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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

40. Osmanisches Reich

verfasst von : Evgenia Kermeli

Erschienen in: Konfliktlösung in der Frühen Neuzeit

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Zusammenfassung

Die Diskussion über die Konfliktlösung im frühneuzeitlichen Osmanischen Reich ist ein facettenreiches Thema, das mit umfassenderen Fragen nach dem Wesen des osmanischen Rechts zusammenhängt. Angesichts der ideologischen Implikationen der vorgeschlagenen Analyserahmen ist vielleicht Ruth Millers (2008, S. 286) Ansatz vernünftig, das osmanische Recht als das zu definieren, was es nicht ist, anstatt als das, was es hätte sein mögen. In Anknüpfung an Ignatius Mouradgea d'Ohsson (d'Ohsson 1788–1824) vergleicht die Forschung die osmanische Rechtslehre und -praxis mit zwei maßgeblichen Rechtstraditionen – dem islamischen Recht und dem europäischen Recht. Das osmanische Recht wurde als Karikatur beider Systeme dargestellt und als unislamisch eingestuft, da ihm die Lebendigkeit der islamischen Rechtslehre der klassischen Zeit fehlte, oder als bloße Praxis, nach dem Grundsatz aus Joseph Schachts Zweiteilung zwischen Theorie und Praxis (Schacht 1964). Die Sicht der Scharia als unverändertes heiliges Recht (die berühmte Theorie der geschlossenen Tore des Idschtihad), das unempfänglich für gesellschaftliche Bedürfnisse oder Veränderungen im leeren Raum steht, machte jedwede osmanische Rechtslehre wirkungslos und der verklärten Vergangenheit geistig unterlegen. Eine Ausnahme bildet Imber mit seiner Arbeit über Ebussuud, den Rechtsgelehrten des 16. Jahrhunderts, obwohl auch er den praktischen Aspekt osmanischen Rechts betont (Imber 1997). Darüber hinaus interpretierte die Forschung die von osmanischen Sultanen verkündeten kodifizierten Verwaltungsverordnungen, die Kanun (Yunus Koç 2005), als Ergebnis osmanischer Unkenntnis des islamischen Rechts und einer Vorliebe für herkömmliches Stammesrecht, das Yasa oder Töre. Uriel Heyd lieferte dieser Auffassung in seinen Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law, die die Arbeit von Historikern des Osmanischen Reichs nachhaltig prägten, weiteren Vorschub (Heyd 1973). Zusammen mit der frühen republikanischen türkischen Ideologie, die danach strebte, ihre Bande mit der osmanischen Vergangenheit zu kappen, wurde dieser Ansatz zum vorherrschenden Analyserahmen, da heterodoxe Türken nach dieser Sichtweise nur unkanonisches Gewohnheitsrecht hervorbringen konnten, das allein durch die Allmacht des osmanischen Patrimonialstaats verhängt wurde.

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Fußnoten
1
Für den frühesten Berat der armenischen Kirche aus dem 18. Jahrhundert siehe die Dokumente im Osmanischen Archiv Istanbul: BOA, D.PSK, 3/150 (1706); BOA, Cevdet Adliye, Nr. 77 (1722) und BOA, D.PSK, 2/89.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Osmanisches Reich
verfasst von
Evgenia Kermeli
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56102-7_40

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