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2016 | Buch

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Paradigms in Green Chemistry and Technology

verfasst von: Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This brief discusses the formation of modern “green chemistry” as a contribution to sustainability and the historic paths that lead to the key concepts of this discipline. Within this intellectual framework, the book tackles the 12 principles of green chemistry and the 12 principles of green chemical engineering as well as related financial and management issues; these facts are explored and reformulated in a focused set of paradigms. The best choice of a model for quantitative assessment (sufficiently specific to account for the many parameters involved but not excessively detailed to inhibit practical use) is discussed and examples of practical applications are presented.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

The growing awareness that a serious damage to the environment had been caused and valuable resources consumed stirred up the social and political conscience and preservation of the environment became one of the key issues in the political arena during the 1960s. What impressed more common people was the destruction of the ecosystem by strongly toxic compounds used e.g. as pesticides in agriculture or for new commodities, e.g. polymers. Large amounts of aggressive products and intermediates were buried in chemical plants, and leakage from such deposits may cause pollution of water bodies. In the following decades, the reversed point of view was introduced, focusing on a new way of preparing useful chemicals while avoiding to produce toxic by-products. This was tagged Green Chemistry and found a meaningful expression in the 12 green chemistry principles.

Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Chapter 2. Green Metrics, an Abridged Glossary

Abstract

Green chemistry is an aspiration, and the advancement in this field must be recognized and quantitatively assessed. Various proposals of a green metrics have been put forward, based on the consumption of resources, the coproduction of waste, the environmental performance. These are briefly presented, pointing out the specific advantages and limitation of each one. In general, such metrics must blend high level of information supplied with accessibility. Software for several such metrics is freely available.

Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Chapter 3. Activation of Chemical Substrates in Green Chemistry

Abstract

The stability and low polarization of organic molecules forces to use an aggressive chemical or heat to activate (one of) the reagent(s). Addition of an activator worsens the atom economy since spent reagents add to the waste, drastic conditions increase the energetic expenditure. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, phase transfer catalysis, bio- and photocatalysis, microwave activation, the use of non conventional solvents (supercritical solvents, ionic liquids) or solventless reactions are the means for obtaining a much more environment-friendly process. The application of such methods to various chemical processes is briefly reviewed according to the chemical transformation involved (redox processes, carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond forming processes), with regards both to commodities and fine chemistry products.

Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Chapter 4. Renewable Resources: From Refinery to Bio-refinery

Abstract

Chemists are educated to consider petrochemicals as the source of both new molecules and energy. However, biological material (biomass) from living or recently living organisms, not metabolized for thousands of years into petrol and coal, offers an alternative feedstock that is elaborated in the so called bio-refineries to a variety of platform chemicals (alcohols, acids, esters, carbonyls, hydrocarbons). The environmental performance of fermentative and biocatalytic methods is compared with that from fossil fuel.

Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Chapter 5. The Solvent Issue

Abstract

Many issues encountered in green chemistry have to do with the solvent. This is usually by far the most abundant component of the mixture and determines the course of the reaction through its physical characteristics as well as the separation and the purification of the end product, the recovery of the catalyst and its own recovery and reuse or disposal. The best choice is discussed.

Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Chapter 6. Process Intensification in Organic Synthesis

Abstract

Optimization at the scaling up stage and the engineering of the final process at the stage of commercial process contribute to the environmental role of the process as least as much as the merely chemical issues. 12 Principles of green chemical engineering have been formulated, in part parallel to green chemistry. Process intensification involves not only the better use of the space available in the plant, but also revising previous chemistry to introduce novel reactions simultaneously with the development of new (most often multifunctional) apparatuses, with the only predetermined parameter of the better yield. Intrinsically safer procedures are found that are also economically profitable.

Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Chapter 7. Conclusions and Outlook

Angelo Albini, Stefano Protti

Backmatter

Titel: Paradigms in Green Chemistry and Technology
verfasst von: Angelo Albini
Stefano Protti
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-25895-9
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25893-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25895-9

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