Skip to main content

2023 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Operationalisierung

verfasst von : Nicola Döring

Erschienen in: Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation in den Sozial- und Humanwissenschaften

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Zusammenfassung

Dieses Kapitel vermittelt folgende Lernziele: Die unterschiedlichen Vorgehensweisen bei der Bildung theoretischer Konzepte in der qualitativen Forschung und der Operationalisierung theoretischer Konzepte in der quantitativen Forschung kennen. Wissen, was man unter der Konzeptspezifikation versteht und wie man dabei vorgeht. Latente und manifeste Variablen voneinander abgrenzen können. Die vier Skalenniveaus definieren und an Beispielen erläutern können. Die Ratingskala als Antwortformat von der psychometrischen Skala als Messinstrument unterscheiden können. Die Messung theoretischer Konzepte mit Einzelindikatoren, psychometrischen Skalen und Indizes als drei zentralen Operationalisierungsvarianten in ihren Vor- und Nachteilen abwägen können.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006). Measuring happiness with single-item scale. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34, 139–150. Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006). Measuring happiness with single-item scale. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34, 139–150.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahearn, E. P. (1997). The use of visual analog scales in mood disorders: A critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31, 569–579.PubMed Ahearn, E. P. (1997). The use of visual analog scales in mood disorders: A critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31, 569–579.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Aiken, L. R. (1985a). Evaluating ratings on bidirectional scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 195–202. Aiken, L. R. (1985a). Evaluating ratings on bidirectional scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 195–202.
Zurück zum Zitat Aiken, L. R. (1985b). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 131–142. Aiken, L. R. (1985b). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 131–142.
Zurück zum Zitat Aiken, L. R. (1987). Formulas for equating ratings on different scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 51–54. Aiken, L. R. (1987). Formulas for equating ratings on different scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 51–54.
Zurück zum Zitat Aiken, L. R. (1996). Rating scales and checklists: Evaluating behavior, personality, and attitudes. Oxford: Wiley. Aiken, L. R. (1996). Rating scales and checklists: Evaluating behavior, personality, and attitudes. Oxford: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Aiken, L. R. (1997). Psychological testing and assessment (9th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Aiken, L. R. (1997). Psychological testing and assessment (9th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Zurück zum Zitat Alliger, G. M., & Williams, K. J. (1989). Confounding among measures of leniency and halo. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 1–10. Alliger, G. M., & Williams, K. J. (1989). Confounding among measures of leniency and halo. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 1–10.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A. et al. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151–173.PubMed Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A. et al. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151–173.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Athey, T. R., & McIntyre, R. M. (1987). Effect of rater training on rater accuracy: Levels-of-processing theory and social facilitation theory perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 567–572. Athey, T. R., & McIntyre, R. M. (1987). Effect of rater training on rater accuracy: Levels-of-processing theory and social facilitation theory perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 567–572.
Zurück zum Zitat Attneave, F. (1949). A method of graded dichotomies for the scaling of judgments. Psychological Review, 56, 334–340.PubMed Attneave, F. (1949). A method of graded dichotomies for the scaling of judgments. Psychological Review, 56, 334–340.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ayalon, L., Goldfracht, M., & Bech, P. (2010). „Do you think you suffer from depression?“ Reevaluating the use of a single item question for the screening of depression in older primary care patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25, 497–502.PubMed Ayalon, L., Goldfracht, M., & Bech, P. (2010). „Do you think you suffer from depression?“ Reevaluating the use of a single item question for the screening of depression in older primary care patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25, 497–502.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bach, E. (1980). Ein chemischer Index zur Überwachung der Wasserqualität von Fließgewässern (24. Aufl.). Frankfurt/Main: DGM. Bach, E. (1980). Ein chemischer Index zur Überwachung der Wasserqualität von Fließgewässern (24. Aufl.). Frankfurt/Main: DGM.
Zurück zum Zitat Baer, L., & Blais, M. A. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of clinical rating scales and assessment in psychiatry and mental health (current clinical psychiatry). New York: Humana Press. Baer, L., & Blais, M. A. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of clinical rating scales and assessment in psychiatry and mental health (current clinical psychiatry). New York: Humana Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Baker, B. O., Hardyck, C. D., & Petrinovich, L. F. (1966). Weak measurement vs. strong statistics: An empirical critique of S. S. Stevens’ proscriptions of statistics. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 26, 291–309. Baker, B. O., Hardyck, C. D., & Petrinovich, L. F. (1966). Weak measurement vs. strong statistics: An empirical critique of S. S. Stevens’ proscriptions of statistics. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 26, 291–309.
Zurück zum Zitat Bannister, B. D., Kinicki, A. J., Denisi, A. S., & Horn, P. W. (1987). A new method for the statistical control of rating error in performance ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 583–596. Bannister, B. D., Kinicki, A. J., Denisi, A. S., & Horn, P. W. (1987). A new method for the statistical control of rating error in performance ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 583–596.
Zurück zum Zitat Barr, M. A., & Raju, N. S. (2003). IRT-based assessments of rater effects in multiple-source feedback instruments. Organizational Research Methods, 6, 15–43. Barr, M. A., & Raju, N. S. (2003). IRT-based assessments of rater effects in multiple-source feedback instruments. Organizational Research Methods, 6, 15–43.
Zurück zum Zitat Bearden, W. O., Netemeyer, R. G., & Haws, K. L. (2011). Handbook of marketing scales: Multi-item measures for marketing and consumer behavior research (Vol. 3). Los Angeles: Sage. Bearden, W. O., Netemeyer, R. G., & Haws, K. L. (2011). Handbook of marketing scales: Multi-item measures for marketing and consumer behavior research (Vol. 3). Los Angeles: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Beaton, A. E., & Allen, N. L. (1992). Chapter 6. Interpreting scales through scale anchoring. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 17, 191–204. Beaton, A. E., & Allen, N. L. (1992). Chapter 6. Interpreting scales through scale anchoring. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 17, 191–204.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 44, 175–184. Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 44, 175–184.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernardin, H. J. (1977). Behavioral expectation scales versus summated ratings: A fairer comparison. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 422–427. Bernardin, H. J. (1977). Behavioral expectation scales versus summated ratings: A fairer comparison. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 422–427.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernardin, H. J., & Smith, P. C. (1981). A clarification of some issues regarding the development and use of behaviorally anchored ratings scales (BARS). Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 458–463. Bernardin, H. J., & Smith, P. C. (1981). A clarification of some issues regarding the development and use of behaviorally anchored ratings scales (BARS). Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 458–463.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernardin, H. J., & Walter, C. S. (1977). Effects of rater training and diary-keeping on psychometric error in ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 64–69. Bernardin, H. J., & Walter, C. S. (1977). Effects of rater training and diary-keeping on psychometric error in ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 64–69.
Zurück zum Zitat Bierhoff, H. W. (1996). Neue Erhebungsmethoden. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld & T. Meiser (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 59–70). Weinheim: Beltz. Bierhoff, H. W. (1996). Neue Erhebungsmethoden. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld & T. Meiser (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 59–70). Weinheim: Beltz.
Zurück zum Zitat Bintig, A. (1980). The efficiency of various estimations of reliability of rating-scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, 619–643. Bintig, A. (1980). The efficiency of various estimations of reliability of rating-scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, 619–643.
Zurück zum Zitat Blunt, A. (1983). Development of a Thurstone scale for measuring attitudes toward adult education. Adult Education Quarterly, 34, 16–28. Blunt, A. (1983). Development of a Thurstone scale for measuring attitudes toward adult education. Adult Education Quarterly, 34, 16–28.
Zurück zum Zitat Böckenholt, U. (2001). Hierarchical modeling of paired comparison data. Psychological Methods, 6, 49–66.PubMed Böckenholt, U. (2001). Hierarchical modeling of paired comparison data. Psychological Methods, 6, 49–66.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Böckenholt, U. (2004). Comparative judgments as an alternative to ratings: Identifying the scale origin. Psychological Methods, 9, 453–465.PubMed Böckenholt, U. (2004). Comparative judgments as an alternative to ratings: Identifying the scale origin. Psychological Methods, 9, 453–465.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bongers, D. & Rehm, G. (1973). Kontaktwunsch und Kontaktwirklichkeit von Bewohnern einer Siedlung (unveröffentlichte Diplomarbeit). Universität Bonn. Bongers, D. & Rehm, G. (1973). Kontaktwunsch und Kontaktwirklichkeit von Bewohnern einer Siedlung (unveröffentlichte Diplomarbeit). Universität Bonn.
Zurück zum Zitat Borg, I. & Staufenbiel, T. (2007). Lehrbuch Theorien und Methoden der Skalierung (4. Aufl.). Bern: Huber. Borg, I. & Staufenbiel, T. (2007). Lehrbuch Theorien und Methoden der Skalierung (4. Aufl.). Bern: Huber.
Zurück zum Zitat Borg, I., Müller, M. & Staufenbiel, T. (1990). Ein empirischer Vergleich von fünf Standard-Verfahren zur eindimensionalen Skalierung. Archiv für Psychologie, 142, 25–33.PubMed Borg, I., Müller, M. & Staufenbiel, T. (1990). Ein empirischer Vergleich von fünf Standard-Verfahren zur eindimensionalen Skalierung. Archiv für Psychologie, 142, 25–33.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Borman, W. C. (1975). Effects of instructions to avoid halo error on reliability and validity of performance evaluation ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 556–560. Borman, W. C. (1975). Effects of instructions to avoid halo error on reliability and validity of performance evaluation ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 556–560.
Zurück zum Zitat Borman, W. C. (1986). Behavior-based rating scales. In R. A. Berk (Ed.), Performance assessment: Methods and applications (pp. 100–120). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Borman, W. C. (1986). Behavior-based rating scales. In R. A. Berk (Ed.), Performance assessment: Methods and applications (pp. 100–120). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Bortz, J. & Lienert, G. A. (2008). Kurzgefasste Statistik für die klinische Forschung (3. Aufl.). Berlin: Springer. Bortz, J. & Lienert, G. A. (2008). Kurzgefasste Statistik für die klinische Forschung (3. Aufl.). Berlin: Springer.
Zurück zum Zitat Bortz, J., Lienert, G. A. & Boehnke, K. (2008). Verteilungsfreie Methoden in der Biostatistik (3. Aufl.). Heidelberg: Springer. Bortz, J., Lienert, G. A. & Boehnke, K. (2008). Verteilungsfreie Methoden in der Biostatistik (3. Aufl.). Heidelberg: Springer.
Zurück zum Zitat Bortz, J. & Schuster, C. (2010). Statistik für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler (Lehrbuch mit Online-Materialien) (7. Aufl.). Berlin: Springer. Bortz, J. & Schuster, C. (2010). Statistik für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler (Lehrbuch mit Online-Materialien) (7. Aufl.). Berlin: Springer.
Zurück zum Zitat Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 49–59. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 49–59.
Zurück zum Zitat Bradley, R. A., & Terry, M. E. (1952). Rank analysis of incomplete block designs. I. The method of paired comparison. Biometrika, 39, 324–345. Bradley, R. A., & Terry, M. E. (1952). Rank analysis of incomplete block designs. I. The method of paired comparison. Biometrika, 39, 324–345.
Zurück zum Zitat Brandt, L. W. (1978). Measuring of a measurement: Empirical investigation of the semantic differential. Probleme und Ergebnisse der Psychologie, 66, 71–74. Brandt, L. W. (1978). Measuring of a measurement: Empirical investigation of the semantic differential. Probleme und Ergebnisse der Psychologie, 66, 71–74.
Zurück zum Zitat Breckler, S. J. (1994). A comparison of numerical indexes for measuring attitude ambivalence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 350–365. Breckler, S. J. (1994). A comparison of numerical indexes for measuring attitude ambivalence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 350–365.
Zurück zum Zitat Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2011). A review of the tripartite structure of subjective well-being: Implications for conceptualization, operationalization, analysis, and synthesis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 290–314.PubMed Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2011). A review of the tripartite structure of subjective well-being: Implications for conceptualization, operationalization, analysis, and synthesis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 290–314.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bühner, M. (2021). Einführung in die Test- und Fragebogenkonstruktion (4., korr. und erw. Aufl.). München: Pearson Studium. Bühner, M. (2021). Einführung in die Test- und Fragebogenkonstruktion (4., korr. und erw. Aufl.). München: Pearson Studium.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell, J. P., Dunnette, M. D., Arvey, R. D., & Hellervik, L. V. (1973). The development and evaluation of behaviorally based rating scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(1), 15–22. Campbell, J. P., Dunnette, M. D., Arvey, R. D., & Hellervik, L. V. (1973). The development and evaluation of behaviorally based rating scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(1), 15–22.
Zurück zum Zitat Carbonell, L., Sendra, J. M., Bayarri, S., Izquierdo, L., & Tárrega, A. (2008). Thurstonian scales obtained by transformation of beta distributions. Food Quality and Preference, 19(4), 407–411. Carbonell, L., Sendra, J. M., Bayarri, S., Izquierdo, L., & Tárrega, A. (2008). Thurstonian scales obtained by transformation of beta distributions. Food Quality and Preference, 19(4), 407–411.
Zurück zum Zitat Chatterjee, B. B., & Puhan, B. N. (1980). A Thurstone scale for measuring attitude towards sex. Indian Psychological Review, 19(3), 1–8. Chatterjee, B. B., & Puhan, B. N. (1980). A Thurstone scale for measuring attitude towards sex. Indian Psychological Review, 19(3), 1–8.
Zurück zum Zitat Chignell, M. H., & Pattey, B. W. (1987). Unidimensional scaling with efficient ranking methods. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 304–311. Chignell, M. H., & Pattey, B. W. (1987). Unidimensional scaling with efficient ranking methods. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 304–311.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi, W., & Stvilia, B. (2015). Web credibility assessment: Conceptualization, operationalization, variability, and models. Advances in Information Sciences, 66(12), 2399–2414. Choi, W., & Stvilia, B. (2015). Web credibility assessment: Conceptualization, operationalization, variability, and models. Advances in Information Sciences, 66(12), 2399–2414.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark, J. A. (1977). A method of scaling with incomplete pair-comparison data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 603–311. Clark, J. A. (1977). A method of scaling with incomplete pair-comparison data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 603–311.
Zurück zum Zitat Cogliser, C. C., & Schriesheim, C. A. (1994). Development and application of a new approach to testing the bipolarity of semantic differential. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(3), 594. Cogliser, C. C., & Schriesheim, C. A. (1994). Development and application of a new approach to testing the bipolarity of semantic differential. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(3), 594.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Zurück zum Zitat Conrad, E., & Maul, T. (1981). Introduction to experimental psychology. New York: Wiley. Conrad, E., & Maul, T. (1981). Introduction to experimental psychology. New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Coombs, C. H., Dawes, R. M., & Tversky, A. (1970). Mathematical psychology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Coombs, C. H., Dawes, R. M., & Tversky, A. (1970). Mathematical psychology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Zurück zum Zitat Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., & Singer, E. (2006). Evaluating the effectiveness of visual analog scales. A web experiment. Social Science Computer Review, 24(2), 227–245. Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., Conrad, F. G., & Singer, E. (2006). Evaluating the effectiveness of visual analog scales. A web experiment. Social Science Computer Review, 24(2), 227–245.
Zurück zum Zitat Crawshaw, L. (2009). Workplace bullying? Mobbing? Harassment? Distraction by a thousand definitions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 263–267. Crawshaw, L. (2009). Workplace bullying? Mobbing? Harassment? Distraction by a thousand definitions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 263–267.
Zurück zum Zitat Cronkhite, G. (1976). Effects of rater-concept-scale interactions and use of different factoring procedures upon evaluative factor structure. Human Communication Research, 2, 316–329. Cronkhite, G. (1976). Effects of rater-concept-scale interactions and use of different factoring procedures upon evaluative factor structure. Human Communication Research, 2, 316–329.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalbert, C. (1992). Subjektives Wohlbefinden junger Erwachsener: Theoretische und empirische Analysen der Struktur und Stabilität. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 13, 207–220. Dalbert, C. (1992). Subjektives Wohlbefinden junger Erwachsener: Theoretische und empirische Analysen der Struktur und Stabilität. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 13, 207–220.
Zurück zum Zitat David, H. A. (1963). The method of paired comparison. London: Griffin. David, H. A. (1963). The method of paired comparison. London: Griffin.
Zurück zum Zitat Dawis, R. V. (1987). Scale construction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 481–489. Dawis, R. V. (1987). Scale construction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 481–489.
Zurück zum Zitat DeCotiis, T. A. (1977). An analysis of the external validity and applied relevance of three rating formats. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 19, 247–266. DeCotiis, T. A. (1977). An analysis of the external validity and applied relevance of three rating formats. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 19, 247–266.
Zurück zum Zitat DeCotiis, T. A. (1978). A critique and suggested revision of behaviorally anchored rating scales developmental procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 681–690. DeCotiis, T. A. (1978). A critique and suggested revision of behaviorally anchored rating scales developmental procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 681–690.
Zurück zum Zitat Diamantopoulos, A. (2005). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing: A comment. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 22, 1–9. Diamantopoulos, A. (2005). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing: A comment. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 22, 1–9.
Zurück zum Zitat Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. M. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 269–277. Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. M. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 269–277.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding, Z., & Ng, F. (2008). A new way of developing semantic differential scales with personal construct theory. Construction Management and Economics, 26, 1213–1226. Ding, Z., & Ng, F. (2008). A new way of developing semantic differential scales with personal construct theory. Construction Management and Economics, 26, 1213–1226.
Zurück zum Zitat Doll, J. (1988). Kognition und Präferenz: Die Bedeutung des Halo-Effektes für multiattributive Einstellungsmodelle. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 19, 41–52. Doll, J. (1988). Kognition und Präferenz: Die Bedeutung des Halo-Effektes für multiattributive Einstellungsmodelle. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 19, 41–52.
Zurück zum Zitat Döring, N. (2005). Für Evaluation und gegen Evaluitis. Warum und wie Lehrevaluation an deutschen Hochschulen verbessert werden sollte. In B. Berendt, H.-P. Voss & J. Wildt (Hrsg.), Neues Handbuch Hochschullehre (S. 1–22). Berlin: Raabe. Döring, N. (2005). Für Evaluation und gegen Evaluitis. Warum und wie Lehrevaluation an deutschen Hochschulen verbessert werden sollte. In B. Berendt, H.-P. Voss & J. Wildt (Hrsg.), Neues Handbuch Hochschullehre (S. 1–22). Berlin: Raabe.
Zurück zum Zitat Döring, N. (2013). Zur Operationalisierung von Geschlecht im Fragebogen: Probleme und Lösungsansätze aus Sicht von Mess-, Umfrage-, Gender- und Queer-Theorie. Gender, 2, 94–113. Döring, N. (2013). Zur Operationalisierung von Geschlecht im Fragebogen: Probleme und Lösungsansätze aus Sicht von Mess-, Umfrage-, Gender- und Queer-Theorie. Gender, 2, 94–113.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 399–412.PubMed Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 399–412.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dunn-Rankin, P., Knezek, G. A., Wallace, S., & Zhang, S. (2004). Scaling methods. Mahwah: Erlbaum. Dunn-Rankin, P., Knezek, G. A., Wallace, S., & Zhang, S. (2004). Scaling methods. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards, A. L., & Kilpatrick, F. P. (1948). A technique for the construction of attitude scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, 374–384.PubMed Edwards, A. L., & Kilpatrick, F. P. (1948). A technique for the construction of attitude scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, 374–384.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Eiser, J. R., & Ströbe, W. (1972). Categorization and social judgment. New York: Academic Press. Eiser, J. R., & Ströbe, W. (1972). Categorization and social judgment. New York: Academic Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Evans, R. H. (1980). The upgraded semantic differential: A further test. Journal of the Market Research Society, 22(2), 143–147. Evans, R. H. (1980). The upgraded semantic differential: A further test. Journal of the Market Research Society, 22(2), 143–147.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferguson, C. J., & Rueda, S. M. (2010). The Hitmann study. Violent video game exposure effects on aggressive behavior, hostile feelings, and depression. European Psychologist, 15, 99–108. Ferguson, C. J., & Rueda, S. M. (2010). The Hitmann study. Violent video game exposure effects on aggressive behavior, hostile feelings, and depression. European Psychologist, 15, 99–108.
Zurück zum Zitat Finn, A., & Kayande, U. (2005). How fine is C-OAR-SE? A generalizability theory perspective on Rossiter’s procedure. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 22, 11–21. Finn, A., & Kayande, U. (2005). How fine is C-OAR-SE? A generalizability theory perspective on Rossiter’s procedure. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 22, 11–21.
Zurück zum Zitat Finstuen, K. (1977). Use of Osgood’s semantic differential. Psychological Reports, 41, 1219–1222. Finstuen, K. (1977). Use of Osgood’s semantic differential. Psychological Reports, 41, 1219–1222.
Zurück zum Zitat Flade, A. (1978). Die Beurteilung umweltpsychologischer Konzepte mit einem konzeptspezifischen und einem universellen semantischen Differential. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 25, 367–378. Flade, A. (1978). Die Beurteilung umweltpsychologischer Konzepte mit einem konzeptspezifischen und einem universellen semantischen Differential. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 25, 367–378.
Zurück zum Zitat Flynn, L. R. (1993). Do standard scales work in older samples? Marketing Letters, 4, 127–137. Flynn, L. R. (1993). Do standard scales work in older samples? Marketing Letters, 4, 127–137.
Zurück zum Zitat Frank, D. & Schlund, W. (2000). Eine neue Lösung des alten Skalenproblems. planung&analyse, 2000, 56–59. Frank, D. & Schlund, W. (2000). Eine neue Lösung des alten Skalenproblems. planung&analyse, 2000, 56–59.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedman, B. A., & Cornelius III, E. T. (1976). Effect of rater participation on scale construction on the psychometric characteristics of two ratingscale formats. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 210–216. Friedman, B. A., & Cornelius III, E. T. (1976). Effect of rater participation on scale construction on the psychometric characteristics of two ratingscale formats. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 210–216.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedman, H. H., Friedman, L. W., & Gluck, B. (1988). The effects of scale-checking styles on responses to a semantic differential scale. Journal of the Market Research Society, 30, 477–481. Friedman, H. H., Friedman, L. W., & Gluck, B. (1988). The effects of scale-checking styles on responses to a semantic differential scale. Journal of the Market Research Society, 30, 477–481.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaito, J. (1980). Measurement scales and statistics: Resurgence of an old misconception. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 564–567. Gaito, J. (1980). Measurement scales and statistics: Resurgence of an old misconception. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 564–567.
Zurück zum Zitat Galovski, T. E., Malta, L. S., & Blanchard, E. B. (2006). Road rage: Assessment and treatment of the angry, aggressive driver. Washington: American Psychological Association. Galovski, T. E., Malta, L. S., & Blanchard, E. B. (2006). Road rage: Assessment and treatment of the angry, aggressive driver. Washington: American Psychological Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., Dunham, R. B., & Pierce, J. L. (1998). Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 898–915. Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., Dunham, R. B., & Pierce, J. L. (1998). Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 898–915.
Zurück zum Zitat Garland, R. (1990). A comparison of three forms of the semantic differential. Marketing Bulletin, 1, 19–24. Garland, R. (1990). A comparison of three forms of the semantic differential. Marketing Bulletin, 1, 19–24.
Zurück zum Zitat Garner, W. R., & Hake, H. W. (1951). The amount of information in absolute judgments. Psychological Review, 58, 446–459.PubMed Garner, W. R., & Hake, H. W. (1951). The amount of information in absolute judgments. Psychological Review, 58, 446–459.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gescheider, G. A. (1988). Psychophysical scaling. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 169–200.PubMed Gescheider, G. A. (1988). Psychophysical scaling. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 169–200.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gluth, S., Ebner, N. C., & Schmiedek, F. (2010). Attitudes toward younger and older adults: The German Aging Semantic Differential. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 147–158. Gluth, S., Ebner, N. C., & Schmiedek, F. (2010). Attitudes toward younger and older adults: The German Aging Semantic Differential. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 147–158.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzales, E., Tan, J., & Morrow-Howell, N. (2010). Assessment of the refined Aging Semantic Differential: Recommendations for enhancing validity. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53, 304–318.PubMed Gonzales, E., Tan, J., & Morrow-Howell, N. (2010). Assessment of the refined Aging Semantic Differential: Recommendations for enhancing validity. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53, 304–318.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Goodstadt, M. S., & Magid, S. (1977). When Thurstone and Likert agree – A confounding of methodologies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 811–818. Goodstadt, M. S., & Magid, S. (1977). When Thurstone and Likert agree – A confounding of methodologies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37, 811–818.
Zurück zum Zitat Granberg-Rademacker, J. S. (2010). An algorithm for converting ordinal scale measurement data to interval/ratio scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 74–90. Granberg-Rademacker, J. S. (2010). An algorithm for converting ordinal scale measurement data to interval/ratio scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 74–90.
Zurück zum Zitat Green, S. B., Sauser, W. I., Fagg, J. N., & Champion, C. H. (1981). Shortcut methods for deriving Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 761–775. Green, S. B., Sauser, W. I., Fagg, J. N., & Champion, C. H. (1981). Shortcut methods for deriving Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 761–775.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399–432. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399–432.
Zurück zum Zitat Guilford, J. P. (1938). The computation of psychological values from judgments in absolute categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 32–42. Guilford, J. P. (1938). The computation of psychological values from judgments in absolute categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 32–42.
Zurück zum Zitat Guttman, L. (1950). The basis of scalogram analysis. In S. A. Stouffer, L. Guttman, E. A. Suchman, P. F. Lazarsfeld, S. A. Star, & J. A. Clausen (Eds.), Measurement and prediction. Studies in social psychology in World War II (Vol. 4, pp. 60–90). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Guttman, L. (1950). The basis of scalogram analysis. In S. A. Stouffer, L. Guttman, E. A. Suchman, P. F. Lazarsfeld, S. A. Star, & J. A. Clausen (Eds.), Measurement and prediction. Studies in social psychology in World War II (Vol. 4, pp. 60–90). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Hand, D. J. (1996). Statistics and the theory of measurement. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), 159, 445–492. Hand, D. J. (1996). Statistics and the theory of measurement. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), 159, 445–492.
Zurück zum Zitat Hauenstein, N. M. A., Brown, R. D., & Sinclair, A. L. (2010). BARS and those mysterious, missing middle anchors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 663–672. Hauenstein, N. M. A., Brown, R. D., & Sinclair, A. L. (2010). BARS and those mysterious, missing middle anchors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 663–672.
Zurück zum Zitat Henss, R. (1989). Zur Vergleichbarkeit von Ratingskalen unterschiedlicher Kategorienzahl. Psychologische Beiträge, 31, 264–284. Henss, R. (1989). Zur Vergleichbarkeit von Ratingskalen unterschiedlicher Kategorienzahl. Psychologische Beiträge, 31, 264–284.
Zurück zum Zitat Himmelfarb, S. (1993). The measurement of attitudes. In A. H. Eagly, & S. Chaiken (Eds.), Psychology of attitudes (pp. 23–88). Belmont: Thomson/Wadsworth. Himmelfarb, S. (1993). The measurement of attitudes. In A. H. Eagly, & S. Chaiken (Eds.), Psychology of attitudes (pp. 23–88). Belmont: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofacker, C. F. (1984). Categorical judgment scaling with ordinal assumptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 19, 91–106.PubMed Hofacker, C. F. (1984). Categorical judgment scaling with ordinal assumptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 19, 91–106.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hofstätter, P. R. (1957). Psychologie. Frankfurt/Main: Fischer. Hofstätter, P. R. (1957). Psychologie. Frankfurt/Main: Fischer.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofstätter, P. R. (1963). Einführung in die Sozialpsychologie. Stuttgart: Kröner. Hofstätter, P. R. (1963). Einführung in die Sozialpsychologie. Stuttgart: Kröner.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofstätter, P. R. (1977). Persönlichkeitsforschung. Stuttgart: Kröner. Hofstätter, P. R. (1977). Persönlichkeitsforschung. Stuttgart: Kröner.
Zurück zum Zitat Horowitz, L. M., Inouye, D., & Seigelmann, E. Y. (1979). On avaraging judges’ ratings to increase their correlation with an external criterion. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 453–458.PubMed Horowitz, L. M., Inouye, D., & Seigelmann, E. Y. (1979). On avaraging judges’ ratings to increase their correlation with an external criterion. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 453–458.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hoyt, W. T. (2000). Rater bias in psychological research: When is it a problem and what can we do about it? Psychological Methods, 5, 64–86.PubMed Hoyt, W. T. (2000). Rater bias in psychological research: When is it a problem and what can we do about it? Psychological Methods, 5, 64–86.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hoyt, W. T. (2002). Bias in participant ratings of psychotherapy process: An initial generalizability study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 35–46. Hoyt, W. T. (2002). Bias in participant ratings of psychotherapy process: An initial generalizability study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 35–46.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoyt, W. T., & Kerns, M.-D. (1999). Magnitude and moderators of bias in observer ratings: A meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 403–424. Hoyt, W. T., & Kerns, M.-D. (1999). Magnitude and moderators of bias in observer ratings: A meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 403–424.
Zurück zum Zitat Hull, R. B., & Buhyoff, G. J. (1981). On the Law of Comparative Judgement: Scaling with intransitive observers and multidimensional stimuli. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 1083–1089. Hull, R. B., & Buhyoff, G. J. (1981). On the Law of Comparative Judgement: Scaling with intransitive observers and multidimensional stimuli. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 1083–1089.
Zurück zum Zitat Igou, E. R., Bless, H., & Schwarz, N. (2002). Making sense of standardized survey questions: The influence of reference periods and their repetition. Communication Monographs, 69, 179–187. Igou, E. R., Bless, H., & Schwarz, N. (2002). Making sense of standardized survey questions: The influence of reference periods and their repetition. Communication Monographs, 69, 179–187.
Zurück zum Zitat Inglehart, R. (1977). The silent revolution: Changing values and political styles among western publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Inglehart, R. (1977). The silent revolution: Changing values and political styles among western publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Iturregui-Gallardo, G., & Méndez-Ulrich, J. L. (2020). Towards the creation of a Tactile version of the Self-Assessment Manikin (T-SAM) for the emotional assessment of visually impaired people. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 67, 657–674. Iturregui-Gallardo, G., & Méndez-Ulrich, J. L. (2020). Towards the creation of a Tactile version of the Self-Assessment Manikin (T-SAM) for the emotional assessment of visually impaired people. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 67, 657–674.
Zurück zum Zitat Jäger, R. (1998). Konstruktion einer Ratingskala mit Smilies als symbolische Marken. Institut für Psychologie, Technische Universität Berlin. Jäger, R. (1998). Konstruktion einer Ratingskala mit Smilies als symbolische Marken. Institut für Psychologie, Technische Universität Berlin.
Zurück zum Zitat Jäger, R. S. & Petermann, F. (1992). Psychologische Diagnostik. (2. Aufl.). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Jäger, R. S. & Petermann, F. (1992). Psychologische Diagnostik. (2. Aufl.). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union.
Zurück zum Zitat Jamieson, S. (2004) Likert scales: How to (ab)use them? Medical Education, 38, 1217–1218.PubMed Jamieson, S. (2004) Likert scales: How to (ab)use them? Medical Education, 38, 1217–1218.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, D. M., & Vidulich, R. N. (1956). Experimental manipulation of the halo-effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 40, 130–134. Johnson, D. M., & Vidulich, R. N. (1956). Experimental manipulation of the halo-effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 40, 130–134.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones, L. V. (1959). Some invariant findings under the method of successive intervalls. The American Journal of Psychology, 72, 210–220. Jones, L. V. (1959). Some invariant findings under the method of successive intervalls. The American Journal of Psychology, 72, 210–220.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones, L. V., & Thurstone, L. L. (1955). The psychophysics of semantics: An empirical investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 39, 31–36. Jones, L. V., & Thurstone, L. L. (1955). The psychophysics of semantics: An empirical investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 39, 31–36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (2000). Choices, values, and frames. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (2000). Choices, values, and frames. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Kane, R. B. (1971). Minimizing order effects in the semantic differential. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31, 137–144. Kane, R. B. (1971). Minimizing order effects in the semantic differential. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31, 137–144.
Zurück zum Zitat Kane, J. S., Bernardin, H. J., Villanova, P., & Peyrefitte, J. (1995). Stability of rater leniency: Three studies. The Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1036–1051. Kane, J. S., Bernardin, H. J., Villanova, P., & Peyrefitte, J. (1995). Stability of rater leniency: Three studies. The Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1036–1051.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaplan, K. J. (1972). On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 361–372. Kaplan, K. J. (1972). On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 361–372.
Zurück zum Zitat Keller, J., & Wagner-Steh, K. (2005). A Guttman scale for empirical prediction of level of domestic violence. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 5, 37–48. Keller, J., & Wagner-Steh, K. (2005). A Guttman scale for empirical prediction of level of domestic violence. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 5, 37–48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelley, H. H., Hovland, C. I., Schwartz, M., & Abelson, R. P. (1955). The influence of judges attitudes in three modes of attitude scaling. Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 147–158. Kelley, H. H., Hovland, C. I., Schwartz, M., & Abelson, R. P. (1955). The influence of judges attitudes in three modes of attitude scaling. Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 147–158.
Zurück zum Zitat Kendall, M. G. (1955). Further contributions to the theory of paired comparison. Biometrics, 11, 43–62. Kendall, M. G. (1955). Further contributions to the theory of paired comparison. Biometrics, 11, 43–62.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler, J. (2009). Der Mythos vom globalen Dorf. Zur räumlichen Differenzierung von Globalisierungsprozessen. In J. Kessler & C. Steiner (Hrsg.), Facetten der Globalisierung: Zwischen Ökonomie, Politik und Kultur (S. 28–79). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. Kessler, J. (2009). Der Mythos vom globalen Dorf. Zur räumlichen Differenzierung von Globalisierungsprozessen. In J. Kessler & C. Steiner (Hrsg.), Facetten der Globalisierung: Zwischen Ökonomie, Politik und Kultur (S. 28–79). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
Zurück zum Zitat King, B. M., Rosopa, P. J., & Minium, E. W. (2010). Statistical reasoning in the behavioral sciences (6th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. King, B. M., Rosopa, P. J., & Minium, E. W. (2010). Statistical reasoning in the behavioral sciences (6th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Zurück zum Zitat Kingstrom, P. O., & Bass, A. R. (1981). A critical analysis of studies comparing Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) and other rating formats. Personnel Psychology, 34, 263–289. Kingstrom, P. O., & Bass, A. R. (1981). A critical analysis of studies comparing Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) and other rating formats. Personnel Psychology, 34, 263–289.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinicki, A. J., & Bannister, B. D. (1988). A test of the measurement assumptions underlying Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 17–27. Kinicki, A. J., & Bannister, B. D. (1988). A test of the measurement assumptions underlying Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 17–27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinicki, A. J., Bannister, B. D., Hom, P. W., & Denisi, A. S. (1985). Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales vs. Summated Rating Scales: Psychometric properties and susceptibility to rating bias. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 535–549. Kinicki, A. J., Bannister, B. D., Hom, P. W., & Denisi, A. S. (1985). Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales vs. Summated Rating Scales: Psychometric properties and susceptibility to rating bias. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 535–549.
Zurück zum Zitat Klauer, K. C. (1989). Untersuchungen zur Robustheit von Zuschreibungs-mal-Bewertungsmodellen: Die Bedeutung von Halo-Effekten und Dominanz. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 20, 14–26. Klauer, K. C. (1989). Untersuchungen zur Robustheit von Zuschreibungs-mal-Bewertungsmodellen: Die Bedeutung von Halo-Effekten und Dominanz. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 20, 14–26.
Zurück zum Zitat Klauer, K. C. & Schmeling, A. (1990). Sind Halo-Fehler Flüchtigkeitsfehler? Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 37, 594–607. Klauer, K. C. & Schmeling, A. (1990). Sind Halo-Fehler Flüchtigkeitsfehler? Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 37, 594–607.
Zurück zum Zitat Knezek, G., Wallace, S., & Dunn–Rankin, P. (1998). Accuracy of Kendall’s chi-square approximation to circular triad distributions. Psychometrica, 63, 23–34. Knezek, G., Wallace, S., & Dunn–Rankin, P. (1998). Accuracy of Kendall’s chi-square approximation to circular triad distributions. Psychometrica, 63, 23–34.
Zurück zum Zitat Korman, A. K. (1971). Industrial and organizational psychology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Korman, A. K. (1971). Industrial and organizational psychology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Zurück zum Zitat Krabbe, P. F. M. (2008). Thurstone scaling as a measurement method to quantify subjective health outcomes. Medical Care, 46, 357–365.PubMed Krabbe, P. F. M. (2008). Thurstone scaling as a measurement method to quantify subjective health outcomes. Medical Care, 46, 357–365.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., Suppes, P., & Tversky, A. (2006a). Foundations of measurement volume II: Geometrical, threshold, and probabilistic representations. Mineola: Dover Publications. Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., Suppes, P., & Tversky, A. (2006a). Foundations of measurement volume II: Geometrical, threshold, and probabilistic representations. Mineola: Dover Publications.
Zurück zum Zitat Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., Suppes, P., & Tversky, A. (2006b). Foundations of measurements volume I: Additive and polynomial representations. Mineola: Dover Publications. Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., Suppes, P., & Tversky, A. (2006b). Foundations of measurements volume I: Additive and polynomial representations. Mineola: Dover Publications.
Zurück zum Zitat Krebs, D., & Hoffmeyer–Zlotnik, J. H. P. (2009). Bipolar vs. unipolar scale format in fully vs. endpoint verbalized scale. Paper presented at the Cognition in Survey Research, 3rd Conference of the European Survey Research Association. Warschau, 29th June – 3rd July, 2009. Krebs, D., & Hoffmeyer–Zlotnik, J. H. P. (2009). Bipolar vs. unipolar scale format in fully vs. endpoint verbalized scale. Paper presented at the Cognition in Survey Research, 3rd Conference of the European Survey Research Association. Warschau, 29th June – 3rd July, 2009.
Zurück zum Zitat Kromrey, H. (2006). Qualität und Evaluation im System Hochschule. In R. Stockmann (Hrsg.), Evaluationsforschung: Grundlagen ausgewählter Forschungsfelder (3. Aufl., S. 234–259). Opladen: Leske & Budrich. Kromrey, H. (2006). Qualität und Evaluation im System Hochschule. In R. Stockmann (Hrsg.), Evaluationsforschung: Grundlagen ausgewählter Forschungsfelder (3. Aufl., S. 234–259). Opladen: Leske & Budrich.
Zurück zum Zitat Kromrey, H., Roose, J. & Strübing, J. (2016). Empirische Sozialforschung: Modelle und Methoden der standardisierten Datenerhebung und Datenausweitung: Modelle und Methoden der Datenerhebung und Datenauswertung (13. Aufl.). Stuttgart: UTB. Kromrey, H., Roose, J. & Strübing, J. (2016). Empirische Sozialforschung: Modelle und Methoden der standardisierten Datenerhebung und Datenausweitung: Modelle und Methoden der Datenerhebung und Datenauswertung (13. Aufl.). Stuttgart: UTB.
Zurück zum Zitat Krosnick, J. A., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2006). Designing great questionnaires: Insights from psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Krosnick, J. A., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2006). Designing great questionnaires: Insights from psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Latham, G. P., Wexley, K. N., & Pursell, E. D. (1975). Training managers to minimize rating error in the observation of behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 550–555. Latham, G. P., Wexley, K. N., & Pursell, E. D. (1975). Training managers to minimize rating error in the observation of behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 550–555.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. (2009). Is Schwartz’s Value Survey an interval scale, and does it really matter? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 76–86. Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. (2009). Is Schwartz’s Value Survey an interval scale, and does it really matter? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 76–86.
Zurück zum Zitat Lei, M., & Lomax, R. G. (2005). The effect of varying degrees of nonnormality in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 1–27. Lei, M., & Lomax, R. G. (2005). The effect of varying degrees of nonnormality in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 1–27.
Zurück zum Zitat Leonhart, R. (2009). Lehrbuch Statistik. Einstieg und Vertiefung (2. Aufl.). Bern: Huber. Leonhart, R. (2009). Lehrbuch Statistik. Einstieg und Vertiefung (2. Aufl.). Bern: Huber.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, F., Wang, E., & Zhang, F. (2002). The multitrait-multirater approach to analyzing rating biases. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 34, 89–96. Li, F., Wang, E., & Zhang, F. (2002). The multitrait-multirater approach to analyzing rating biases. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 34, 89–96.
Zurück zum Zitat Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22, 5–55. Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22, 5–55.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindemann, D. F., & Brigham, T. A. (2003). A Guttman scale for assessing condom use skills among college students. AIDS and Behavior, 7, 23–27.PubMed Lindemann, D. F., & Brigham, T. A. (2003). A Guttman scale for assessing condom use skills among college students. AIDS and Behavior, 7, 23–27.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lissitz, R. W., & Green, S. B. (1975). Effect of number of scale points on reliability: A Monte Carlo approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 10–13. Lissitz, R. W., & Green, S. B. (1975). Effect of number of scale points on reliability: A Monte Carlo approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 10–13.
Zurück zum Zitat Lohaus, D. (1997). Reihenfolgeeffekte in der Eindrucksbildung. Eine differenzierte Untersuchung verschiedener Meßzeiträume. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 28, 298–308. Lohaus, D. (1997). Reihenfolgeeffekte in der Eindrucksbildung. Eine differenzierte Untersuchung verschiedener Meßzeiträume. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 28, 298–308.
Zurück zum Zitat Lord, F. M. (1953). On the statistical treatment of football numbers. American Psychologist, 8, 750–751. Lord, F. M. (1953). On the statistical treatment of football numbers. American Psychologist, 8, 750–751.
Zurück zum Zitat Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E., & Muñiz, J. (2008). Effect of the number of response categories on the reliability and validity of rating scales. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Science, 4, 73–79. Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E., & Muñiz, J. (2008). Effect of the number of response categories on the reliability and validity of rating scales. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Science, 4, 73–79.
Zurück zum Zitat Luce, R. D. (1959). Individual choice behavior. New York: Wiley. Luce, R. D. (1959). Individual choice behavior. New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Lütters, H. (2008). Serious fun in market research: The Sniper Scale. Marketing Review St. Gallen, 25, 17–22. Lütters, H. (2008). Serious fun in market research: The Sniper Scale. Marketing Review St. Gallen, 25, 17–22.
Zurück zum Zitat Maier, J., Maier, M., Maurer, M., Reinemann, C., & Meyer, V. (Eds.). (2009). Real-time response measurement in the social sciences: Methodological perspectives and applications. Frankfurt/Main: Lang. Maier, J., Maier, M., Maurer, M., Reinemann, C., & Meyer, V. (Eds.). (2009). Real-time response measurement in the social sciences: Methodological perspectives and applications. Frankfurt/Main: Lang.
Zurück zum Zitat Maier, J., Maurer, M., Reinemann, C., & Faas, T. (2006). Reliability and validity of real-time response measurement: A comparison of two studies of a televised debate in Germany. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19, 53–73. Maier, J., Maurer, M., Reinemann, C., & Faas, T. (2006). Reliability and validity of real-time response measurement: A comparison of two studies of a televised debate in Germany. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19, 53–73.
Zurück zum Zitat Mann, I. T., Phillips, J. L., & Thompson, E. G. (1979). An examination of methodological issues relevant to the use and interpretation of the semantic differential. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 213–229. Mann, I. T., Phillips, J. L., & Thompson, E. G. (1979). An examination of methodological issues relevant to the use and interpretation of the semantic differential. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 213–229.
Zurück zum Zitat Marcus, B. & Schuler, H. (2001). Leistungsbeurteilung. In H. Schuler (Hrsg.), Lehrbuch der Personalpsychologie (S. 397–433). Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel. Marcus, B. & Schuler, H. (2001). Leistungsbeurteilung. In H. Schuler (Hrsg.), Lehrbuch der Personalpsychologie (S. 397–433). Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel.
Zurück zum Zitat Mari, L. (2005). The problem of foundations of measurement. Measurement, 38, 259–266. Mari, L. (2005). The problem of foundations of measurement. Measurement, 38, 259–266.
Zurück zum Zitat Matell, M. S., & Jacoby, J. (1971). Is there an optimal number for Likert scale items? Study I: Reliability and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31, 657–674. Matell, M. S., & Jacoby, J. (1971). Is there an optimal number for Likert scale items? Study I: Reliability and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31, 657–674.
Zurück zum Zitat Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (1993). Bivariate median splits and spurious statistical significance. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 181–190. Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (1993). Bivariate median splits and spurious statistical significance. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 181–190.
Zurück zum Zitat McCarty, J. A., & Shrum, L. J. (2000). The measurement of personal values in survey research. A test of alternative rating procedures. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 271–298. McCarty, J. A., & Shrum, L. J. (2000). The measurement of personal values in survey research. A test of alternative rating procedures. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 271–298.
Zurück zum Zitat McCormack, B., Boldy, D., Lewin, G., & McCormack, G. R. (2011). Screening for depression among older adults referred to home care services: A single-item depression screener vs. the Geriatric Depression Scale. Home Health Care Management and Practice, 23, 13–19. McCormack, B., Boldy, D., Lewin, G., & McCormack, G. R. (2011). Screening for depression among older adults referred to home care services: A single-item depression screener vs. the Geriatric Depression Scale. Home Health Care Management and Practice, 23, 13–19.
Zurück zum Zitat McCormack, H. M., Horne, D. J., & Sheather, S. (1988). Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: A critical review. Psychological Medicine, 18, 1007–1019.PubMed McCormack, H. M., Horne, D. J., & Sheather, S. (1988). Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: A critical review. Psychological Medicine, 18, 1007–1019.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Michell, J. (1986). Measurement scales and statistics: A clash of paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 398–407. Michell, J. (1986). Measurement scales and statistics: A clash of paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 398–407.
Zurück zum Zitat Michell, J. (2005). The logic of measurement: A realistic overview. Measurement, 38, 285–294. Michell, J. (2005). The logic of measurement: A realistic overview. Measurement, 38, 285–294.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosier, C. J. (1941). A psychometric study of meaning. The Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 123–140. Mosier, C. J. (1941). A psychometric study of meaning. The Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 123–140.
Zurück zum Zitat Mou, Y., Shi, C., Shen, T., & Xu, K. (2020). A systematic review of the personality of robot: Mapping its conceptualization, operationalization, contextualization and effects. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 36, 591–605. Mou, Y., Shi, C., Shen, T., & Xu, K. (2020). A systematic review of the personality of robot: Mapping its conceptualization, operationalization, contextualization and effects. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 36, 591–605.
Zurück zum Zitat Mount, M. K., Sytsma, M. R., Hazucha, J. F., & Holt, K. E. (1997). Rater-ratee race effects in developmental performance rating of managers. Personnel Psychology, 50, 51–69. Mount, M. K., Sytsma, M. R., Hazucha, J. F., & Holt, K. E. (1997). Rater-ratee race effects in developmental performance rating of managers. Personnel Psychology, 50, 51–69.
Zurück zum Zitat Murakami, T., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (2003). Three-mode models and individual differences in semantic differential data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 38, 247–283. Murakami, T., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (2003). Three-mode models and individual differences in semantic differential data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 38, 247–283.
Zurück zum Zitat Myford, C. M., & Wolfe, E. W. (2003). Detecting and measuring rater effects using many-facet Rasch measurement: Part I. Journal of Applied Measurement, 4, 386–422.PubMed Myford, C. M., & Wolfe, E. W. (2003). Detecting and measuring rater effects using many-facet Rasch measurement: Part I. Journal of Applied Measurement, 4, 386–422.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Myford, C. M., & Wolfe, E. W. (2004). Detecting and measuring rater effects using many-facet Rasch measurement: Part II. Journal of Applied Measurement, 5, 189–227.PubMed Myford, C. M., & Wolfe, E. W. (2004). Detecting and measuring rater effects using many-facet Rasch measurement: Part II. Journal of Applied Measurement, 5, 189–227.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nagy, M. S. (2002). Using a single-item approach to measure facet job satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 77–86. Nagy, M. S. (2002). Using a single-item approach to measure facet job satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 77–86.
Zurück zum Zitat Neuman, W. L. (2010). Social research methods. Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.). Bosten: Pearson. Neuman, W. L. (2010). Social research methods. Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.). Bosten: Pearson.
Zurück zum Zitat Newcomb, T. (1931). An experiment designed to test the validity of a rating technique. Journal of Educational Psychology, 22, 279–289. Newcomb, T. (1931). An experiment designed to test the validity of a rating technique. Journal of Educational Psychology, 22, 279–289.
Zurück zum Zitat Newstead, S. E., & Arnold, J. (1989). The effect of response format on ratings of teaching. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 33–43. Newstead, S. E., & Arnold, J. (1989). The effect of response format on ratings of teaching. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 33–43.
Zurück zum Zitat Niederée, R. & Mausfeld, R. (1996a). Das Bedeutsamkeitsproblem in der Statistik. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld & T. Meiser (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 399–410). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Niederée, R. & Mausfeld, R. (1996a). Das Bedeutsamkeitsproblem in der Statistik. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld & T. Meiser (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 399–410). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union.
Zurück zum Zitat Niederée, R. & Mausfeld, R. (1996b). Skalenniveau, Invarianz und „Bedeutsamkeit“. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld & T. Meiser (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 385–398). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Niederée, R. & Mausfeld, R. (1996b). Skalenniveau, Invarianz und „Bedeutsamkeit“. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld & T. Meiser (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 385–398). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union.
Zurück zum Zitat Noll, H.-H. (2002). Globale Wohlfahrtsmaße als Instrumente der Wohlfahrtsmessung und Sozialberichterstattung: Funktionen, Ansätze und Probleme. In W. Glatzer, R. Habich & K. U. Mayer (Hrsg.), Sozialer Wandel und Gesellschaftliche Dauerbeobachtung. Festschrift für Wolfgang Zapf (S. 317–336). Opladen: Leske & Budrich. Noll, H.-H. (2002). Globale Wohlfahrtsmaße als Instrumente der Wohlfahrtsmessung und Sozialberichterstattung: Funktionen, Ansätze und Probleme. In W. Glatzer, R. Habich & K. U. Mayer (Hrsg.), Sozialer Wandel und Gesellschaftliche Dauerbeobachtung. Festschrift für Wolfgang Zapf (S. 317–336). Opladen: Leske & Budrich.
Zurück zum Zitat North, K. & Reinhardt, K. (2011). Kompetenzmanagement in der Praxis: Mitarbeiterkompetenzen systematisch identifizieren, nutzen und entwickeln (2. Aufl.). Wiesbaden: Gabler. North, K. & Reinhardt, K. (2011). Kompetenzmanagement in der Praxis: Mitarbeiterkompetenzen systematisch identifizieren, nutzen und entwickeln (2. Aufl.). Wiesbaden: Gabler.
Zurück zum Zitat Ofir, C., Reddy, S. K., & Bechtel, G. G. (1987). Are semantic response scales equivalent? Multivariate Behavioral Research, 22, 21–38.PubMed Ofir, C., Reddy, S. K., & Bechtel, G. G. (1987). Are semantic response scales equivalent? Multivariate Behavioral Research, 22, 21–38.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2006). Bullies and victims: A challenge for schools. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Preventing violence: Research and evidence-based intervention strategies (pp. 147–165). Washington: American Psychological Association. Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2006). Bullies and victims: A challenge for schools. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Preventing violence: Research and evidence-based intervention strategies (pp. 147–165). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Zurück zum Zitat Orth, B. (1983). Grundlagen des Messens. In H. Feger & J. Bredenkamp (Hrsg.), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie: Themenbereich B, Serie I Forschungsmethoden der Psychologie, Bd. 3: Messen und Testen (S. 136–180). Göttingen: Hogrefe. Orth, B. (1983). Grundlagen des Messens. In H. Feger & J. Bredenkamp (Hrsg.), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie: Themenbereich B, Serie I Forschungsmethoden der Psychologie, Bd. 3: Messen und Testen (S. 136–180). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Zurück zum Zitat Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, D. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, D. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Parducci, A. (1963). Range-frequency compromise in judgment. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 77, 1–50. Parducci, A. (1963). Range-frequency compromise in judgment. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 77, 1–50.
Zurück zum Zitat Parducci, A. (1965). Category judgment: A range-frequency model. Psychological Review, 72, 407–418.PubMed Parducci, A. (1965). Category judgment: A range-frequency model. Psychological Review, 72, 407–418.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pepels, W. (2007). Market Intelligence: Moderne Marktforschung für Praktiker: Auswahlverfahren, Datenerhebung, Datenauswertung, Praxisanwendung, Marktprognose. Düsseldorf: Publics Publishing. Pepels, W. (2007). Market Intelligence: Moderne Marktforschung für Praktiker: Auswahlverfahren, Datenerhebung, Datenauswertung, Praxisanwendung, Marktprognose. Düsseldorf: Publics Publishing.
Zurück zum Zitat Perloff, J. M., & Persons, J. B. (1988). Biases resulting from the use of indexes: An application to attributional style and depression. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 95–104.PubMed Perloff, J. M., & Persons, J. B. (1988). Biases resulting from the use of indexes: An application to attributional style and depression. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 95–104.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Peterson, R. A. (2000). Constructing effective questionnaires. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Peterson, R. A. (2000). Constructing effective questionnaires. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Potosky, D., & Bobko, P. (1998). The Computer Understanding and Experience Scale: A self-report measure of computer experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 14, 337–348. Potosky, D., & Bobko, P. (1998). The Computer Understanding and Experience Scale: A self-report measure of computer experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 14, 337–348.
Zurück zum Zitat Preston, C. C., & Colman, A. M. (2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104, 1–15.PubMed Preston, C. C., & Colman, A. M. (2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104, 1–15.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rambo, W. W. (1963). The distribution of successive interval judgments of attitude statements: A note. Journal of Social Psychology, 60, 251–254.PubMed Rambo, W. W. (1963). The distribution of successive interval judgments of attitude statements: A note. Journal of Social Psychology, 60, 251–254.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ramírez, J. M., & Andreu, J. M. (2009). The main sympthoms of the AHA-syndrome: Relationships between anger, hostility and aggression on a normal population. In S. Bhave, & S. Saini (Eds.), The AHA-syndrome and cardiovascular diseases 2009 (pp. 16–29). New Delhi: Anamaya. Ramírez, J. M., & Andreu, J. M. (2009). The main sympthoms of the AHA-syndrome: Relationships between anger, hostility and aggression on a normal population. In S. Bhave, & S. Saini (Eds.), The AHA-syndrome and cardiovascular diseases 2009 (pp. 16–29). New Delhi: Anamaya.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasmussen, J. L. (1989). Analysis of Likert-scale data: A reinterpretation of Gregoire and Driver. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 167–170. Rasmussen, J. L. (1989). Analysis of Likert-scale data: A reinterpretation of Gregoire and Driver. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 167–170.
Zurück zum Zitat Reips, U. D., & Funke, F. (2008). Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in internet-based research: VAS Generator. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 699–704.PubMed Reips, U. D., & Funke, F. (2008). Interval-level measurement with visual analogue scales in internet-based research: VAS Generator. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 699–704.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Reinemann, C., Maier, J., Faas, T. & Maurer, M. (2005). Reliabilität und Validität von RTR-Messungen. Ein Vergleich zweier Studien zur zweiten Fernsehdebatte im Bundestagswahlkampf 2002. Publizistik, 50, 56–73. Reinemann, C., Maier, J., Faas, T. & Maurer, M. (2005). Reliabilität und Validität von RTR-Messungen. Ein Vergleich zweier Studien zur zweiten Fernsehdebatte im Bundestagswahlkampf 2002. Publizistik, 50, 56–73.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiss, I. L. (1964). The scaling of premarital sexual permissiveness. Marriage and Family, 26, 188–198. Reiss, I. L. (1964). The scaling of premarital sexual permissiveness. Marriage and Family, 26, 188–198.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts, J. S., Laughlin, J. E., & Wedell, D. H. (1999). Validity issues in the Likert and Thurstone approaches to attitude measurement. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59, 211–233. Roberts, J. S., Laughlin, J. E., & Wedell, D. H. (1999). Validity issues in the Likert and Thurstone approaches to attitude measurement. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59, 211–233.
Zurück zum Zitat Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151–161. Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151–161.
Zurück zum Zitat Rohrmann, B. (1978). Empirische Studie zur Entwicklung von Antwortskalen für die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 9, 222–245. Rohrmann, B. (1978). Empirische Studie zur Entwicklung von Antwortskalen für die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 9, 222–245.
Zurück zum Zitat Rohwer, G. & Pötter, U. (2002). Methoden sozialwissenschaftlicher Datenkonstruktion. Weinheim: Juventa. Rohwer, G. & Pötter, U. (2002). Methoden sozialwissenschaftlicher Datenkonstruktion. Weinheim: Juventa.
Zurück zum Zitat Roskam, E. E. (1996). Latent-Trait Modelle. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld & T. Meiser (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 431–458). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. Roskam, E. E. (1996). Latent-Trait Modelle. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld & T. Meiser (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 431–458). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossiter, J. R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19, 305–335. Rossiter, J. R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19, 305–335.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossiter, J. R. (2010). Measurement for the social sciences: The C-OAR-SE method and why it must replace psychometrics. New York: Springer. Rossiter, J. R. (2010). Measurement for the social sciences: The C-OAR-SE method and why it must replace psychometrics. New York: Springer.
Zurück zum Zitat Rössler, P. (2011). Skalenhandbuch Kommunikationswissenschaft. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. Rössler, P. (2011). Skalenhandbuch Kommunikationswissenschaft. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
Zurück zum Zitat Rost, J. (2004). Lehrbuch Testtheorie Testkonstruktion (2. Aufl.). Bern: Huber. Rost, J. (2004). Lehrbuch Testtheorie Testkonstruktion (2. Aufl.). Bern: Huber.
Zurück zum Zitat Rozeboom, W. W., & Jones, L. V. (1956). The validity of the successive intervals method of psychometric scaling. Psychometrika, 21, 165–183. Rozeboom, W. W., & Jones, L. V. (1956). The validity of the successive intervals method of psychometric scaling. Psychometrika, 21, 165–183.
Zurück zum Zitat Saal, F. E., Downey, R. G., & Lahey, M. A. (1980). Rating the ratings: Assessing the psychometric quality of rating data. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 413–428. Saal, F. E., Downey, R. G., & Lahey, M. A. (1980). Rating the ratings: Assessing the psychometric quality of rating data. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 413–428.
Zurück zum Zitat Saal, F. E., & Landy, F. J. (1977). The Mixed Standard Rating Scale: An evaluation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 18, 19–35. Saal, F. E., & Landy, F. J. (1977). The Mixed Standard Rating Scale: An evaluation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 18, 19–35.
Zurück zum Zitat Sackett, P. R., & DuBois, C. L. (1991). Rater-ratee race effects on performance evaluation: Challenging meta-analytic conclusions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 873–877. Sackett, P. R., & DuBois, C. L. (1991). Rater-ratee race effects on performance evaluation: Challenging meta-analytic conclusions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 873–877.
Zurück zum Zitat Saito, T. (1994). Psychological scaling of the asymmetry observed in comparative judgement. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 47, 41–62. Saito, T. (1994). Psychological scaling of the asymmetry observed in comparative judgement. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 47, 41–62.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheuch, E. K. (1961). Sozialprestige und soziale Schichtung. In D. W. Glass & R. König (Hrsg.), Soziale Schichtung und soziale Mobilität. Sonderheft 5 der „Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie“ (S. 65–103). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. Scheuch, E. K. (1961). Sozialprestige und soziale Schichtung. In D. W. Glass & R. König (Hrsg.), Soziale Schichtung und soziale Mobilität. Sonderheft 5 der „Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie“ (S. 65–103). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheuring, B. (1991). Primacy-Effekte, ein Ermündungseffekt? Neue Aspekte eines alten Phänomens. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 22, 270–274. Scheuring, B. (1991). Primacy-Effekte, ein Ermündungseffekt? Neue Aspekte eines alten Phänomens. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 22, 270–274.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmeisser, D. R., Bente, G. & Isenbart, J. (2004). Am Puls des Geschehens. Die integrierte Rezeptionsprozessanalyse. Zum Mehrwert rezeptionsbegleitender Untersuchungsmethoden in der Werbewirkungsforschung. Planung und Analyse, 2004, 28–34. Schmeisser, D. R., Bente, G. & Isenbart, J. (2004). Am Puls des Geschehens. Die integrierte Rezeptionsprozessanalyse. Zum Mehrwert rezeptionsbegleitender Untersuchungsmethoden in der Werbewirkungsforschung. Planung und Analyse, 2004, 28–34.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider, F. M., Erben, J., Altzschner, R.-S., Kockler, T., Petzold, S. & Satzl, I. (2011). Die Übungssequenz macht den Meister …? Eine experimentelle Studie zu Kontext-Effekten von Übungsstimuli bei Real-Time Response Messungen. In M. Suckfüll, H. Schramm & C. Wünsch (Hrsg.), Rezeption und Wirkung in zeitlicher Perspektive (S. 253–270). Baden-Baden: Nomos. Schneider, F. M., Erben, J., Altzschner, R.-S., Kockler, T., Petzold, S. & Satzl, I. (2011). Die Übungssequenz macht den Meister …? Eine experimentelle Studie zu Kontext-Effekten von Übungsstimuli bei Real-Time Response Messungen. In M. Suckfüll, H. Schramm & C. Wünsch (Hrsg.), Rezeption und Wirkung in zeitlicher Perspektive (S. 253–270). Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Zurück zum Zitat Schnell, R., Hill, P. B. & Esser, E. (2018). Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung (11. Aufl.). München: DeGruyter Oldenbourg. Schnell, R., Hill, P. B. & Esser, E. (2018). Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung (11. Aufl.). München: DeGruyter Oldenbourg.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulenberg, S. E., & Melton, A. M. (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Computer Understanding and Experience Scale. Psychological Reports, 100, 1263–1269.PubMed Schulenberg, S. E., & Melton, A. M. (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Computer Understanding and Experience Scale. Psychological Reports, 100, 1263–1269.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab, D. P., Heneman, H. G., & DeCotiis, T. A. (1975). Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales. A review of the literature. Personnel Psychology, 28, 549–562. Schwab, D. P., Heneman, H. G., & DeCotiis, T. A. (1975). Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales. A review of the literature. Personnel Psychology, 28, 549–562.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz, N. (2008). Self-Reports: How the questions shape the answers. In R. H. Fazio, & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Attitudes: Their structure, function, and consequences (pp. 49–67). New York: Psychology Press. Schwarz, N. (2008). Self-Reports: How the questions shape the answers. In R. H. Fazio, & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Attitudes: Their structure, function, and consequences (pp. 49–67). New York: Psychology Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz, N., Knäuper, B., Hippler, H.-P., Noelle-Neumann, E., & Clark, L. (1991). Rating scales. Numeric values may change the meaning of scale labels. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 570–582. Schwarz, N., Knäuper, B., Hippler, H.-P., Noelle-Neumann, E., & Clark, L. (1991). Rating scales. Numeric values may change the meaning of scale labels. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 570–582.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz, N., & Oyserman, D. (2001). Asking questions about behavior: Cognition, communication, and questionnaire construction. American Journal of Evaluation, 22, 127–160. Schwarz, N., & Oyserman, D. (2001). Asking questions about behavior: Cognition, communication, and questionnaire construction. American Journal of Evaluation, 22, 127–160.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz, N., & Sudman, S. (Eds.) (1996). Answering questions: Methodology for determining cognitive and communicative processes in survey research. New York: Wiley. Schwarz, N., & Sudman, S. (Eds.) (1996). Answering questions: Methodology for determining cognitive and communicative processes in survey research. New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz, N., Wänke, M., Sedlmeier, P., & Betsch, T. (2002). Experiential and contextual heuristics in frequency judgement: Ease of recall and response scales. In P. Sedlmeier, & T. Betsch (Eds.), Etc.: Frequency processing and cognition (pp. 89–108). New York: Oxford University Press. Schwarz, N., Wänke, M., Sedlmeier, P., & Betsch, T. (2002). Experiential and contextual heuristics in frequency judgement: Ease of recall and response scales. In P. Sedlmeier, & T. Betsch (Eds.), Etc.: Frequency processing and cognition (pp. 89–108). New York: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott-Storey, K. (2011). Cumulative abuse: Do things add up? An evaluation of the conceptualization, operationalization, and methodological approaches in the study of the phenomenon of cumulative abuse. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12, 135–150. Scott-Storey, K. (2011). Cumulative abuse: Do things add up? An evaluation of the conceptualization, operationalization, and methodological approaches in the study of the phenomenon of cumulative abuse. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12, 135–150.
Zurück zum Zitat Shapira, Z., & Shirom, A. (1980). New Issues in the use of Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales: Level of analysis, the effects of incident frequency, and external validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 517–523. Shapira, Z., & Shirom, A. (1980). New Issues in the use of Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales: Level of analysis, the effects of incident frequency, and external validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 517–523.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1961). Social judgment. Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. New Haven: Yale University Press. Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1961). Social judgment. Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Shore, T. H., & Tashchian, A. (2003). Effects of sex on raters’ accountability. Psychological Reports, 92, 693–702.PubMed Shore, T. H., & Tashchian, A. (2003). Effects of sex on raters’ accountability. Psychological Reports, 92, 693–702.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sixtl, F. (1967). Meßmethoden der Psychologie. Weinheim: Beltz. Sixtl, F. (1967). Meßmethoden der Psychologie. Weinheim: Beltz.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, P. C., & Kendall, L. M. (1963). Retranslation of expectations: An approach to unambiguous anchors for rating scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 47, 149–155. Smith, P. C., & Kendall, L. M. (1963). Retranslation of expectations: An approach to unambiguous anchors for rating scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 47, 149–155.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens, S. S. (1946). On the theory of scales of measurement. Science, 103, 677–680.PubMed Stevens, S. S. (1946). On the theory of scales of measurement. Science, 103, 677–680.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens, S. S. (1951). Mathematics, measurement and psychophysics. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology (pp. 1–49). New York: Wiley. Stevens, S. S. (1951). Mathematics, measurement and psychophysics. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology (pp. 1–49). New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Steyer, R. & Eid, M. (2001). Messen und Testen (2. Aufl.). Heidelberg: Springer. Steyer, R. & Eid, M. (2001). Messen und Testen (2. Aufl.). Heidelberg: Springer.
Zurück zum Zitat Stine, W. W. (1989). Meaningful inference: The role of measurement in statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 147–155. Stine, W. W. (1989). Meaningful inference: The role of measurement in statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 147–155.
Zurück zum Zitat Strack, F., Schwarz, N., Ash, M. G., & Sturm, T. (2007). Asking questions: Measurement in the social sciences. In M. G. Ash, & T. Sturm (Eds.) Psychology’s territories: Historical and contemporary perspectives from different disciplines (pp. 225–250). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Strack, F., Schwarz, N., Ash, M. G., & Sturm, T. (2007). Asking questions: Measurement in the social sciences. In M. G. Ash, & T. Sturm (Eds.) Psychology’s territories: Historical and contemporary perspectives from different disciplines (pp. 225–250). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Zurück zum Zitat Strahan, R. F. (1980). More on averaging judges’ ratings: Determining the most reliable composite. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 587–589. Strahan, R. F. (1980). More on averaging judges’ ratings: Determining the most reliable composite. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 587–589.
Zurück zum Zitat Subkoviak, M. J. (1974). Remarks on the method of paired comparisons: The effect on non-normality in Thurstone’s comparative judgment model. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34, 829–834. Subkoviak, M. J. (1974). Remarks on the method of paired comparisons: The effect on non-normality in Thurstone’s comparative judgment model. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34, 829–834.
Zurück zum Zitat Suppes, P., Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., & Tversky, A. (2006). Foundations of measurement volume III: Representation, axiomatization, and invariance. Mineola: Dover Publications. Suppes, P., Krantz, D. H., Luce, R. D., & Tversky, A. (2006). Foundations of measurement volume III: Representation, axiomatization, and invariance. Mineola: Dover Publications.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor, J. B., Haefele, E., Thompson, P., & O’Donoghue, C. (1970). Rating scales as measures of clinical judgment II: The reliability of example-anchored scales und conditions of rater heterogeneity and divergent behavior sampling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 301–310. Taylor, J. B., Haefele, E., Thompson, P., & O’Donoghue, C. (1970). Rating scales as measures of clinical judgment II: The reliability of example-anchored scales und conditions of rater heterogeneity and divergent behavior sampling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 301–310.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas, A., Palmer, J. K., & Feldman, J. M. (2009). Examination and measurement of halo via curvilinear regression: A new approach to halo. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 350–358. Thomas, A., Palmer, J. K., & Feldman, J. M. (2009). Examination and measurement of halo via curvilinear regression: A new approach to halo. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 350–358.
Zurück zum Zitat Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error in psychological ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 25–29. Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error in psychological ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 25–29.
Zurück zum Zitat Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34, 273–286. Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34, 273–286.
Zurück zum Zitat Thurstone, L. L., & Chave, E. J. (1929). The measurement of attitudes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Thurstone, L. L., & Chave, E. J. (1929). The measurement of attitudes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Torgerson, W. S. (1958). Theory and methods of scaling. New York: Wiley. Torgerson, W. S. (1958). Theory and methods of scaling. New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Trommsdorff, V. (1975). Die Messung von Produktimages für das Marketing. Grundlagen und Operationalisierung. Köln: Heymanns. Trommsdorff, V. (1975). Die Messung von Produktimages für das Marketing. Grundlagen und Operationalisierung. Köln: Heymanns.
Zurück zum Zitat Tziner, A., Joanis, C., & Murphy, K. R. (2000). A comparison of three methods of performance appraisal with regard to goal properties, goal perception, and ratee satisfaction. Group & Organization Management, 25, 175–190. Tziner, A., Joanis, C., & Murphy, K. R. (2000). A comparison of three methods of performance appraisal with regard to goal properties, goal perception, and ratee satisfaction. Group & Organization Management, 25, 175–190.
Zurück zum Zitat Upmeyer, A. (1985). Soziale Urteilsbildung. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Upmeyer, A. (1985). Soziale Urteilsbildung. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Zurück zum Zitat Upshaw, H. S. (1962). Own attitude as an anchor in equal appearing intervals. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 85–96.PubMed Upshaw, H. S. (1962). Own attitude as an anchor in equal appearing intervals. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 85–96.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ven, A. van der. (1980). Einführung in die Skalierung. Bern: Huber. Ven, A. van der. (1980). Einführung in die Skalierung. Bern: Huber.
Zurück zum Zitat Wade Savage, C., & Ehrlich, P. (Eds.). (1991). Philosophical and foundational issues in measurement theory. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. Wade Savage, C., & Ehrlich, P. (Eds.). (1991). Philosophical and foundational issues in measurement theory. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Zurück zum Zitat Waldman, D. A., & Avolio, B. J. (1991). Race effects in performance evaluations: Controlling for ability, education, and experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 897–901. Waldman, D. A., & Avolio, B. J. (1991). Race effects in performance evaluations: Controlling for ability, education, and experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 897–901.
Zurück zum Zitat Wänke, M., & Fiedler, K. (2007). What is said and what is meant: Conversational implicatures in natural conversations, research settings, media, and advertising. In K. Fiedler (Ed.), Social communication (pp. 223–255). New York: Psychology Press. Wänke, M., & Fiedler, K. (2007). What is said and what is meant: Conversational implicatures in natural conversations, research settings, media, and advertising. In K. Fiedler (Ed.), Social communication (pp. 223–255). New York: Psychology Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Wanous, J. P., & Hudy, M. J. (2001). Single-item reliability: A replication and extension. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 361–375. Wanous, J. P., & Hudy, M. J. (2001). Single-item reliability: A replication and extension. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 361–375.
Zurück zum Zitat Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247–252.PubMed Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247–252.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Waxweiler, R. (1980). Psychotherapie im Strafvollzug. Eine empirische Erfolgsuntersuchung am Beispiel der sozialtherapeutischen Abteilung in einer Justizvollzugsanstalt. Basel: Beltz. Waxweiler, R. (1980). Psychotherapie im Strafvollzug. Eine empirische Erfolgsuntersuchung am Beispiel der sozialtherapeutischen Abteilung in einer Justizvollzugsanstalt. Basel: Beltz.
Zurück zum Zitat Wessels, M. G. (1994). Kognitive Psychologie (3. Aufl.). München: Reinhardt. Wessels, M. G. (1994). Kognitive Psychologie (3. Aufl.). München: Reinhardt.
Zurück zum Zitat West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2009). Single item measures of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization are useful for assessing burnout in medical professionals. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24, 1318–1321.PubMedPubMedCentral West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2009). Single item measures of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization are useful for assessing burnout in medical professionals. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24, 1318–1321.PubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Westermann, R. (1985). Empirical tests of scale type for individual ratings. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 265–274. Westermann, R. (1985). Empirical tests of scale type for individual ratings. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 265–274.
Zurück zum Zitat Wewers, M. E., & Lowe, N. K. (1990). A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Research in Nursing & Health, 13, 227–236. Wewers, M. E., & Lowe, N. K. (1990). A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Research in Nursing & Health, 13, 227–236.
Zurück zum Zitat Wirtz, M. A. & Caspar, F. (2002). Beurteilerübereinstimmung und Beurteilerreliabilität. Methoden zur Bestimmung und Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit von Einschätzungen mittels Kategoriensystemen und Ratingskalen. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Wirtz, M. A. & Caspar, F. (2002). Beurteilerübereinstimmung und Beurteilerreliabilität. Methoden zur Bestimmung und Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit von Einschätzungen mittels Kategoriensystemen und Ratingskalen. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolfe, E. W. (2004). Identifying rater effects using latent trait models. Psychology Science, 46, 35–51. Wolfe, E. W. (2004). Identifying rater effects using latent trait models. Psychology Science, 46, 35–51.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu, H., & Leung, S.-O. (2017). Can Likert scales be treated as interval scales? – A simulation study. Journal of Social Service Research, 43, 527–532. Wu, H., & Leung, S.-O. (2017). Can Likert scales be treated as interval scales? – A simulation study. Journal of Social Service Research, 43, 527–532.
Zurück zum Zitat Young, R. K., & Thiessen, D. D. (1991). Washing, drying, and anointing in adult humans (Homo sapiens): Commonalities with grooming sequences in rodents. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 105, 340–344.PubMed Young, R. K., & Thiessen, D. D. (1991). Washing, drying, and anointing in adult humans (Homo sapiens): Commonalities with grooming sequences in rodents. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 105, 340–344.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yu, J. H., Albaum, G., & Swenson, M. (2003). Is a central tendency error inherent in the use of semantic differential scales in different cultures? International Journal of Market Research, 45, 213–228. Yu, J. H., Albaum, G., & Swenson, M. (2003). Is a central tendency error inherent in the use of semantic differential scales in different cultures? International Journal of Market Research, 45, 213–228.
Zurück zum Zitat Zakour, M. J. (1994). Measuring career-development volunteerism. Guttman scale analysis using Red Cross volunteers. Journal of Social Service Research, 19, 103–120. Zakour, M. J. (1994). Measuring career-development volunteerism. Guttman scale analysis using Red Cross volunteers. Journal of Social Service Research, 19, 103–120.
Zurück zum Zitat Zumbo, B. D., & Zimmerman, D. W. (1993). Is the selection of statistical methods governed by level of measurement? Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne, 34, 390–400. Zumbo, B. D., & Zimmerman, D. W. (1993). Is the selection of statistical methods governed by level of measurement? Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne, 34, 390–400.
Metadaten
Titel
Operationalisierung
verfasst von
Nicola Döring
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64762-2_8