Skip to main content

2009 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Ontology Learning

verfasst von : Philipp Cimiano, Alexander Mädche, Steffen Staab, Johanna Völker

Erschienen in: Handbook on Ontologies

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Summary

Ontology learning techniques serve the purpose of supporting an ontology engineer in the task of creating and maintaining an ontology. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive and concise introduction to the field of ontology learning. We present a generic architecture for ontology learning systems and discuss its main components. In addition, we introduce the main problems and challenges addressed in the field and give an overview of the most important methods applied. We conclude with a brief discussion of advanced issues which pose interesting challenges to the state-of-the-art.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
3
Knowledge management: the process of capturing value, knowledge and understanding of corporate information, using IT systems, in order to mantain, re-use and re-deploy that knowledge.
 
4
Practice: knowledge of how something is customarily done.
 
5
From a linguistic point of view, a term t1 is a hyponym of a term t2 if we can say a t1is a kind of t2. Correspondingly, t2 is then a hypernym of t1.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Abney. Partial parsing via finite-state cascades. In Proceedings of the ESSLLI ’96 Robust Parsing Workshop, pages 8–15, 1996. S. Abney. Partial parsing via finite-state cascades. In Proceedings of the ESSLLI ’96 Robust Parsing Workshop, pages 8–15, 1996.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Agrawal and R. Srikant. Fast algorithms for mining association rules. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB), 1994. R. Agrawal and R. Srikant. Fast algorithms for mining association rules. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB), 1994.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Alshawi. Processing dictionary definitions with phrasal pattern hierarchies. Computational Linguistics, 13(3–4):195–202, 1987. Special Issue of the Lexicon. H. Alshawi. Processing dictionary definitions with phrasal pattern hierarchies. Computational Linguistics, 13(3–4):195–202, 1987. Special Issue of the Lexicon.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat R. A. Amsler. A taxonomy for english nouns and verbs. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 133–138, 1981. R. A. Amsler. A taxonomy for english nouns and verbs. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 133–138, 1981.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Aussenac-Gilles, S. Despres, and S. Szulman. The TERMINAE method and platform for ontology engineering from text. In P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, editors, Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge: Selected Contributions to Ontology Learning and Population from Text, volume 167 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. IOS Press, 2007. N. Aussenac-Gilles, S. Despres, and S. Szulman. The TERMINAE method and platform for ontology engineering from text. In P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, editors, Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge: Selected Contributions to Ontology Learning and Population from Text, volume 167 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. IOS Press, 2007.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Baeza-Yates and B. Ribeiro-Neto. Modern Information Retrieval. Addison-Wesley, 1999. R. Baeza-Yates and B. Ribeiro-Neto. Modern Information Retrieval. Addison-Wesley, 1999.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Baroni and S. Bisi. Using cooccurrence statistics & the web to discover synonyms in a technical language. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pages 1725–1728, 2004. M. Baroni and S. Bisi. Using cooccurrence statistics & the web to discover synonyms in a technical language. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pages 1725–1728, 2004.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Bisson, C. Nédellec, and L. Ca namero. Designing clustering methods for ontology building – The Mo’K workbench. In Proceedings of the ECAI Ontology Learning Workshop, pages 13–19, 2000. G. Bisson, C. Nédellec, and L. Ca namero. Designing clustering methods for ontology building – The Mo’K workbench. In Proceedings of the ECAI Ontology Learning Workshop, pages 13–19, 2000.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Brewster, H. Alani, S. Dasmahapatra, and Y. Wilks. Data-driven ontology evaluation. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Lisbon, 2004. European Language Resources Association. C. Brewster, H. Alani, S. Dasmahapatra, and Y. Wilks. Data-driven ontology evaluation. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Lisbon, 2004. European Language Resources Association.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Buitelaar, T. Declerck, A. Frank, S. Racioppa, M. Kiesel, M. Sintek, R. Engel, M. Romanelli, D. Sonntag, B. Loos, V. Micelli, R. Porzel, and P. Cimiano. Linginfo: Design and applications of a model for the integration of linguistic information in ontologies. In Proceedings of the OntoLex06 Workshop at LREC, 2006. P. Buitelaar, T. Declerck, A. Frank, S. Racioppa, M. Kiesel, M. Sintek, R. Engel, M. Romanelli, D. Sonntag, B. Loos, V. Micelli, R. Porzel, and P. Cimiano. Linginfo: Design and applications of a model for the integration of linguistic information in ontologies. In Proceedings of the OntoLex06 Workshop at LREC, 2006.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Buitelaar, D. Olejnik, and M. Sintek. A Protégé plug-in for ontology extraction from text based on linguistic analysis. In Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium (ESWS), pages 31–44, 2004. P. Buitelaar, D. Olejnik, and M. Sintek. A Protégé plug-in for ontology extraction from text based on linguistic analysis. In Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium (ESWS), pages 31–44, 2004.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Buitelaar and B. Sacaleanu. Ranking and selecting synsets by domain relevance. In Proceedings of the NAACL Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources: Applications, Extensions and Customizations, 2001. P. Buitelaar and B. Sacaleanu. Ranking and selecting synsets by domain relevance. In Proceedings of the NAACL Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources: Applications, Extensions and Customizations, 2001.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Calzolari. Detecting patterns in a lexical data base. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 170–173, 1984. N. Calzolari. Detecting patterns in a lexical data base. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 170–173, 1984.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Cederberg and D. Widdows. Using LSA and noun coordination information to improve the precision and recall of automatic hyponymy extraction. In Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNNL), pages 111–118, 2003. S. Cederberg and D. Widdows. Using LSA and noun coordination information to improve the precision and recall of automatic hyponymy extraction. In Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNNL), pages 111–118, 2003.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Chapman, R. Kerber, J. Clinton, T. Khabaza, T. Reinartz, and R. Wirth. The CRISP-DM process model. Discussion Paper, March 1999. P. Chapman, R. Kerber, J. Clinton, T. Khabaza, T. Reinartz, and R. Wirth. The CRISP-DM process model. Discussion Paper, March 1999.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Charniak and M. Berland. Finding parts in very large corpora. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 57–64, 1999. E. Charniak and M. Berland. Finding parts in very large corpora. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 57–64, 1999.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Ciaramita, A. Gangemi, E. Ratsch, J. Šarić, and I. Rojas. Unsupervised learning of semantic relations between concepts of a molecular biology ontology. In Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pages 659–664, 2005. M. Ciaramita, A. Gangemi, E. Ratsch, J. Šarić, and I. Rojas. Unsupervised learning of semantic relations between concepts of a molecular biology ontology. In Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pages 659–664, 2005.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Cimiano. Ontology Learning and Population from Text: Algorithms, Evaluation and Applications. Springer, 2006. P. Cimiano. Ontology Learning and Population from Text: Algorithms, Evaluation and Applications. Springer, 2006.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Cimiano, M. Hartung, and E. Ratsch. Finding the appropriate generalization level for binary ontological relations extracted from the Genia corpus. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), 2006. P. Cimiano, M. Hartung, and E. Ratsch. Finding the appropriate generalization level for binary ontological relations extracted from the Genia corpus. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), 2006.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Cimiano, A. Hotho, and S. Staab. Learning concept hierarchies from text corpora using formal concept analysis. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), 24:305–339, 2005.MATH P. Cimiano, A. Hotho, and S. Staab. Learning concept hierarchies from text corpora using formal concept analysis. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), 24:305–339, 2005.MATH
21.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Cimiano, L. Schmidt-Thieme, A. Pivk, and S. Staab. Learning taxonomic relations from heterogeneous evidence. In P. Buitelaar, P. Cimiano, and B. Magnini, editors, Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Applications and Evaluation, number 123 in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, pages 59–73. IOS Press, 2005. P. Cimiano, L. Schmidt-Thieme, A. Pivk, and S. Staab. Learning taxonomic relations from heterogeneous evidence. In P. Buitelaar, P. Cimiano, and B. Magnini, editors, Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Applications and Evaluation, number 123 in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, pages 59–73. IOS Press, 2005.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Cimiano and J. Völker. Text2onto – A framework for ontology learning and data-driven change discovery. In E. Métais, A. Montoyo, and R. Muñoz, editors, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB), volume 3513 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 227–238, 2005. P. Cimiano and J. Völker. Text2onto – A framework for ontology learning and data-driven change discovery. In E. Métais, A. Montoyo, and R. Muñoz, editors, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB), volume 3513 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 227–238, 2005.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Copestake. An approach to building the hierarchical element of a lexical knowledge base from a machine readable dictionary. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Inheritance in Natural Language Processing, pages 19–29, 1990. A. Copestake. An approach to building the hierarchical element of a lexical knowledge base from a machine readable dictionary. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Inheritance in Natural Language Processing, pages 19–29, 1990.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Cunningham, K. Humphreys, R.J. Gaizauskas, and Y. Wilks. GATE – A general architecture for text engineering. In Proceedings of Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP), pages 29–30, 1997. H. Cunningham, K. Humphreys, R.J. Gaizauskas, and Y. Wilks. GATE – A general architecture for text engineering. In Proceedings of Applied Natural Language Processing (ANLP), pages 29–30, 1997.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Curran. Ensemble methods for automatic thesaurus construction. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pages 222–229, 2002. J. Curran. Ensemble methods for automatic thesaurus construction. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pages 222–229, 2002.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Dellschaft and S. Staab. On how to perform a gold standard based evaluation of ontology learning. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference, pages 228–241, 2006. K. Dellschaft and S. Staab. On how to perform a gold standard based evaluation of ontology learning. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference, pages 228–241, 2006.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Bozsak et al. KAON – Towards a large scale Semantic Web. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on E-Commerce and Web Technologies (EC-Web). Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2002. E. Bozsak et al. KAON – Towards a large scale Semantic Web. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on E-Commerce and Web Technologies (EC-Web). Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2002.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Faure and C. Nédellec. A corpus-based conceptual clustering method for verb frames and ontology. In P. Velardi, editor, Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on Adapting lexical and corpus resources to sublanguages and applications, pages 5–12, 1998. D. Faure and C. Nédellec. A corpus-based conceptual clustering method for verb frames and ontology. In P. Velardi, editor, Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on Adapting lexical and corpus resources to sublanguages and applications, pages 5–12, 1998.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Fellbaum. WordNet, an electronic lexical database. MIT Press, 1998. C. Fellbaum. WordNet, an electronic lexical database. MIT Press, 1998.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Firth. A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930–1955. Studies in Linguistic Analysis, Philological Society, Oxford. Longman, 1957. J. Firth. A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930–1955. Studies in Linguistic Analysis, Philological Society, Oxford. Longman, 1957.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Frantzi and S. Ananiadou. The C-value/NC-value domain independent method for multi-word term extraction. Journal of Natural Language Processing, 6(3):145–179, 1999.CrossRef K. Frantzi and S. Ananiadou. The C-value/NC-value domain independent method for multi-word term extraction. Journal of Natural Language Processing, 6(3):145–179, 1999.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Ganter and R. Wille. Formal Concept Analysis – Mathematical Foundations. Springer, 1999. B. Ganter and R. Wille. Formal Concept Analysis – Mathematical Foundations. Springer, 1999.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Grefenstette. SEXTANT: Exploring unexplored contexts for semantic extraction from syntactic analysis. In Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 324–326, 1992. G. Grefenstette. SEXTANT: Exploring unexplored contexts for semantic extraction from syntactic analysis. In Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 324–326, 1992.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat W. Grosso, H. Eriksson, R. Fergerson, J. Gennari, S. Tu, and M. Musen. Knowledge modelling at the millenium: The design and evolution of Protégé. In Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management (KAW’99), 1999. W. Grosso, H. Eriksson, R. Fergerson, J. Gennari, S. Tu, and M. Musen. Knowledge modelling at the millenium: The design and evolution of Protégé. In Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management (KAW’99), 1999.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Haase and L. Stojanovic. Consistent evolution of owl ontologies. In A. Gomez-Perez and J. Euzenat, editors, Proceedings of the Second European Semantic Web Conference, volume 3532 of LNCS, pages 182–197, 2005. P. Haase and L. Stojanovic. Consistent evolution of owl ontologies. In A. Gomez-Perez and J. Euzenat, editors, Proceedings of the Second European Semantic Web Conference, volume 3532 of LNCS, pages 182–197, 2005.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Haase and J. Völker. Dealing with uncertainty and inconsistency. In P. C. G. da Costa, K. B. Laskey, K. J. Laskey, and M. Pool, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW), pages 45–55, 2005. P. Haase and J. Völker. Dealing with uncertainty and inconsistency. In P. C. G. da Costa, K. B. Laskey, K. J. Laskey, and M. Pool, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW), pages 45–55, 2005.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Haase and J. Völker. Ontology learning and reasoning – Dealing with uncertainty and inconsistency. In P. C. G. da Costa, K. B. Laskey, K. J. Laskey, and M. Pool, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW), pages 45–55, 2005. P. Haase and J. Völker. Ontology learning and reasoning – Dealing with uncertainty and inconsistency. In P. C. G. da Costa, K. B. Laskey, K. J. Laskey, and M. Pool, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW), pages 45–55, 2005.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat H.-M. Haav. An application of inductive concept analysis to construction of domain-specific ontologies. In Proceedings of the VLDB Pre-conference Workshop on Emerging Database Research in East Europe, 2003. H.-M. Haav. An application of inductive concept analysis to construction of domain-specific ontologies. In Proceedings of the VLDB Pre-conference Workshop on Emerging Database Research in East Europe, 2003.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Z. S. Harris. Mathematical Structures of Language. Wiley, 1968. Z. S. Harris. Mathematical Structures of Language. Wiley, 1968.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat M. A. Hearst. Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), pages 539–545, 1992. M. A. Hearst. Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), pages 539–545, 1992.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat M. A. Hearst and H. Schütze. Customizing a lexicon to better suit a computational task. In Proceedings of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop on Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge from Text, 1993. M. A. Hearst and H. Schütze. Customizing a lexicon to better suit a computational task. In Proceedings of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop on Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge from Text, 1993.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Hendler. On beyond ontology. Keynote Talk at the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), 2004. J. Hendler. On beyond ontology. Keynote Talk at the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), 2004.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Heyer, M Läuter, U. Quasthoff, T. Wittig, and C. Wolff. Learning relations using collocations. In Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Ontology Learning, 2001. G. Heyer, M Läuter, U. Quasthoff, T. Wittig, and C. Wolff. Learning relations using collocations. In Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Ontology Learning, 2001.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Iria, C. Brewster, F. Ciravegna, and Y. Wilks. An incremental tri-partite approach to ontology learning. In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC-06), Genoa, Italy 22–28 May, 2006. J. Iria, C. Brewster, F. Ciravegna, and Y. Wilks. An incremental tri-partite approach to ontology learning. In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC-06), Genoa, Italy 22–28 May, 2006.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Haase J. Völker and P. Hitzler. Learning expressive ontologies. In P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, editors, Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge: Selected Contributions to Ontology Learning and Population from Text, volume 167 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. IOS Press, 2007. P. Haase J. Völker and P. Hitzler. Learning expressive ontologies. In P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, editors, Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge: Selected Contributions to Ontology Learning and Population from Text, volume 167 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. IOS Press, 2007.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Kaufman and P. Rousseeuw. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. Wiley, 1990. L. Kaufman and P. Rousseeuw. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. Wiley, 1990.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat J.-U. Kietz, R. Volz, and A. Mädche. Extracting a domain-specific ontology from a corporate intranet. In Proceedings of the 2nd Learning Language in Logic (LLL) Workshop, 2000. J.-U. Kietz, R. Volz, and A. Mädche. Extracting a domain-specific ontology from a corporate intranet. In Proceedings of the 2nd Learning Language in Logic (LLL) Workshop, 2000.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Lavrac and S. Dzeroski. Inductive Logic Programming: Techniques and Applications. Ellis Horwood, 1994. N. Lavrac and S. Dzeroski. Inductive Logic Programming: Techniques and Applications. Ellis Horwood, 1994.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Lee. Measures of distributional similarity. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 25–32, 1999. L. Lee. Measures of distributional similarity. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 25–32, 1999.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Lin. Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL), pages 768–774, 1998. D. Lin. Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL), pages 768–774, 1998.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat F. A. Lisi and F. Esposito. Two orthogonal biases for choosing the intensions of emerging concepts in ontology refinement. In G. Brewka, S. Coradeschi, A. Perini, and P. Traverso, editors, Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), pages 765–766. IOS Press, 2006. F. A. Lisi and F. Esposito. Two orthogonal biases for choosing the intensions of emerging concepts in ontology refinement. In G. Brewka, S. Coradeschi, A. Perini, and P. Traverso, editors, Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), pages 765–766. IOS Press, 2006.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Mädche, B. Motik, and L. Stojanovic. Managing multiple and distributed ontologies in the semantic web. VLDB Journal, 12(4):286–302, 2003.CrossRef A. Mädche, B. Motik, and L. Stojanovic. Managing multiple and distributed ontologies in the semantic web. VLDB Journal, 12(4):286–302, 2003.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Mädche and S. Staab. Discovering conceptual relations from text. In Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), pages 321–325, 2000. A. Mädche and S. Staab. Discovering conceptual relations from text. In Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), pages 321–325, 2000.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Mädche and S. Staab. Measuring similarity between ontologies. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Acquisition and Management (EKAW), pages 251–263, 2002. A. Mädche and S. Staab. Measuring similarity between ontologies. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Knowledge Acquisition and Management (EKAW), pages 251–263, 2002.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Mädche and R. Volz. The Text-To-Onto ontology extraction and maintenance system. In Workshop on Integrating Data Mining and Knowledge Management, collocated with the 1st International Conference on Data Mining, 2001. A. Mädche and R. Volz. The Text-To-Onto ontology extraction and maintenance system. In Workshop on Integrating Data Mining and Knowledge Management, collocated with the 1st International Conference on Data Mining, 2001.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Manning and H. Schütze. Foundations of Statistical Language Processing. MIT Press, 1999. C. Manning and H. Schütze. Foundations of Statistical Language Processing. MIT Press, 1999.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat V. Pekar and S. Staab. Taxonomy learning: Factoring the structure of a taxonomy into a semantic classification decision. Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), 2:786–792, 2002. V. Pekar and S. Staab. Taxonomy learning: Factoring the structure of a taxonomy into a semantic classification decision. Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), 2:786–792, 2002.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Pereira, N. Tishby, and L. Lee. Distributional clustering of english words. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 183–190, 1993. F. Pereira, N. Tishby, and L. Lee. Distributional clustering of english words. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 183–190, 1993.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Poesio, T. Ishikawa, S. Schulte im Walde, and R. Viera. Acquiring lexical knowledge for anaphora resolution. In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), 2002. M. Poesio, T. Ishikawa, S. Schulte im Walde, and R. Viera. Acquiring lexical knowledge for anaphora resolution. In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), 2002.
60.
Zurück zum Zitat M. F. Porter. An algorithm for suffix stripping. Program, 14(3):130–137, 1980.CrossRef M. F. Porter. An algorithm for suffix stripping. Program, 14(3):130–137, 1980.CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Resnik. Semantic similarity in a taxonomy: An information-based measure and its application to problems of ambiguity in natural language. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), 11:95–130, 1999.MATH P. Resnik. Semantic similarity in a taxonomy: An information-based measure and its application to problems of ambiguity in natural language. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), 11:95–130, 1999.MATH
62.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Sanchez and A. Moreno. Web-scale taxonomy learning. In C. Biemann and G. Pass, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Extending and Learning Lexical Ontologies using Machine Learning Methods, 2005. D. Sanchez and A. Moreno. Web-scale taxonomy learning. In C. Biemann and G. Pass, editors, Proceedings of the Workshop on Extending and Learning Lexical Ontologies using Machine Learning Methods, 2005.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Schmid. Probabilistic part-of-speech tagging using decision trees. In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing, 1994. H. Schmid. Probabilistic part-of-speech tagging using decision trees. In Proceedings of the International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing, 1994.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Schutz and P. Buitelaar. RelExt: A tool for relation extraction from text in ontology extension. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), pages 593–606, 2005. A. Schutz and P. Buitelaar. RelExt: A tool for relation extraction from text in ontology extension. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), pages 593–606, 2005.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Simperl, C. Tempich, and D. Vrandecic. A methodology for ontology learning. In P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, editors, Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge: Selected Contributions to Ontology Learning and Population from Text, volume 167 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. IOS Press, 2007. E. Simperl, C. Tempich, and D. Vrandecic. A methodology for ontology learning. In P. Buitelaar and P. Cimiano, editors, Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge: Selected Contributions to Ontology Learning and Population from Text, volume 167 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. IOS Press, 2007.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Snow, D. Jurafsky, and Y. Ng. Semantic taxonomy induction from heterogenous evidence. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the ACL, pages 801–808, 2006. R. Snow, D. Jurafsky, and Y. Ng. Semantic taxonomy induction from heterogenous evidence. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the ACL, pages 801–808, 2006.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Strube and S. Paolo Ponzetto. Wikirelate! computing semantic relatedness using wikipedia. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), pages 1419–1424, 2006. M. Strube and S. Paolo Ponzetto. Wikirelate! computing semantic relatedness using wikipedia. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), pages 1419–1424, 2006.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Stumme, R. Taouil, Y. Bastide, N. Pasqier, and L. Lakhal. Computing iceberg concept lattices with titanic. Journal of Knowledge and Data Engineering (KDE),, 42(2):189–222, 2002.CrossRefMATH G. Stumme, R. Taouil, Y. Bastide, N. Pasqier, and L. Lakhal. Computing iceberg concept lattices with titanic. Journal of Knowledge and Data Engineering (KDE),, 42(2):189–222, 2002.CrossRefMATH
69.
Zurück zum Zitat P. D. Turney. Mining the web for synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL. In Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML), pages 491–502, 2001. P. D. Turney. Mining the web for synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL. In Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML), pages 491–502, 2001.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Velardi, R. Navigli, A. Cuchiarelli, and F. Neri. Evaluation of OntoLearn, a methodology for automatic population of domain ontologies. In P. Buitelaar, P. Cimiano, and B. Magnini, editors, Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Applications and Evaluation, number 123 in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, pages 92–106. IOS Press, 2005. P. Velardi, R. Navigli, A. Cuchiarelli, and F. Neri. Evaluation of OntoLearn, a methodology for automatic population of domain ontologies. In P. Buitelaar, P. Cimiano, and B. Magnini, editors, Ontology Learning from Text: Methods, Applications and Evaluation, number 123 in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, pages 92–106. IOS Press, 2005.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Völker, P. Hitzler, and P. Cimiano. Acquisition of OWL DL axioms from lexical resources. In Proceedings of the 4th European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC’07), pages 670–685, 2007. J. Völker, P. Hitzler, and P. Cimiano. Acquisition of OWL DL axioms from lexical resources. In Proceedings of the 4th European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC’07), pages 670–685, 2007.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Völker, D. Vrandecic, and Y. Sure. Automatic evaluation of ontologies (AEON). In Y. Gil, E. Motta, V. R. Benjamins, and M. A. Musen, editors, Proceedings of the 4th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), volume 3729 of LNCS, pages 716–731. Springer, 2005. J. Völker, D. Vrandecic, and Y. Sure. Automatic evaluation of ontologies (AEON). In Y. Gil, E. Motta, V. R. Benjamins, and M. A. Musen, editors, Proceedings of the 4th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), volume 3729 of LNCS, pages 716–731. Springer, 2005.
73.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Völker, D. Vrandecic, Y. Sure, and A. Hotho. Learning disjointness. In Proceedings of the 4th European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC’07), pages 175–189, 2007. J. Völker, D. Vrandecic, Y. Sure, and A. Hotho. Learning disjointness. In Proceedings of the 4th European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC’07), pages 175–189, 2007.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Völker and S. Rudolph. Lexico-logical acquisition of OWL DL axioms – An integrated approach to ontology refinement. In R. Medina and S. Obiedkov, editors, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis (ICFCA’08), volume 4933 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pages 62–77. Springer, 2008. J. Völker and S. Rudolph. Lexico-logical acquisition of OWL DL axioms – An integrated approach to ontology refinement. In R. Medina and S. Obiedkov, editors, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis (ICFCA’08), volume 4933 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pages 62–77. Springer, 2008.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Widdows. Unsupervised methods for developing taxonomies by combining syntactic and statistical information. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference/North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT/NAACL), pages 276–283, 2003. D. Widdows. Unsupervised methods for developing taxonomies by combining syntactic and statistical information. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference/North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT/NAACL), pages 276–283, 2003.
76.
Zurück zum Zitat I. H. Witten and E. Frank. Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999. I. H. Witten and E. Frank. Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999.
Metadaten
Titel
Ontology Learning
verfasst von
Philipp Cimiano
Alexander Mädche
Steffen Staab
Johanna Völker
Copyright-Jahr
2009
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_11