questions these re-appropriations through a re-materialization process. The findings highlight a new responsibility for employees to manage a tension between individual performance and the collective maintaining of a social community at work.
Michel Ajzen
10. Work/Non-work? Laminated Boundary-Tensions and Affective Capabilities: A Case of Mobile Consulting
Abstract
This chapter draws on a case of materiality in the digital age, a case of mobile consulting, in order to shed light on the ways in which new sorts of work/non-work boundary-tensions emerge, overlap and become laminated. It reports on consultants, referred to via the pseudonym MobileCom, who had no head office and organized themselves via Instant Messaging (IM) on their mobile phones. Whereas working with mobile phones is no longer necessarily considered as ‘new’, the case demonstrates the way in which relations come together in IM practice to produce new sorts of boundary-tensions, which in turn has material consequences for new ways of organizing.
Natalie Paleothodoros

New Ways of Working and Organizational Spaces

Frontmatter
11. Space for Tensions: A Lefebvrian Perspective on New Ways of Working
Abstract
Companies are increasingly implementing New Ways of Working (NWW) by redesigning organizational space. While NWW has been shown to enhance employee satisfaction and to enable organizational innovation on the one hand, research has also hinted at conflicts and contradictions arising due to NWW. In this chapter, we delineate where these tensions play out spatially and how actors use space to handle tensions associated with NWW. We bring together Henri Lefebvre’s theory on the social production of space with paradox theory to understand and explain the role of space in the construction of NWW.
Andrea Simone Barth, Susanne Blazejewski
12. Beyond Flexibility: Confronting Conceived and Lived Spaces of New Ways of Working
Abstract
Over the last decade, managerial interest for New Ways of Working (NWW) projects aiming at modernizing workspaces and work practices has sharply increased in various third-sector organizations. This chapter holds that these projects are based on an ideal-typical depiction of organizational space, supposedly deterritorialized, fluid, differentiated, and horizontal. Through an empirically grounded comparison between two such firms having deployed an NWW project, this chapter illustrates how middle managers and employees move away from this ideal-typical space. This chapter illustrates that, despite contrasted ways of conducting the change process in the two cases, space appropriation by employees and managers turned out to be strikingly similar. This suggests that social dynamics in the lived space seem to prevail over change management processes and strategies underlying NWW implementation.
Grégory Jemine, Sophie Fauconneau-Dufresne, François Pichault, Giseline Rondeaux
13. Transmateriality of Architectural Representation and Perception
Abstract
This chapter takes the issue of organizational architecture, a largely under-researched field in organization and management research. Architecture is discussed as a symbolic mediator of organizational identity. Addressing the complex problem of organizational representation, this chapter situates buildings in the arena of identity-giving artifacts, drawing on cultural, social, political, and historical contexts. It is suggested that these extrinsic cultural and historical variables critically contribute to the transformation of organizations from purely economic entities to symbolic vectors. This chapter attempts to show how social identity provides resources that imbue architectural materiality with signifying narratives and content.
Angela Bargenda
14. Technology and the Simultaneous Collapsing and Expanding of Organizational Space: A COVID-19 Experience
Abstract
This chapter argues that recent advances in the field of neurosciences have provided added support to the thesis that organizational space is both simultaneously collapsed and expanded thanks to ICT as far as our experience is concerned. I first present the findings of my research on the experience of space by academics before showing how neuroscientists have provided—perhaps unwittingly—support for the phenomenology of perception of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Support for specific key concepts of Merleau-Ponty is focused on before showing how the concept of the Bayesian brain helps explain the experience of organizational space, both proximate and remote.
Anouk Mukherjee

Organizational Aspects of New Ways of Working

Frontmatter
15. From Innovations at Work to Innovative Ways of Conceptualizing Organization: A Brief History of Organization Studies
Abstract
This chapter seeks to discuss the way organization studies have accounted for innovations at work and their influence on the way organization has been conceptualized over time. Based on the time period from the 1950s to the 2010s, this historical analysis puts the emphasis on the interrelated evolution of the technological context (from industrial to digital innovations), the organizational phenomena (from centralized bureaucratic hierarchies to fluid organizations) and the ways of working (from the rise of professional management to the projectification of work). It is argued that organization theories have evolved along with evolutions of work practices and technologies. We argue that industrial innovations led to a rather monolithic way of conceptualizing organization while entrepreneurship, nomadic ways of working and digital innovations favored increasing processual ways of conceptualizing organization.
Lise Arena, Anthony Hussenot
16. Community Management Practices in Coworking Spaces: Being the ‘Catalyst’
Abstract
Through an auto-ethnographic design, I worked as a community manager in two coworking spaces to understand this role and to illustrate invisible activities of community-making. My research leads to question larger aspects of community management based on the Activity Theory framework. I rely on my own experience to understand the community manager as a ‘catalyst’. My narrative provides insights into the human aspects of this key role and my contribution opens the door to societal and research debates about reintegrating human singularity in community activity. I suggest acknowledging the complexity of management within the singularity of the manager, a community, a team or any type of collective.
Aurore Dandoy
17. Rise and Fall of a New Way of Working: A Testament of an Organizational Identity Mimicry
Abstract
This chapter explores how a ‘new world of work’ (NWOW) corporate project is likely to lead to issues related to an organization’s identity. In light of this concept, I investigate how the introduction of an NWOW project alters workers’ ways of working and being in their company, as well as their perception of the organization’s essence. Drawing on data collected through 81 semi-structured interviews, a three-month observation and documentary analysis, I demonstrate how a discrepancy between the managerial intentions underlying the project and its effects illustrates an attempt to reach a desired organizational identity that is doomed to failure. In order to explain this failure, I show how this project embodies an organizational identity mimicry and a denial of the company’s core organizational identity.
Marie Antoine
18. Deconstructing New Ways of Working: A Five-Dimensional Conceptualization Proposal
Abstract
In this chapter, we argue that the literature has added considerable complexity around the term New Way(s) of Working (NWW) by producing multiple and conflicting definitions of NWW. Several scholars imprecisely and indiscriminately refer to NWW as a “philosophy”, a “phenomenon”, a “concept”, a “mix of practices”, or a “type of work organization”. This chapter aims to provide support for five ways of conceptualizing NWW: (1) as a management fashion disseminated across organizational fields, (2) as a set of discourses and narratives, (3) as an organizational change project, (4) as a material workspace, and (5) as a set of work practices and behaviors.
Grégory Jemine
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
New Ways of Working
herausgegeben von
Nathalie Mitev
Jeremy Aroles
Kathleen A. Stephenson
Julien Malaurent
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-61687-8
Print ISBN
978-3-030-61686-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61687-8

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